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• Mapping of memory addresses to physical modules in Windows XP

  - by Josef Grahn

  I plan to run 32-bit Windows XP on a workstation with dual processors, based on Intel's Nehalem microarchitecture, and triple channel RAM. Even though XP is limited to 4 GB of RAM, my understanding is that it will function with more than 4 GB installed, but will only expose 4 GB (or slightly less). My question is: Assuming that 6 GB of RAM is installed in six 1 GB modules, which physical 4 GB will Windows actually map into its address space? In particular: Will it use all six 1 GB modules, taking advantage of all memory channels? (My guess is yes, and that the mapping to individual modules within a group happens in hardware.) Will it map 2 GB of address space to each of the two NUMA nodes (as each processor has it's own memory interface), or will one processor get fast access to 3 GB of RAM, while the other only has 1 GB? Thanks!

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• Mac Mini 1.66 no sound on Windows 7

  - by Steph

  I've tried everything I could to get the sound working. I've tried to install the drivers from the Snow Leopard disk, then I went and got the latest RealTek drivers from the RealTek website. Then I read that old Mac mini's could have an integrated Cirrus chip, and I tried to grab the latest driver from the website, and it appeared to install, but nothing. There's also nothing listed under Sound and ... in the Device Manager. I've tried to manually include a legacy driver, which worked for RealTek but not for the Cirrus driver. Of course it said there was no RealTek hardware install, which makes me think it's a Cirrus chip. Any further suggestions or thoughts would be really appreciated. This is a Mac Mini 1.66. I'm also not sure how to be able to detect what card is integrated into the system, so that would be helpful too (remembering that there's no driver installed). Even just to get the chip type would be great to confirm.

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• Advantages of Terminal Server instead of normal client-Server installation?

  - by Sam

  What are the advantages of using a (Windows) Terminal Server and thin clients instead of using a normal Server and full clients? So far I've only really used normal servers and clients, but now customers ask about terminal Server, and I'd like to know pro's and con's of using them instead of an "old-fashioned" client-server network. Some things I can guess: easier administration (don't need to install/update office/stuff on 20 computers but only on the server). Easier backup (no need to backup client computers). And I'd guess it would be hard (impossible) to connect and use local (like USB) hardware with Terminal Server? What else are the reasons for or against switching to Terminal Server?

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• My Intel Core i3 frequently shuts down due to "Processor Thermal Trip error"

  - by explorest

  My Desktop PC running Windows 7 on Intel Core i3 dual processor machine started shutting down during the boot process a couple of days ago. I left it alone for about 48 hours and tried again. The boot process informed me about Processor Thermal Trip as being the cause of boot failures and suggested a Windows recovery process. I went through the recovery process which completed without problems. The PC booted normally and Windows 7 worked as expected but after 10 minutes it again tripped and now whenever I start it, it shuts down during the boot process. What should I do next?... is there a boot menu / setup settings that needs to be adjusted to avoid it... Or is there a hardware problem (which seems unlikely as the machine occasionally boots perfectly )?

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• Running complete Native Linux on phones that are bootloader-unlocked [on hold]

  - by james

  Since there are many phones (HTC, Samsung, LG, Nexus) today that have bootloader unlocked, I want to ask what's preventing them from running a complete native GNU/Linux. GNU/Linux has ARM port and we can run a command line GNU/Linux on top of Android by the method of chroot. So, what's preventing for existing bootloader unlocked Android phones from running a complete GNU/Linux natively? The device should get a long shelf life if it has one such port. My few thoughts.. Proprietary drivers for hardware that cannot be made to work when using a different OS. And the binary provider will never support any OS other than what the phone is shipped with. Application Interface. The interface for desktop apps doesn't fit to the mobile display with different PPI. Kernel. Since android devices use Linux kernel whose sources should be available, could the device kernel be modified to work with GNU/Linux. And any other reasons?

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• Virtualized CPU cores vs. threads

  - by nedm

  We've got a KVM host system on Ubuntu 9.10 with a newer Quad-core Xeon CPU with hyperthreading. As detailed on Intel's product page, the processor has 4 cores but 8 threads. /proc/cpuinfo and htop both list 8 processors, though each one states 4 cores in cpuinfo. KVM/QEMU also reports 8 VCPUs available to assign to guests. My question is when I'm allocating VCPUs to VM guests, should I allocate per-core or per-thread? Since KVM/QEMU reports the server has 8 VCPUs to allocate, should I go ahead and set a guest to use 4 CPUs where I previously would have set it to use 2 (assuming 4 total VCPUs available)? I'd like to get the most possible out of the host hardware without over-allocating.

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• Win 7 BSOD stucks at dumping

  - by AFO

  Recently Ive been getting frequent bsods, which always gets stuck at dumping without finishing it, with most of them showing no error messages. This never happened before i upgraded to new rams, but 2 passes of memtest86 turned out fine. Tried reinstalling windows, problem still there. Tried initiating a manual crash, and that did create a successful dump. The SSD win 7 is on doesn't seem to have any problems, crystaldisk says its healthy. Varied the cpu multiplier between stock and +500Mhz, crashed regardless. Left voltage control to auto. Im fairly sure its a hardware problem, just cant pinpoint which specific part(s). The specs- Windows 7 x64 (1 day old) 955 x4 BE c3 (running at stock) (3.5 years old) GA-970A-D3 (1.5 years old) Gigabyte 6950, unlocked to 6970 (still at 6950 speeds) (<3 years old) 2x4GB 1600 CL9 HyperX Blu (running at 11-11-11, default motherboard setting) (<1 month old) Plextor M5s (around 5 months)

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• Calculating Cloud Service Costs [closed]

  - by capdragon

  Possible Duplicate: Can you help me with my capacity planning? I would like to scale a web application to the Cloud and wanted to know if anyone had any experience calculating costs and could tell me how I would go about that. I have NO experience with cloud services at all. Currently my production environment consists of two web servers and one database server. If the application continues on a linear growth path, eventually, I want to scale to the cloud to avoid any more long term commitments to extra hardware. I want to be able to create a similar environment I have now as a baseline. Have this as my fixed cost that I will always have. I also want to calculate my variable costs that will increase with more users or bandwidth. I don't have a preferred cloud vendor. Amazon, Rackspace, Terremark or any other is fine as long as understand how to calculate my fixed and variable costs.

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• Allow and restrict remote sql server access

  - by Michel

  Hi, I want to expose my sql server instance via the internet. I've been programming asp.net to sql server for a long time, but for the first time i'm hosting the sql server myself instead of the clients server. So what i want to do is move my sql server from my dev machine at home to a virtual server (yet to hire). But of course i don't want anyone to just enter my sql server but just a few persons. So what i was thinking was to allow only a few ip addresses to the sql server instance. Can anyone tell me how i can expose my sql server to the internet and limit the access to the instance to only a few ip addresses? And ehm, if you know even better ways to secure it, i'd be happy, because this is the first time for me :) Michel

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• What are the "must " security tools for small organizations ?

  - by Berkay

  One of my friend has started a company, it's a small-scale company that has a 40 workers.There is two guys also responsible for the security and IT related issues.He is managing the LAN, Webpage of the company, e-mail configuration, printer hardware modification, application deployment etc. In this point, to provide the security measures including access controls, authentication, web server security etc. Which tools do you use for securing, monitoring and controlling the system ? Are you paying for these tools or are they open source? This question is due to the security administrators requests to my friend.He offers to get some tools for the company and my friend hesitates to pay that much on them (what he mentioned me.)

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• Resize NTFS System Partition on Perc 6/i RAID

  - by Cipher42

  I've inherited a Dell server that is running out of space on C:. I'd like to quickly and painlessly resize the C drive with partitioning software. However, the RAID card is causing me some troubles. I've resized plenty of desktops in my time, but never a server with hardware RAID. Can anyone recommend software that is GUARANTEED to work with the Dell PERC 6/i? Hopefully someone has resized the system partition with this RAID card before! :) Of course, proper backups are available but I'd be more comfortable with a tried and true solution to save the headache of the restore.... Thanks in advance!

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• Ubuntu 10.04 install - frozen at splash, no errors

  - by Andrew Bolster

  Has anyone else come across this? After about as much of a fresh install as i can muster without buying new drives, and after walking through the amd64 alternate install with ease, and after a little 'pre-splash' screen where the orange dots under the (very sexy) new ubuntu logo blink away, I'm left with a vista of purple hues and logo plonked in the middle, with the dots not going anywhere. I was at this same position last night at 3 in the morning, left it lying overnight, and nothing had changed, so I'm pretty sure its frozen, the virtual terminals are not accessible, ie, c+a+F1 etc does nothing, but when i go in and inspect /var/log/* in the recovery console by booting off the installation cd, no errors, no complaints, no problems. I'm at my wits end and am just about ready to try anything. If this was on SO I'd be bountying, but if anyone can help you'll just have to cope with my thanks! Additional Details on my blog and my first attempt at asking for help Update: I can reasonably say it is not a hardware fault, as a full install of 9.10 with dual screen nvidia xinemara indicate that nothing is wonky

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• Linux/bsd tcp load balancing with 10 gigabit ethernet

  - by user37899

  Okay, I've been looking at layer 4 load balancing solutions for 10 gigabit links. I need the following properties Works at 10Gig ethernet speeds. Can support long live tcp connections. up to 1mil live tcp connections. Balancer not involved in the return path. Fault tolerant with tcp session fail over. low latency and good through put. can be scripted. Either a software or hardware solution. Can it be done? Anyone doing this?

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• Audio input problem in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by Andrea Ambu

  My audio input is a mix of my mic output and my sound card output. I'd like it to be just my mic output. I was able to do so in Ubuntu 9.04 but the interface is 9.10 is totally changed and I tried every my creativity was able to think. It's really annoying when talking to other people over the internet because they keep hearing their voice back. I'm not sure I explained it in clear way so I'll give you an example: What I do: I put an mp3 on play or a video on youtube then open a recorder and start to talk on my mic. What happens: both my voice and audio from mp3/youtube get reordered, even if I put headphones volume to 0 (via hardware). What I'd like to happen: Only my voice should be recorded. I'm sure I'm missing some technical term, but that's the problem and I'd like to solve it in Ubuntu 9.10, any idea?

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• Installing Windows 7 on a BSOD Windows Vista (ASAP)

  - by anonymous

  On a previous question i posted, i asked for help on fixing my windows vista box because it keeps going to blue screen. No one seems to have the answer, so now i want to install Windows 7. I want to know if i can install 7 without having to reformat my hard drive and having to lose all my files. I've already confirmed the hardware is working because i installed Ubuntu 9.10 on my external hard drive and it runs on my system fine. I tested the memory using vista's memory test and Ubuntu's memory test. here's the previous post: http://superuser.com/questions/125897/i-really-need-help-resolving-a-window-vista-bsod-blue-screen-crash-on-my-deskto

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• Restrict access to ESXi

  - by kdl

  What is the best option to restrict access to ESXi machine so that it could be managed using VSphere client from only certain hosts? I know there is no built-in firewall and everyone recommends placing an ESXi machine behind a firewall, but when this is not an option... Is there any other option like using hosts.allow/deny or anything else? Or I better use ESX instead of ESXi? Edit: In the given circumstances, I am not able to add any additional hardware or use things like managed switches.

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• Failures when copying between two external drives on the same controller

  - by Krzysztof Kosinski

  I'm encountering a weird problem which is present both on Ubuntu 9.10 and 10.04, on two different machines. When trying to copy between two external drives connected to the same USB controller, the transfer will randomly hang at some random time (after copying 300MB, 1GB, 10GB - it doesn't appear to depend on the dataset being copied). The hang appears to happen faster in 10.04. It appears to happen slower if both drives are connected to a hub. If the drives are connected to 2 distinct physical ports on the machine, the hang will be very fast. Hangs cannot be reproduced if: Data is copied from the first external drive to an internal drive, then to the second external drive Drives are connected to different USB controllers, for example the first one is connected to the built-in controller and the second one via an external PCMCIA controller. lspci says the first machine has an Intel ICH9 USB controller, the second an Intel ICH4. Is this a hardware problem, a kernel problem or a software issue? I used Nautilus when copying the files.

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• Smartcards for storing gpg/ssh keys (Linux) - what do I need?

  - by Ninefingers

  Hi All, I'm interested in storing my SSH keys and gpg keys on a smartcard for added security. However, I'm a bit uncertain on a few points, which are as follows: How many keys can I get on a card? I assume both SSH and GPG can store keys on the card. Is there a limit to key size? I see a lot of cards saying they support 2048-bit keys, what about larger sizes? Hardware: can anyone recommend a card/reader combination that works well? I've done a fair amount of research and it seems PC/SC readers can be a bit iffy - is this your experience? Have I missed anything I should be asking? Are there any other hurdles? I'm aware fsf europe give away cards with membership - I'm not sure I want to join, but... are these cards any good?

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• What is the current state of development for the FLAC codec?

  - by TwentyMiles

  I have a pretty large collection of FLAC files created from my CD collection. I love the FLAC format and the sound quality that you can get from it. Lately, however, I've been trying to write a few tools to manipulate the files and I've been noticing what seems to be a stagnation of the community around the codec. Some of the links on the official FLAC page point to thing that are no longer relevant (7digital, for example, appears to no longer sell FLAC encoded songs). It's pretty hard to find hardware players that support FLAC any more (most noticeably it's not present on lower end players when it used to be, and playback is absent on Android). Programming language tools (Java and .NET libraries) are at best old, and at worst unfinished. What's the current state of FLAC development? Has it been replaced by another codec?

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• Lazy umount or Unmounting a busy disk in Linux

  - by deed02392

  I have read that it is possible to 'umount' a disk that is otherwise busy by using the 'lazy' option. The manpage has this to say about it: umount - unmount file systems -l Lazy unmount. Detach the filesystem from the filesystem hierarchy now, and cleanup all references to the filesystem as soon as it is not busy anymore. This option allows a "busy" filesystem to be unmounted. (Requires kernel 2.4.11 or later.) But what would be the point in that? I considered why we dismount partitions at all: To remove the hardware To perform operations on the filesystem that would be unsafe to do while mounted In either of these cases, all a 'lazy' unmount serves IMHO is to make it more difficult to determine if the disk really is dismounted and you can actually proceed with these actions. The only application for umount -l seems to be for inexperienced users to 'feel' like they've achieved something they haven't. Why would you use a lazy unmount?

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• WEP authentication suddenly failing in Ubuntu

  - by kellishaver

  I'm running Ubuntu 9.10 and after a recent reboot, I'm now unable to authenticate to wireless networks using WEP encryption. I can connect fine to open networks (no idea about WPA). When trying to connect via WEP, I'm continually prompted for the network key, which I know I have entered correctly (and should have been/is saved in my keyring anyway). Everything had been working fine until the reboot. No updates had been installed or configuration changes made. Hardware-wise, everything looks fine (http://pastebin.org/113777), and the fact that connecting to an open network works just fine leads me to think this is a software issue. I just don't know where to begin fixing it. Any insights would be greatly appreciated.

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• Natively boot Virtualbox Image

  - by isync

  I am faced with a Windows hardware/software problem left over from another person. It's on me to resolve. It's a mission critical setup. The situation is: I've got a physical server machine with: -Disk C:\ (one disk) containing a basic install of Windows Server 2008 R2, formerly Win Vista Pro, now gone. -Disk D:\ (software Raid) containing a VirtualBox disk image of a configured Windows Server 2008 R2 running SQL Server R2 among others. What shall I do now? Migrate all the stuff from the configured VM to the basic but natively installed C:\ Windows Server 2008 R2 (with the possibility of breaking stuff)? Or, Setting up the machine to "natively boot" the VM with the help of bcdedit.exe (something I've read about, what I've never done, what I don't know of if it works, if it hits performance, or if it is stable for production) For me, being old skool, I am in the process of de-virtualising everything (option 1). But I'd be happy if someone suggests I am ok to go down the "natively boot" route.

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• xinet vs iptables for port forwarding performance

  - by jamie.mccrindle

  I have a requirement to run a Java based web server on port 80. The options are: Web proxy (apache, nginx etc.) xinet iptables setuid The baseline would be running the app using setuid but I'd prefer not to for security reasons. Apache is too slow and nginx doesn't support keep-alives so new connections are made for every proxied request. xinet is easy to set up but creates a new process for every request which I've seen cause problems in a high performance environment. The last option is port forwarding with iptables but I have no experience of how fast it is. Of course, the ideal solution would be to do this on a dedicated hardware firewall / load balancer but that's not an option at present.

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• video streaming infrastructure advice

  - by Alchemical

  We would like to set-up a live video-chat web site and are looking for basic recomendations for software and hardware set-up. Most streams will be broadcast live from a single person with a web cam, etc., and viewed by typically 1-10 people, although there could be up to 100+ viewers on the high side. Audio and video do not have to be super-high quality, but do need to be "good enough". The main point is to convey the basic info in the video (and audio). If occasionally the frame-rate drops low and then goes back to normal fairly soon, we could live with that. Budget is an issue, so we are in general looking for a lower cost solution that will give us most of what we need in temers of performance and quality. We are looking at Peer1 for co-lo. The rest of our web site will be .Net / Windows platform. We are open to looking at any platform for the best streaming solution, although our technical expertise is currently more on the Windows side.

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• How to install old versions of gcc on Fedora without a VM?

  - by mikeh

  Hi, I need gcc 4.3 running alongside the shipped 4.4 on an FC13 machine. I can't do the VM solution discussed at http://serverfault.com/questions/88445/how-to-install-old-versions-of-gcc-on-fedora-12 since I need hardware access (CUDA computations on the graphics card). There's no compat-gcc-43 package (only compat-gcc-34). So I've built gcc by hand and am now trying to decide how to "install" it. Could anyone confirm that this was my only option, and/or suggest a best practice for how to manage the side-by-side gcc versions?

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