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• The purpose of using invert and transpose

  - by user699215

  In openGl ES and the World of 3D - why use the invers matrix? The thing is that I dont have any intuition to, why it is used, therefore please correct me: As fare as I understand, it is used in shaders - and can help you to figure out the opposite direction of the normals? Invers in ordinary numbers is like; The product of a number and its multiplicative inverse is 1. Observe that 3/5 * 5/3 = 1. In a matrix this will give you the Identity Matrix, which is the base coordinate system or the orion of the World space - right. But the invers is - some other coordinate system? You can use the transpose(Row-major order to Column-major order) of a square matrix to find the inverted matrix, as calculating the invers is process heavy - and the transpose is giving you the inverted matrix as a bi product? Again, I am looking for getting some intuition of this - and therefore be able to use it as intended. Thank you for any reply that will guide me in the right direction. Regards

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• Index Check and Correct Character Display in a Console Hangman Game for Java

  - by Jen

  I have this problem wherein, I can not display the correct characters given by the character. Here's what I meant: String words, in; String replaced_words; Scanner s = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("Enter a line of words basing on an event, verse, place or a name of a person."); words = s.nextLine(); System.out.println("The words you just placed are now accepted."); //using char array method, we tried to place the words into a characters array. char [] c = words.toCharArray(); // we need to replace the replaced_words = words.replace(' ', '_').replaceAll("[^\\-]", "-"); for (int i = 0; i < replaced_words.length(); i++) { System.out.print(replaced_words.charAt(i) + " "); } System.out.println("Now, please input a character, guessing the words you just placed."); in = s.nextLine(); in that code, want that the user, when types a word (or should it be character?), any of the correct character the user inputs will be displayed, and changes the hyphen to it...(more like the hangman series of games). How can I achieve this?

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• Square game map rendered as sphere with OpenGL

  - by Roflha

  Okay so I have been trying to find a good way to do this for a while now and so far I have nothing. For a hobby project of mine I have created a finite voxel world (similar to minecraft), but as I said, mine is finite. When you reach the edge of it, you are sent to the other side. That is all working fine along with rendering the far side of the map, but I want to be able to render this grid as a sphere. Looking down from above, the world is a square. I basically want to be able to represent a portion of that square as a sphere, as if you were looking at a planet. Right now I am experimenting with taking a circular section of the map, and rendering that, but it look to flat (no curvature around the edges). My question then, is what would be the best way to add some curvature to the edges of a 2d circle to make it look like a hemisphere. However, I am not overly attached to this implementation so if somebody has some other idea for representing the square as a planet, I am all ears.

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• Making a game with responsive resolution

  - by alexandervrs

  I am making a game, however I wish for it to be resolution agnostic. My target resolution i.e. where things look as intended is 1600 x 900. My ideas are: Make the HUD stay fixed to the sides no matter what resolution, use different size for HUD graphics under a certain resolution and another under a certain large one. Use large HD sprites/backgrounds which are a power of 2, so they scale nicely. Use the player's native resolution. Scale the game area (not the HUD) to fit (resulting zooming in some and cropping the game area sides if necessary for widescreen, no stretch), but always fill the screen. Have a min and max resolution limit for small and very large displays where you will just change the resolution(?) or scale up/down to fit. What I am a bit confused though is what math formula I would use to scale the game area correctly based on the resolution no matter the aspect ratio, fully fit in a square screen and with some clip to the sides for widescreen. Pseudocode would help as well. :)

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• Picking a suitable resolution for a modern low-res game?

  - by MrKatSwordfish

  I'm working on a 2D game project right now (using SFML+OpenGL and C++) and I'm trying to figure out how to go about choosing a resolution. I want my game to have a pixel resolution that is around that of classic '16bit' era consoles like the Super Nintendo or Neo Geo. However, I'd also like to have my game fit the 16:9 aspect ratio that most modern PC monitors use. Finally I'd like to be able to include an option for running full screen. I know that I could create my own low-res 16:9 resolution that is more-or-less around the size of SNES or NeoGeo games. However, the problem seems to be that doing so would leave me with a non-standard resolution that my monitor would not be able to support in fullscreen mode. For example, if i divide the common 16:9 resolution 1920x1080 by 4, I would get a 16:9 resolution that is relatively close to the resolution used by 16bit era games; 480x270. That would be fine in a windowed mode, but I don't think that it would be supported in fullscreen mode. How can I choose a resolution that suits my needs? Can I use something like 480x270? If so, how would I go about getting fullscreen mode to work with such a non-standard resolution? (I'm guessing OpenGL/SFML might have a way of up-scaling...but..)

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• Scaling along an arbitrary axis (Dealing with non-uniform scale)

  - by Jon

  I'm trying to build my own little engine to get more familiar with the concepts of 3D programming. I have a transform class that on each frame it creates a Scaling Matrix (S), a Rotation Matrix from a Quaternion (R) and concatenates them together (S*R). Once i have SR, I insert the translation values into the bottom of the three columns. So i end up with a transformation matrix that looks like: [SR SR SR 0] [SR SR SR 0] [SR SR SR 0] [tx ty tz 1] This works perfectly in all cases except when rotating an object that has a non-uniform scale. For example a unit cube with ScaleX = 4, ScaleY = 2, ScaleZ = 1 will give me a rectangular box that is 4 times as wide as the depth and twice as high as the depth. If i then translate this around, the box stays the same and looks normal. The problem happens whenever I try to rotate this scaled box. The shape itself becomes distorted and it appears as though the Scale factors are affecting the object on the World X,Y,Z axis rather than the local X,Y,Z axis of the object. I've done some pretty extensive research through a variety of textbooks (Eberly, Moller/Hoffman, Phar etc) and there isn't a ton there to go off of. Online, most of the answers say to avoid non-uniform scaling which I understand the desire to avoid it, but I'd still like to figure out how to support it. The only thing I can think off is that when constructing a Scale Matrix: [sx 0 0 0] [0 sy 0 0] [0 0 sz 0] [0 0 0 1] This is scaling along the World Axis instead of the object's local Direction, Up and Right vectors or it's local Z, Y, X axis. Does anyone have any tips or ideas on how to handle construction a transformation matrix that allows for non-uniform scaling and rotation? Thanks!

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• What functionality should I use in OpenGL 2.0?

  - by Jeffrey

  Considering OpenGL 2.1, we all know that glBegin and glEnd are the devil. Should I use only VBO to render 3d primitives (I can't find VAO in that version, weren't there already?)? Should I still use the matrix stack (why not?)? Should I still use glFrustum? Can I take advantage of shaders in GLSL 1.20? Where can I find a tutorial for VBO in OpenGL 2.1 and the "correct" way of programming in it? Also how am I supposed to animate something. Like a cube moving around an object or a player moving in the scene (static vbo data + shader?)? Note: Take your time to answer this question, I'll accept an answer tomorrow.

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• XNA model drawing problem

  - by user1990950

  When using this code: public static void DrawModel(Model model, Vector3 position, Vector3 offset, float xRotation, float yRotation, float zRotation, float allrot, float xScale, float yScale, float zScale) { position.Y *= -1; offset.Y *= -1; Matrix worldMatrix = ((Matrix.CreateRotationZ(MathHelper.ToRadians(zRotation)) * Matrix.CreateRotationX(MathHelper.ToRadians(xRotation))) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(MathHelper.ToRadians(yRotation))) * (Matrix.CreateTranslation(offset) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(MathHelper.ToRadians(allrot))) * Matrix.CreateScale(xScale, yScale, zScale); worldMatrix *= Matrix.CreateTranslation(position) * theCamera.GetTransformation() * Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(-(graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Width / 2), graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height / 2, 0)); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { for (int i = 0; i < mesh.Effects.Count; i++) { ((BasicEffect)mesh.Effects[i]).EnableDefaultLighting(); ((BasicEffect)mesh.Effects[i]).World = worldMatrix; ((BasicEffect)mesh.Effects[i]).View = viewMatrix; ((BasicEffect)mesh.Effects[i]).Projection = projectionMatrix; } mesh.Draw(); } } The model rotates and then scales. It should scale and then rotate, but whenever I try to change it, it won't work.

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• Physics Loop in a NodeJS/Socket.IO Environment

  - by Thomas Mosey

  I'm developing a 2D HTML5 Canvas Game, and I am trying to think of the most efficient way to implement a Physics Loop on the server-end of things, running NodeJS and Socket.IO. The only method I've thought of is using setTimeout/Interval, is there any better way? Any examples would be appreciated. EDIT: The Game is a top-down Game, like Zelda and older Pokemon Games. Most of the physics done in the loop will be simple intersects.

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• Best gui toolkit to use for creating 3D board game

  - by UserInteractive

  I have created a board game using Java and Swing - using GridLayout and various other apis. It works properly but the UI looks very very simple. I would want couple of animations like tilting the GridLayoutat any angle. There are pawns on boxes of the GridLayout that I want to be animated when somebody clicks on it. I'm not sure of the right GUI toolkit to use for this. Swing repaint is possible to a limit and cannot be used for a lot of animation and graphics. And I realized after creating the game that Swing is probably not a good tool to create games. Could anybody suggest a better framework to use that I can use it in Eclipse with Java? I was thinking of JavaFX or tools like Adobe Flash or Adobe Air. Any suggestions please?

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• Avoid double compression of resources

  - by user1095108

  I am using .pngs for my textures and am using a virtual file system in a .zip file for my game project. This means my textures are compressed and decompressed twice. What are the solutions to this double compression problem? One solution I've heard about is to use .tgas for textures, but it seems ages ago, since I've heard that. Another solution is to implement decompression on the GPU and, since that is fast, forget about the overhead.

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• Calculate velocity of a bullet ricocheting on a circle

  - by SteveL

  I made a picture to demostrate what I need,basecaly I have a bullet with velocity and I want it to bounce with the correct angle after it hits a circle Solved(look the accepted answer for explain): Vector.vector.set(bullet.vel); //->v Vector.vector2.setDirection(pos, bullet.pos); //->n normal from center of circle to bullet float dot=Vector.vector.dot(Vector.vector2); //->dot product Vector.vector2.mul(dot).mul(2); Vector.vector.sub(Vector.vector2); Vector.vector.y=-Vector.vector.y; //->for some reason i had to invert the y bullet.vel.set(Vector.vector);

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• Good GUI for OpenGL

  - by Cristina

  I am starting to learn OpenGL with FreeGLUT using the Superbible and the knowledge i have from my elementary graphics to brush up on my skills. To get more from this experience i want to integrate a GUI to overwrite the one FreeGLUT uses, now my question is this: is this thing possible and what library should i use? Some characteristics for the library: Open source Multi-platform (Linux and Windows) C/C++ If you have any other recommendations please feel free to post them along with your answers for my problem.

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• Physic engine for snooker/billard game

  - by Marc Gillé

  I think most billard/snooker games have a lot of problems with their physic engines. They are far away from realistic and you can't really enjoy the game (especially when snooker is your hobby :) ) So I want to try to make an own physic engine (and own snooker game). I think the physic engine is the most important part of such a game. So my question is: Do anybody know an open physic enginge I can start with? Is there any literature about such physic problems?

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• Resolution Independent 2D Rendering in XNA

  - by AttackingHobo

  I am trying to figure out the best way to render a 2d game at any resolution. I am currently rendering the game at 1920x1200. I am trying scale the game to any user selected resolution without changing the way I am rendering, or game logic. What is the best way to scale a game to any arbitrary resolution? Edit: I am trying to achieve this: http://www.david-amador.com/2010/03/xna-2d-independent-resolution-rendering/ but I think the code he has is for a different version of XNA because I cannot find that method overload he uses.

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• Managing multiple references of the same game entity in different places using IDs

  - by vargonian

  I've seen great questions on similar topics, but none that addressed this particular method: Given that I have multiple collections of game entities in my [XNA Game Studio] game, with many entities belonging to multiple lists, I'm considering ways I could keep track of whenever an entity is destroyed and remove it from the lists it belongs to. A lot of potential methods seem sloppy/convoluted, but I'm reminded of a way I've seen before in which, instead of having multiple collections of game entities, you have collections of game entity IDs instead. These IDs map to game entities via a central "database" (perhaps just a hash table). So, whenever any bit of code wants to access a game entity's members, it first checks to see if it's even in the database still. If not, it can react accordingly. Is this a sound approach? It seems that it would eliminate many of the risks/hassles of storing multiple lists, with the tradeoff being the cost of the lookup every time you want to access an object.

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• Adaptive Characters: AI Solution Needs a Problem

  - by Roger F. Gay

  Have sophisticated adaptive programming, will travel - so to speak. I'm part of a group that developed sophisticated learning / adaptive software for robotics. The system "thinks" via its simulator, building and adapting code on its own; and then carries out the best solution. The software can also adapt to new situations, etc. http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ It's easy to imagine using it with automated game characters that will adapt to the players moves and style - the easiest example would be fighting. The more the simulated fighter fights with the human player, the more it learns to counter that players fighting skills. But there should be more. Anyone have any ideas as to how adaptive characters might be interesting in games?

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• Recasting and Drawing in SDL

  - by user1078123

  I have some code that essentially draws a column on the screen of a wall in a raycasting-type 3d engine. I am trying to optimize it, as it takes about 10 milliseconds do draw a million pixels using this, and the vast majority of game time is spent in this loop. However, I don't quite understand what's occurring, particularly the recasting (I modified the "pixel manipulation" sample code from the SDL documentation). "canvas" is the surface I am drawing to, and "hello" is the surface containing the texture for the column. int c = (curcol)* canvas->format->BytesPerPixel; void *canvaspixels = canvas->pixels; Uint16 texpitch = hello->pitch; int lim = (drawheight +startdraw) * canvpitch +c + (int) canvaspixels; Uint8 *k = (Uint8 *)hello->pixels + (hit)* hello->format->BytesPerPixel; for (int j= (startdraw)*(canvpitch)+c + (int) canvaspixels; (j< lim); j+= canvpitch){ Uint8 *q = (Uint8 *) ((int(h))*(texpitch)+k); *(Uint32 *)j = *(Uint32 *)q; h += s; } We have void pointers (not sure how those are even represented), 8, 16, and 32 bit ints (h and s are floats), all being intermingled, and while it works, it is quite confusing.

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• A Star Path finding endless loop

  - by PoeHaH

  I have implemented A* algorithm. Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't, and it goes through an endless loop. After days of debugging and googling, I hope you can come to the rescue. This is my code: The algorythm: public ArrayList<Coordinate> findClosestPathTo(Coordinate start, Coordinate goal) { ArrayList<Coordinate> closed = new ArrayList<Coordinate>(); ArrayList<Coordinate> open = new ArrayList<Coordinate>(); ArrayList<Coordinate> travelpath = new ArrayList<Coordinate>(); open.add(start); while(open.size()>0) { Coordinate current = searchCoordinateWithLowestF(open); if(current.equals(goal)) { return travelpath; } travelpath.add(current); open.remove(current); closed.add(current); ArrayList<Coordinate> neighbors = current.calculateCoordAdjacencies(true, rowbound, colbound); for(Coordinate n:neighbors) { if(closed.contains(n) || map.isWalkeable(n)) { continue; } int gScore = current.getGvalue() + 1; boolean gScoreIsBest = false; if(!open.contains(n)) { gScoreIsBest = true; n.setHvalue(manhattanHeuristic(n,goal)); open.add(n); } else { if(gScore<n.getGvalue()) { gScoreIsBest = true; } } if(gScoreIsBest) { n.setGvalue(gScore); n.setFvalue(n.getGvalue()+n.getHvalue()); } } } return null; } What I have found out is that it always fails whenever there's an obstacle in the path. If I'm running it on 'open terrain', it seems to work. It seems to be affected by this part: || map.isWalkeable(n) Though, the isWalkeable function seems to work fine. If additional code is needed, I will provide it. Your help is greatly appreciated, Thanks :)

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• About online game servers and how to handle data

  - by TreantBG

  So my question isn't about what technology to use or how to do this or that, but a more general question. I'm currently developing a action third person shooter. With elements of RPG - weapon,armor upgrades and items. Players will be able to create new games or join old ones. So my question is how to create the game server that players will play in. I have two ideas on my mind. The player who made the game is the server. All data passes trough him and he send this data to the server updating the database of the players with their XP points kills/deaths score and other. Or my host machine is the server, the player who made the game just will open new instance on my host and will be like client. And all players send their input data to the host, the host updates the game and send response back to client for any new changes like where is the enemy and other. And if i choose option 1 is there a chance the host to change the game content and manipulate the game results? (I think there is but i'm not sure) And if i choose option 2 isn't that raising the response time and potentially the game lag? or maybe there is another option?

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• Hydraulics in game

  - by Mungoid

  I'm not completely sure if this would be better in the Physics site or not as this question is more about how hydraulics should work in game as opposed to how they really work (although that is taken into account) - So I apologize if this is in the wrong place. A project we are on, we have a machine with hydraulics that are powered (They don't just look like they move something, they are the only thing moving/turning/lifting something) - However, the hydraulic extends the same speed no matter what it is pushing. So, say there is a 10 ton object attached to one end of the hydraulic and the other end is attached to a plate on the ground. In real life it takes a few seconds to build up pressure depending on how heavy the object is, but in our project the hydraulics don't care about that. It will lift a 100 ton object the same speed as a 10 ton object. We have a way to fake the hydraulic pressurizing by reducing the 'drive amount' (how fast or slow the hydraulic extends) when we sense that it is touching the ground and that does a relatively decent job but we would like to be able to take other things into account like engine speed, ratios, loads, etc. but we aren't too sure what we need to think about. I'm kinda wondering if anyone here has any experience with this and could offer some suggestions on what to take into account?

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• Realtime rendering using a ray tracing engine

  - by Keyhan Asghari

  I want to render an object that has a mesh with one million hexagonal elements(100 * 100 * 100). Lights, shadows and textures is not important and each element has a solid color. and finally, the actions I want to have, is simply rotating the object, zooming and panning. I am wondering what ray tracing engine is better for my conditions. or, do I have to take another approach? any help will be appreciated.

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• How to avoid game objects accidentally deleting themselves in C++

  - by Tom Dalling

  Let's say my game has a monster that can kamikaze explode on the player. Let's pick a name for this monster at random: a Creeper. So, the Creeper class has a method that looks something like this: void Creeper::kamikaze() { EventSystem::postEvent(ENTITY_DEATH, this); Explosion* e = new Explosion; e->setLocation(this->location()); this->world->addEntity(e); } The events are not queued, they get dispatched immediately. This causes the Creeper object to get deleted somewhere inside the call to postEvent. Something like this: void World::handleEvent(int type, void* context) { if(type == ENTITY_DEATH){ Entity* ent = dynamic_cast<Entity*>(context); removeEntity(ent); delete ent; } } Because the Creeper object gets deleted while the kamikaze method is still running, it will crash when it tries to access this->location(). One solution is to queue the events into a buffer and dispatch them later. Is that the common solution in C++ games? It feels like a bit of a hack, but that might just be because of my experience with other languages with different memory management practices. In C++, is there a better general solution to this problem where an object accidentally deletes itself from inside one of its methods?

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• Ignore collisions with some objects in certain contexts

  - by Paul Manta

  I'm making a racing game with cars in Unity. The car has a boost/nitro powerup. While boosting, I wouldn't want to be deviated when colliding with zombies, but I do want to be deviated when colliding with walls. On the other hand, I don't want to ignore collision with zombies, because I still want to hit them on impact. How should I handle this? Basically, what I want is for the car to not rotate when colliding with certain objects.

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• Adjust sprite bounds of the visible part of texture

  - by Crazy D0G

  Is there any way to adjust the boundaries of the visible part of the sprite? To make it easier to understand: I have a texture, such as shown at figure 1. Then I break it into pieces and fill the resulting fragments using PRKit (wood texture on figure 2 and 3). But the resulting fragments have the transparent (green color on figure 2 and 3) and when creating a sprite from the fragments they have the size of the initial texture. Is there a way to get rid of this transparency and to adjust the size of the visible part (wood texture), openGL or cocos2d-x means? Maybe it help - draw() method from PRKit: void PRFilledPolygon::draw() { //CCNode::draw(); glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY); // we have a pointer to vertex points so enable client state glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->getName()); glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, areaTrianglePoints); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, textureCoordinates); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, areaTrianglePointCount); glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE); //Restore texture matrix and switch back to modelview matrix glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);}

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