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• Starting out with OpenGL when most tutorials are out of date

  - by AUTO

  I'm sure there are already a bunch of questions like this asked, but the constant updating of the OpenGL library throws them all away, and in a month or two, the answers here will be worthless again. I am ready to start programming in OpenGL using C++. I've got a working compiler (DevCpp; do NOT ask me to switch to VC++, and don't ask me why). Now I'm just looking for a solid tutorial on how to program with OpenGL. My assistant found the tutorial provided by NeHe Productions, but as I've come to find out, it's WAY OUT OF DATE! (although I did pull together a basic window to support an OpenGL canvas) Then I went online, and found the OpenGL SuperBible, which apparently uses freeglut? But what I'd like to know is whether or not SuperBible 5th edition is up to date any longer. The suggestion to freeglut I found said the latest version was 2.6.0 but now it's 2.8.0! Is the OpenGL SuperBible still a good, and fairly up-to-date place to start? Is there a better place to go to learn OpenGL? Am I allowed to simply store freeglut in the DevCpp include directory (maybe in GL), or is there some important procedure? Are there any comments or suggestions that I didn't think to ask since I'm only just beginning? @dreta cleared some things up for me, so now I have a better idea of what to ask: I think I'd like to start out with OpenGL using a wrapper library instead of directly accessing OpenGL.I just think that, for a beginner, it would be easier for me to program and get good results, while I don't yet have to understand all the grimy details (as @stephelton mentioned). The problem is, I can't find any library that doesn't have undefined references to no longer supported functions. Freeglut sounds operational, but it still uses GLU.Does anyone know what I can do?Also, I tried compiling the first SuperBible's source, but I got errors since GLAPI is not being defined as a type, the error originating in the GLU library. I'd like to use the SuperBible, but I don't know how to fix this.

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• Drawing an outline around an arbitrary group of hexagons

  - by Perky

  Is there an algorithm for drawing an outline around around an arbitrary group of hexagons? The polygon outline drawn may be concave. See the images below, the green line is what I am trying to achieve. The hexagons are stored as vertices and drawn as polygons. Edit: I've uploaded images that should explain more. I want to favour convex hulls because it's conveys an area of control more quickly. Each hexagon is stored in a multidimensional array so they all have x and y coordinates, I can easily find adjacent hexagons and the opposite vertex, i.e. adjacentHexagon = getAdjacentHexagon( someHexagon, NORTHWEST ) if there isn't a hexagon immediately adjacent it will continue to search in that direction until it finds one or hits the map edges.

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• OpenGLES GLSL Shader attributes always bound to 0

  - by codemonkey

  So I have a very simple vertex shader as follows #version 120 attribute vec3 position; attribute vec3 inColor; uniform mat4 mvp; varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void){ fragColor = inColor; gl_Position = mvp * vec4(position, 1.0); } Which I load, as well as the fragment shader: #version 120 varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void) { gl_FragColor = vec4(fragColor,1.0); } Which I then load, compile, and link to my shader program. I check for link status using glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &shaderSuccess); which returns GL_TRUE so I think its ok. However, when I query the active attributes and uniforms using #ifdef DEBUG int totalAttributes = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, &totalAttributes); for(int i=0; i<totalAttributes; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveAttrib(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Attribute %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } int totalUniforms = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &totalUniforms); for(int i=0; i<totalUniforms; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveUniform(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Uniform %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } #endif I get: Attribute inColor is bound at 0 Attribute position is bound at 1 Uniform mvp is bound at 0 Which leads to failure when trying to use the shader to render the objects. I have tried switching the order of declaration of position & inColor, but still, only position is bound with the other two giving 0 Can someone please explain why this is happening? Thanks

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• Getting an OBB out of another OBB?

  - by Milo

  I'm working on collision resolution for my game. I just need a good way to get an object out of another object if it gets stuck. In this case a car. Here is a typical scenario. The red car is in the green object. How do I correctly get it out so the car can slide along the edge of the object as it should. I tried: if(buildings.size() > 0) { Entity e = buildings.get(0); Vector2D vel = new Vector2D(); vel.x = vehicle.getVelocity().x; vel.y = vehicle.getVelocity().y; vel.normalize(); while(vehicle.getRect().overlaps(e.getRect())) { vehicle.setCenter(vehicle.getCenterX() - vel.x * 0.1f, vehicle.getCenterY() - vel.y * 0.1f); } colided = true; } But that does not work too well. Is there some sort of vector I could calculate to use as the vector to move the car away from the object? Thanks

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• Can you shade a specific section of a sprite? If so, how?

  - by l5p4ngl312

  I have been working on an isometric minecraft-esque game engine for a strategy game I plan on making. As you can see, it really needs some sort of shading. It is difficult to distinguish between separate elevations when the camera is facing away from the slope because everything is the same shade. So my question is: can I shade just a specific section of a sprite? All of those blocks are just sprites, so if I shaded the entire image, it would shade the whole block. I am using LWJGL. Heres a link to a screenshot from the engine: http://i44.tinypic.com/qxqlix.jpg

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• How to create an Orthographic display in OpenGL (ES) that handles different screen sizes and orientations?

  - by Piku

  I'm trying to create an iPad/iPhone game using GLES2.0 that contains a 3D scene with a heads-up-display/GUI overlaid on the top. However, this problem would also apply if I were to port my game to a computer and run the game in a resizable window, or allow the user to change screen resolutions... When trying to make the 2D GUI/HUD work I've made the assumption that all I'm really doing is drawing a load of 2D textured 'quads' on the screen and am trying to treat the orthographic projection as an old-style 2D display with 0,0 in the upper left and screenWidth,ScreenHeight in the lower right. This causes me all sorts of confusion when I rotate my ipad into Landscape mode since I can't work out what to put into my projection and modelview matrices to turn everything around the right way. It also gets messy if I want to support the iPad's large screen, an iPhone or a Retina display since I have to then draw three sets of textures for everything and work out which ones to use. Should I be trying to map the 2D OpenGL co-ords 1:1 with the screen? While typing out this question it occurs to me that I could keep my origin in the centre, still running -1/+1 along the axes. This would let me scale my 2D content appropriately on the different screen sizes, but wouldn't I end up with the textures being scaled and possibly losing quality? I'm using OpenGLES 2.0 and have a matrix library that has equivalents to the GLES1.1 glOrthof() and glFrustrum() calls.

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• Question about component based design: handling objects interaction

  - by Milo

  I'm not sure how exactly objects do things to other objects in a component based design. Say I have an Obj class. I do: Obj obj; obj.add(new Position()); obj.add(new Physics()); How could I then have another object not only move the ball but have those physics applied. I'm not looking for implementation details but rather abstractly how objects communicate. In an entity based design, you might just have: obj1.emitForceOn(obj2,5.0,0.0,0.0); Any article or explanation to get a better grasp on a component driven design and how to do basic things would be really helpful.

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• Confusion with Libgdx UI

  - by BrotherJack

  I've started with Libgdx and am currently stumbling about trying to understand how to set up the interface. I have generated the base projects in Eclipse ( < proj-name ,< proj-name -android, < proj-name -desktop, < proj-name -html), and can get the program to display a simple background, play a looping sound file, and draw a tank. I have been having some problems implementing the UI though. I want to make a collapsible interface bar at the bottom of the screen that would contain buttons for movement, and selecting weapons. I'm confused since there appears to be several ways of doing this and the documentation (or tutorials explaining it) tend to be obsolete. How would one go about this? Use a stage for the bar and actors for the widgets? I'm a little lost on this.

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• How can I solve the same problems a CB-architecture is trying to solve without using hacks? [on hold]

  - by Jefffrey

  A component based system's goal is to solve the problems that derives from inheritance: for example the fact that some parts of the code (that are called components) are reused by very different classes that, hypothetically, would lie in a very different branch of the inheritance tree. That's a very nice concept, but I've found out that CBS is often hard to accomplish without using ugly hacks. Implementations of this system are often far from clean. But I don't want to discuss this any further. My question is: how can I solve the same problems a CBS try to solve with a very clean interface? (possibly with examples, there are a lot of abstract talks about the "perfect" design already). Here's an example I was going for before realizing I was just reinventing inheritance again: class Human { public: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other human specific components }; class Zombie { Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other zombie specific components }; After writing that I realized I needed an interface, otherwise I would have needed N containers for N different types of objects (or to use boost::variant to gather them all together). So I've thought of polymorphism (move what systems do in a CBS design into class specific functions): class Entity { public: virtual void on_event(Event) {} // not pure virtual on purpose virtual void on_update(World) {} virtual void on_draw(Window) {} }; class Human { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; class Zombie { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; Which was nice, except for the fact that now the outside world would not even be able to know where a Human is positioned (it does not have access to its position member). That would be useful to track the player position for collision detection or if on_update the Zombie would want to track down its nearest human to move towards him. So I added const Position& get_position() const; to both the Zombie and Human classes. And then I realized that both functionality were shared, so it should have gone to the common base class: Entity. Do you notice anything? Yes, with that methodology I would have a god Entity class full of common functionality (which is the thing I was trying to avoid in the first place).

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• Role of an entity state in a component based system?

  - by Paul

  Component-based entity systems are all the rage these days; everyone seems to agree they are the way to go, but no one really has a definitive implementation of such a system. I was wondering, what role do entity states (walking-left, standing, jumping, etc) have in a CBS? Do they act like controllers (i.e. they handle events and change the entity's attributes based on those events)? What about cases where a state would, for example, require that the entity enters no-clip mode? Should, that state, when it enters, maybe set the CollisionComponent of the entity to a null pointer or something? (Then, on exit, the state should restore the entity's CollisionComponent to its previous state.) Also, I guess it's the current state's job to change the entity's state to something else, right?

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• How exactly does XNA's SpriteBatch work?

  - by David Gouveia

  To be more precise, if I needed to recreate this functionality from scratch in another API (e.g. in OpenGL) what would it need to be capable of doing? I do have a general idea of some of the steps, such as how it prepares an orthographic projection matrix and creates a quad for each draw call. I'm not too familiar, however, with the batching process itself. Are all quads stored in the same vertex buffer? Does it need an index buffer? How are different textures handled? If possible I'd be grateful if you could guide me through the process from when SpriteBatch.Begin() is called until SpriteBatch.End(), at least when using the default Deferred mode.

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• How do I have to take into account the direction in which the camera is facing when creating a first person strafe (left/right) movement

  - by Chris

  This is the code I am currently using, and it works great, except for the strafe always causes the camera to move along the X axis which is not relative to the direction in which the camera is actually facing. As you can see currently only the x location is updated: [delta * -1, 0, 0] How should I take into account the direction in which the camera is facing (I have the camera's target x,y,z) when creating a first person strafe (left/right) movement? case 'a': var eyeOriginal = g_eye; var targetOriginal = g_target; var viewEye = g_math.subVector(g_eye, g_target); var viewTarget = g_math.subVector(g_target, g_eye); viewEye = g_math.addVector([delta * -1, 0, 0], viewEye); viewTarget = g_math.addVector([delta * -1, 0, 0], viewTarget); g_eye = g_math.addVector(viewEye, targetOriginal); g_target = g_math.addVector(viewTarget, eyeOriginal); break; case 'd': var eyeOriginal = g_eye; var targetOriginal = g_target; var viewEye = g_math.subVector(g_eye, g_target); var viewTarget = g_math.subVector(g_target, g_eye); viewEye = g_math.addVector([delta, 0, 0], viewEye); viewTarget = g_math.addVector([delta, 0, 0], viewTarget); g_eye = g_math.addVector(viewEye, targetOriginal); g_target = g_math.addVector(viewTarget, eyeOriginal); break;

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• Box2d world width and height ratio with screen width and height

  - by Sujith

  I have view, for example GameView which extends SurfaceView . I have integrated Box2D physics in GameView. I have two widths , GameView width, height and Box2D physics world width ,height. I need to get the position of box2d world with the GameView co-ordinates. For example, Total width of screen = 240 Total height of screen = 320 Screen points needed to be mapped onto box2d co-ordinates (x,y) = 127, 139 For this i need to get the max width and height of the Box2d physics world. Is there is any way to get the max width and height of Box2d world. or Can i limit the width and height of box2d world within the screen resolution.

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• How to manage drawing loop when changing render targets

  - by George Duckett

  I'm managing my game state by having a base GameScreen class with a Draw method. I then have (basically) a stack of GameScreens that I render. I render the bottom one first, as screens above might not completely cover the ones below. I now have a problem where one GameScreen changes render targets while doing its rendering. Anything the previous screens have drawn to the backbuffer is lost (as XNA emulates what happens on the xbox). I don't want to just set the backbuffer to preserve its contents as I want this to work on the xbox as well as PC. How should I manage this problem? A few ideas I've had: Render every GameScreen to its own render target, then render them all to the backbuffer. Create some kind of RenderAction queue where a game screen (and anything else I guess) could queue something to be rendered to the back buffer. They'd render whatever they wanted to any render target as normal, but if they wanted to render to the backbuffer they'd stick that in a queue which would get processed once all rendertarget rendering was done. Abstract away from render targets and backbuffers and have some way of representing the way graphics flows and transforms between render targets and have something manage/work out the correct rendering order (and render targets) given what rendering process needs as input and what it produces as output. I think each of my ideas have pros and cons and there are probably several other ways of approaching this general problem so I'm interested in finding out what solutions are out there.

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• Are there any preexisting maps for a Minecraft-like level I could use in my engine?

  - by Rishav Sharan

  I am working on a tiny cube-based engine like Minecraft. I was wondering if there is a way for me to get large blocky terrain in a text format that I can use for rendering on my engine? I don't want to start on procedural generation now, I just want a resource where I can get the coord list for a pretty looking terrain. Alternatively, is it possible for me to parse the Minecraft world files and use that data to generate terrain/buildings in my code?

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• Basic AI FSM - Handling state transition

  - by Galvanize

  I'm starting to study on how to implement game AI, and it seems to me that a very simple FSM for my Pong demo would be a nice way to start. My vision on implementing this would be to have a basic state interface and a class for each state, then the NPC would have an instance of the current state. The class should have an update method and directions on wich state to go next, depending on the event received. The question is: How do I handle this event? Should I have a regular addEventListener and a costum event system? Or should I check on update for the things that could change the current state? I'm feeling a bit lost, I feel I have a good grasp on the FSM concept but a good implementation seems tricky, thanks in advance.

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• Worker roles in Windows Azure to host a multiplayer server

  - by MrWiggels

  I've been doing research on where to host a simple multi-player backend for a simple game I'm developing. So as a first choice I downloaded the Windows Azure SDK, which provides a nice and simple emulator environment where you can test out your application before uploading. I also download the Azure Social Game Toolkit (Visit), and followed as far as my understanding can take me. So, down to the main question. Is there anybody with experience developing Azure applications. I'm developing a Action RPG game, in a similar vein to Diablo III. I was thinking of putting up Matchmaking, Friends Lists, etc. Is there another way to connect to Azure services via something like UDP or TCP for sending packets or does everything have to go through HTTP requests? Is it even possible to use HTTP request/response for something like this? All game commands will be simple. Because the game server and the clients will be kept in-sync and will have deterministic actions, I'm just going to send actions like "Use Primary Skill" and "Use Secondary Skill". Any hints, ideas, light bulbs or a smack-in-the-face presentation will be much appreciated.

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• Using Appendbuffers in unity for terrain generation

  - by Wardy

  Like many others I figured I would try and make the most of the monster processing power of the GPU but I'm having trouble getting the basics in place. CPU code: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class Test : MonoBehaviour { public ComputeShader Generator; public MeshTopology Topology; void OnEnable() { var computedMeshPoints = ComputeMesh(); CreateMeshFrom(computedMeshPoints); } private Vector3[] ComputeMesh() { var size = (32*32) * 4; // 4 points added for each x,z pos var buffer = new ComputeBuffer(size, 12, ComputeBufferType.Append); Generator.SetBuffer(0, "vertexBuffer", buffer); Generator.Dispatch(0, 1, 1, 1); var results = new Vector3[size]; buffer.GetData(results); buffer.Dispose(); return results; } private void CreateMeshFrom(Vector3[] generatedPoints) { var filter = GetComponent<MeshFilter>(); var renderer = GetComponent<MeshRenderer>(); if (generatedPoints.Length > 0) { var mesh = new Mesh { vertices = generatedPoints }; var colors = new Color[generatedPoints.Length]; var indices = new int[generatedPoints.Length]; //TODO: build this different based on topology of the mesh being generated for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; i++) { indices[i] = i; colors[i] = Color.blue; } mesh.SetIndices(indices, Topology, 0); mesh.colors = colors; mesh.RecalculateNormals(); mesh.Optimize(); mesh.RecalculateBounds(); filter.sharedMesh = mesh; } else { filter.sharedMesh = null; } } } GPU code: #pragma kernel Generate AppendStructuredBuffer<float3> vertexBuffer : register(u0); void genVertsAt(uint2 xzPos) { //TODO: put some height generation code here. // could even run marching cubes / dual contouring code. float3 corner1 = float3( xzPos[0], 0, xzPos[1] ); float3 corner2 = float3( xzPos[0] + 1, 0, xzPos[1] ); float3 corner3 = float3( xzPos[0], 0, xzPos[1] + 1); float3 corner4 = float3( xzPos[0] + 1, 0, xzPos[1] + 1 ); vertexBuffer.Append(corner1); vertexBuffer.Append(corner2); vertexBuffer.Append(corner3); vertexBuffer.Append(corner4); } [numthreads(32, 1, 32)] void Generate (uint3 threadId : SV_GroupThreadID, uint3 groupId : SV_GroupID) { uint2 currentXZ = unint2( groupId.x * 32 + threadId.x, groupId.z * 32 + threadId.z); genVertsAt(currentXZ); } Can anyone explain why when I call "buffer.GetData(results);" on the CPU after the compute dispatch call my buffer is full of Vector3(0,0,0), I'm not expecting any y values yet but I would expect a bunch of thread indexes in the x,z values for the Vector3 array. I'm not getting any errors in any of this code which suggests it's correct syntax-wise but maybe the issue is a logical bug. Also: Yes, I know I'm generating 4,000 Vector3's and then basically round tripping them. However, the purpose of this code is purely to learn how round tripping works between CPU and GPU in Unity.

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• I made a game in XNA - how can I share it with my friends?

  - by Raven Dreamer

  I've just finished programming a charming (albeit bare-bones) XNA version of arcade classic Tempest. Hooray! Given that this was a homework assignment, I'd like to be able to share it with my professor and my friends/classmates to solicit feedback. (And let's be honest - if I have a question about how to add in an additional feature, it might be nice to be able to share it with folks on this site as well.) Is there a better way of sharing an XNA game than by shuttling the visual studio - produced executable around? Some way to host it on a website would be ideal.

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• What are the reasons for MMOs to have level caps [on hold]

  - by SamStephens

  In many MMOs players character progression is artificially capped, e.g. by level 60 or 90 or 100 or whatever. Why do MMOs have these level caps in the first place? Why not just allow characters to continue to arbitrary levels with a mathematically designed leveling system that keeps the leveling experience interesting and endless? Answers to this question may help us to see the reason behind the feature and decide if and how this should be implemented in our MMOs.

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• Draw order in XNA

  - by Petr Abdulin

  It is possible to set draw order of a DrawableGameComponent by setting DrawOrder property. But is it possible to set draw order of "main" Game class? I have 2 DrawableGameComponents, and Draw method of a main Game class is called first, while I want it to be the last. Should I just mode all "main" draw code to another component and set it DrawOrder? Answer: seems like I'm just confused myself a little. Black on black, that's why I didn't saw it. Main Draw is called last, as expected.

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• Is chess-like AI really inapplicable in turn-based strategy games?

  - by Joh

  Obviously, trying to apply the min-max algorithm on the complete tree of moves works only for small games (I apologize to all chess enthusiasts, by "small" I do not mean "simplistic"). For typical turn-based strategy games where the board is often wider than 100 tiles and all pieces in a side can move simultaneously, the min-max algorithm is inapplicable. I was wondering if a partial min-max algorithm which limits itself to N board configurations at each depth couldn't be good enough? Using a genetic algorithm, it might be possible to find a number of board configurations that are good wrt to the evaluation function. Hopefully, these configurations might also be good wrt to long-term goals. I would be surprised if this hasn't been thought of before and tried. Has it? How does it work?

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• A good way to build a game loop in OpenGL

  - by Jeff

  I'm currently beginning to learn OpenGL at school, and I've started making a simple game the other day (on my own, not for school). I'm using freeglut, and am building it in C, so for my game loop I had really just been using a function I made passed to glutIdleFunc to update all the drawing and physics in one pass. This was fine for simple animations that I didn't care too much about the frame rate, but since the game is mostly physics based, I really want to (need to) tie down how fast it's updating. So my first attempt was to have my function I pass to glutIdleFunc (myIdle()) to keep track of how much time has passed since the previous call to it, and update the physics (and currently graphics) every so many milliseconds. I used timeGetTime() to do this (by using <windows.h>). And this got me to thinking, is using the idle function really a good way of going about the game loop? My question is, what is a better way to implement the game loop in OpenGL? Should I avoid using the idle function?

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• Moving in a diamond - enemy gets stuck

  - by Fibericon

  I have an enemy that I would like to move as follows: Start at (0, 200, 0) Move to (200, 0, 0) Move to (0, -200, 0) Move to (-200, 0, 0) Move to start point, repeat as long as it remains active. This is what I've done to achieve that: if (position.X < 200 && position.Y > 0) { Velocity = new Vector3(1, -1, 0) * speed; } else if (position.X >= 200 && position.Y <= 0 && position.Y > -200) { Velocity = new Vector3(-1, -1, 0) * speed; } else if (position.X <= 0 && position.Y <= -200) { Velocity = new Vector3(-1, 1, 0) * speed; } else { Velocity = new Vector3(1, 1, 0) * speed; } It moves to the second point, but then gets stuck and appears to vibrate in place. How should I be doing this?

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• What makes puzzle games addictive?

  - by Bryan Denny

  I'm currently developing a puzzle game for Android that is sort of along the lines of Alchemy. I was wondering what makes games like Alchemy or Bejeweled so addicting? How do I keep players interested in the game to want to play it over and over? Is it the scores? Level advancement? The challenges? What should I be doing to try and keep a player engaged with a puzzle game since they are often quite repetitive?

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