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• OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard no longer mounting an external USB drive

  - by Brant Bobby

  I have a 1TB generic external hard drive containing a single HFS partition. I originally formatted this using Disk Utility and it worked fine. Now, for some reason, it's not auto-mounting when I start up. Using mount at the command line gives the following error: $ sudo mount /dev/disk1s2 /Volumes/Test /dev/disk1s2 on /Volumes/Test: Incorrect super block. ... but if I use the mount_hfs command it works fine, mounts, and is readable. $ mount_hfs /dev/disk1s2 /Volumes/Test/ fsck gives me an error about a bad super block: $ fsck /dev/disk1 ** /dev/rdisk1 (NO WRITE) BAD SUPER BLOCK: MAGIC NUMBER WRONG ... but fsck_hfs -fn /dev/disk1s2 doesn't find any problems and reports that the volume appears to be OK. In Disk Utility, the drive appears to have a single MS-DOS partition with a curious notice about how it appears to be partitioned for Boot Camp: I have the Boot Camp HFS driver installed in WIndows 7, and that OS sees the drive/partition normally. What's wrong with my disk?

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• Retrieving a specific value from “df -h” using shell

  - by diegodias

  When I use df -h, I get the following output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 59G 2.2G 54G 4% / /dev/sda1 122M 38M 78M 33% /boot tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /dev/shm 10.10.0.105:/somepath 11T 8.4T 2.1T 81% /storage4 10.11.0.101:/somepath 15T 8.9T 5.9T 61% /storage1 /dev/mapper/patha 5.0T 255G 4.8T 5% /storage5_vol0 /dev/mapper/pathb 5.0T 195G 4.9T 4% /storage5_vol1 /dev/mapper/pathc 5.0T 608G 4.5T 12% /storage5_vol2 I want to write a script that gets the value of Avail column on a specific storage. I used to use df -k /storage_name | tail -1 | awk '{print $3}' But the FileSystem column can have a value or not .. which would change the variable of my script from $3 to $4. How can I get the Avail on a single command line even if there are no values on the previous columns?

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• What can I do to give some more love and disk space to my database on Ubuntu?

  - by Yaron Naveh

  I'm new to linux. I've deployed a db to ubuntu server on amazon and found out I'm low on disk space. did df (see below) - and found out that I'm 89% capacity on one file system, but less on others. What does this mean? Do I have a few partitions and can now utilize others besides /dev/xvda1? Also /dev/xvdb seems large, is it safe to put the db in it and only use it? If so do I need to mount it or do something special? $> df -lah Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 8.0G 6.7G 914M 89% / proc 0 0 0 - /proc sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys none 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/fuse/connections none 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/debug none 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/security udev 3.7G 8.0K 3.7G 1% /dev devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts tmpfs 1.5G 164K 1.5G 1% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 3.7G 0 3.7G 0% /run/shm /dev/xvdb 414G 199M 393G 1% /mnt

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• smartctl or hddtemp for xvda [on hold]

  - by HST

  I'm trying to check the state of the drives on a remote server running Debian wheezy. I'm using a software RAID10 on top of, I guess, xen, since the entries in /dev are /dev/xvda and /dev/xvdb But it I try smartctl -a /dev/xvda I get /dev/xvda: Unable to detect device type Smartctl: please specify device type with the -d option. I've tried various device type guesses, none work Similar problem with hddtemp, which reports ERROR: /dev/xvda: can't determine bus type (or this bus type is unknown) I've searched the smartmontools documentation, but can't find any discussion of virtual disks. . . How do I get behind the virtualisation to something smart tools or hddtemp can work with?

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• Mac OSX Server 10.6 DNS Issues

  - by dallasclark

  The server was upgraded from 10.5 from 10.6, during the upgrade the Reverse Zones were lost so I tried to recreate these but found that it's best to delete all zones, definitions and start again. So I've started again and Reverse Zones are appearing but I'm still having issues. I receive the following errors (if they help) 01-Nov-2010 12:52:01.254 client 192.168.1.52#57051: view com.apple.ServerAdmin.DNS.public: query (cache) 'server.dev.home.gateway/A/IN' denied 01-Nov-2010 12:59:24.487 client 192.168.1.52#52858: view com.apple.ServerAdmin.DNS.public: query (cache) 'earth.server.dev.home.gateway/A/IN' denied At the moment I have the following setup in the DNS 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. Reverse Zone 192.168.1.100 Reverse Mapping MacPro-Server.local. server.dev. Primary Zone server.dev. Machine 192.168.1.100 earth.server.dev. Alias server.dev.

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• Repartition Ubuntu by command line?

  - by DisgruntledGoat

  On my server the filesystem includes these partitions: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda6 4.6G 929M 3.5G 21% / /dev/sda5 76M 20M 53M 27% /boot /dev/sda8 449G 199M 426G 1% /home /dev/sda7 4.6G 4.4G 0 100% /var (Output from df -ah) I'm storing the web sites and databases under /var and as you can see it's got full. The /home folder just has basic user directories and nothing else so I'd like to repartition the server so that /dev/sda8 is about 5GB, with the rest going to dev/sda7. What's the easiest way to do this via command line (i.e. SSH)?

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• Calculate minimum ext3 partition size for certain amount of data

  - by Daniel Beck

  These following ext3 partitions contain identical data. As we can see, the larger the partition size, the more space is required for the same files: Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/loop11 3965777 561064 3199964 15% [...] /dev/loop19 573029 543843 29186 95% [...] Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/loop11 3.8G 548M 3.1G 15% [...] /dev/loop19 560M 532M 29M 95% [...] Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on /dev/loop11 1024000 1656 1022344 1% [...] /dev/loop19 1024000 1656 1022344 1% [...] I start with a partition of fixed size that possibly wasted a lot of space and I want to create a partition that is able to hold that data but with (almost) minimal size. How can I reliably calculate that minimal partition size needed for storing a certain amount of data? The amount of data changes over time, and I need to automate these calculations.

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• What are "build-essential" & "build-dep"?

  - by Adam Siddhi

  I am researching how to install Ruby 1.9.1 in Xubuntu 10.04 and I came across the command build-essential and build-dep multiple times. Sometimes it is followed by packages and sometimes it is both preceded and post-ceded by packages. The 2 examples I am looking at are: sudo apt-get install build-essential zlib1g zlib1g-dev zlibc libruby1.9 libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt-dev sudo apt-get build-dep ruby1.9 and sudo apt-get install ruby irb ri rdoc ruby1.8-dev libzlib-ruby libyaml-ruby libreadline-ruby libncurses-ruby libcurses-ruby libruby libruby-extras libfcgi-ruby1.8 build-essential libopenssl-ruby libdbm-ruby libdbi-ruby libdbd-sqlite3-ruby sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev libsqlite3-ruby libxml-ruby libxml2-dev

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• flashcache with mdadm and LVM

  - by Backtogeek

  I am having trouble setting up flashcache on a system with LVM and mdadm, I suspect I am either just missing an obvious step or getting some mapping wrong and hoped someone could point me in the right direction? system info: CentOS 6.4 64 bit mdadm config md0 : active raid1 sdd3[2] sde3[3] sdf3[4] sdg3[5] sdh3[1] sda3[0] 204736 blocks super 1.0 [6/6] [UUUUUU] md2 : active raid6 sdd5[2] sde5[3] sdf5[4] sdg5[5] sdh5[1] sda5[0] 3794905088 blocks super 1.1 level 6, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [6/6] [UUUUUU] md3 : active raid0 sdc1[1] sdb1[0] 250065920 blocks super 1.1 512k chunks md1 : active raid10 sdh1[1] sda1[0] sdd1[2] sdf1[4] sdg1[5] sde1[3] 76749312 blocks super 1.1 512K chunks 2 near-copies [6/6] [UUUUUU] pcsvan PV /dev/mapper/ssdcache VG Xenvol lvm2 [3.53 TiB / 3.53 TiB free] Total: 1 [3.53 TiB] / in use: 1 [3.53 TiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ] flashcache create command used: flashcache_create -p back ssdcache /dev/md3 /dev/md2 pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/mapper/ssdcache VG Name Xenvol PV Size 3.53 TiB / not usable 106.00 MiB Allocatable yes PE Size 128.00 MiB Total PE 28952 Free PE 28912 Allocated PE 40 PV UUID w0ENVR-EjvO-gAZ8-TQA1-5wYu-ISOk-pJv7LV vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name Xenvol System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 2 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 1 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 3.53 TiB PE Size 128.00 MiB Total PE 28952 Alloc PE / Size 40 / 5.00 GiB Free PE / Size 28912 / 3.53 TiB VG UUID 7vfKWh-ENPb-P8dV-jVlb-kP0o-1dDd-N8zzYj So that is where I am at, I thought that was the job done however when creating a logical volume called test and mounting it is /mnt/test the sequential write is pathetic, 60 ish MB/s /dev/md3 has 2 x SSD's in Raid0 which alone is performing at around 800 MB/s sequential write and I am trying to cache /dev/md2 which is 6 x 1TB drives in raid6 I have read a number of pages through the day and some of them here, it is obvious from the results that the cache is not functioning but I am unsure why. I have added the filter line in the lvm.conf filter = [ "r|/dev/sdb|", "r|/dev/sdc|", "r|/dev/md3|" ] It is probably something silly but the cache is clearly performing no writes so I suspect I am not mapping it or have not mounted the cache correctly. dmsetup status ssdcache: 0 7589810176 flashcache stats: reads(142), writes(0) read hits(133), read hit percent(93) write hits(0) write hit percent(0) dirty write hits(0) dirty write hit percent(0) replacement(0), write replacement(0) write invalidates(0), read invalidates(0) pending enqueues(0), pending inval(0) metadata dirties(0), metadata cleans(0) metadata batch(0) metadata ssd writes(0) cleanings(0) fallow cleanings(0) no room(0) front merge(0) back merge(0) force_clean_block(0) disk reads(9), disk writes(0) ssd reads(133) ssd writes(9) uncached reads(0), uncached writes(0), uncached IO requeue(0) disk read errors(0), disk write errors(0) ssd read errors(0) ssd write errors(0) uncached sequential reads(0), uncached sequential writes(0) pid_adds(0), pid_dels(0), pid_drops(0) pid_expiry(0) lru hot blocks(31136000), lru warm blocks(31136000) lru promotions(0), lru demotions(0) Xenvol-test: 0 10485760 linear I have included as much info as I can think of, look forward to any replies.

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• Disk is apparently in use by the system

  - by Shaun

  I've just fitted two disks to my home server. I'm trying to format and then raid them but I'm getting a problem that hours of Googling hasn't resolved this. The error that I'm getting is: # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006) /dev/sdb1 is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here! # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 4.0G 1.9G 2.0G 49% / none 380M 0 380M 0% /dev/shm /opt/xensource/packages/iso/XenCenter.iso 51M 51M 0 100% /var/xen/xc-install # mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/b mount: /dev/sdb1 already mounted or /mnt/b busy I'm new to this and it's got me beat. I wouldn't ask if I hadn't done my research first. Thanks.

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• How to use second volume devide of amazon EC2

  - by Khoyendra Pande

  I have two volumes of amazon EC2 where by default 1 GiB volume using which has fulled. Now I want to use my second volume which is 9 Gim. I used command cat /proc/partitions I got major minor #blocks name 202 1 1048576 xvda1 202 80 9437184 xvdf Then I hit mkfs.ext3 -F /dev/sdf its showing mkfs.ext3: No such file or directory while trying to determine filesystem size then I hit command df and I got Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 1032088 1031280 0 100% / tmpfs 313160 8 313152 1% /lib/init/rw udev 297800 24 297776 1% /dev tmpfs 313160 4 313156 1% /dev/shm overflow 1024 32 992 4% /tmp means still I am unable to use my 9 GiB space Volume. I am conform I have two volume where attachment information is i-7e4fb41c:/dev/sda1 (attached) and i-7e4fb41c:/dev/sdf (attached) where only sda1 is using. Any one know how may I use my second volume(sdf). Thx

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• Retrieving a specific value from "df -h" using shell

  - by Diego Dias

  When I use df -h, I get the following output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 59G 2.2G 54G 4% / /dev/sda1 122M 38M 78M 33% /boot tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /dev/shm 10.10.0.105:/somepath 11T 8.4T 2.1T 81% /storage4 10.11.0.101:/somepath 15T 8.9T 5.9T 61% /storage1 /dev/mapper/patha 5.0T 255G 4.8T 5% /storage5_vol0 /dev/mapper/pathb 5.0T 195G 4.9T 4% /storage5_vol1 /dev/mapper/pathc 5.0T 608G 4.5T 12% /storage5_vol2 I want to write a script that gets the value of Avail column on a specific storage. I used to use df -k /storage_name | tail -1 | awk '{print $3}' But the FileSystem column can have a value or not .. which would change the variable of my script from $3 to $4. How can I get the Avail on a single command line even if there are no values on the previous columns?

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• Reshape linux md raid5 that is already being reshaped?

  - by smammy

  I just converted my RAID1 array to a RAID5 array and added a third disk to it. I'd like to add a fourth disk without waiting fourteen hours for the first reshape to complete. I just did this: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdf1 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=3 --backup-file=/root/md0_n3.bak The entry in /proc/mdstat looks like this: md0 : active raid5 sdf1[2] sda1[0] sdb1[1] 976759936 blocks super 0.91 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] [>....................] reshape = 1.8% (18162944/976759936) finish=834.3min speed=19132K/sec Now I'd like to do this: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdd1 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=4 --backup-file=/root/md8_n4.bak Is this safe, or do I have to wait for the first reshape operation to complete? P.S.: I know I should have added both disks first, and then reshaped from 2 to 4 devices, but it's a little late for that.

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• df says disk is full, but it is not

  - by Chris

  On a virtualized server running Ubuntu 10.04, df reports the following: # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 7.4G 7.0G 0 100% / none 498M 160K 498M 1% /dev none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm none 500M 92K 500M 1% /var/run none 500M 0 500M 0% /var/lock none 500M 0 500M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda3 917G 305G 566G 36% /home This is puzzling me for two reasons: 1.) df says that /dev/sda1, mounted at /, has a 7.4 gigabyte capacity, of which only 7.0 gigabytes are in use, yet it reports / being 100 percent full; and 2.) I can create files on / so it clearly does have space left. Possibly relevant is that the directory /www is a symbolic link to /home/www, which is on a different partition (/dev/sda3, mounted at /home). Can anyone offer suggestions on what might be going on here? The server appears to be working without issue, but I want to make sure there's not a problem with the partition table, file systems or something else which might result in implosion (or explosion) later.

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• slow software raid

  - by Jure1873

  I've got software raid 1 for / and /home and it seems I'm not getting the right speed out of it. Reading from md0 I get around 100 MB/sec Reading from sda or sdb I get around 95-105 MB/sec I thought I would get more speed (while reading data) from two drives. I don't know what is the problem. I'm using kernel 2.6.31-18 hdparm -tT /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Timing cached reads: 2078 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1039.72 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 304 MB in 3.01 seconds = 100.96 MB/sec hdparm -tT /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 2084 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1041.93 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 316 MB in 3.02 seconds = 104.77 MB/sec hdparm -tT /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing cached reads: 2150 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1075.94 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 302 MB in 3.01 seconds = 100.47 MB/sec Edit: Raid 1

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• URGENT: help recovering lost data

  - by Niels Kristian

  I have made a directory: sudo mkdir /ssd, the directory was supposed to be mounted to a raid array called md3. This was done by adding /dev/md3 /ssd auto defaults 0 0 to fstab. Then after a while where I had used the directory, I realized that I had forgotten to run sudo mount -a - and then I did, and now the data is gone. I tried to uncomment the line in fstab and run sudo mount -a but that didn't get back my data. What can I do!? CONTENT OF FSTAB: proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 /dev/md/0 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/md/1 /boot ext3 defaults 0 0 /dev/md/2 / ext4 defaults 0 0 /dev/md3 /ssd auto defaults 0 0

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• wamp alias appearing in localhost instead of another

  - by tournskeud

  I created various aliases on Wamp to be able to work on my different projects. Strangely, one of my alias is visible when I call the other. They have the same ".conf" file : Example : ##### ## x.dev ## DOMAINE x ##### NameVirtualHost x.dev <VirtualHost x.dev> DocumentRoot C:/wamp/www/x/ ServerName x.dev ServerAlias www.x.dev en.x.dev </VirtualHost> Also, I have a "Hosts" file including both of the alias. Wamp config : PHP: 5.4.12 Apache: 2.4.4 Someone have an idea of what is going on ? Thanks a lot in advance,

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• Can't recover hard drive

  - by BreezyChick89

  My drive got corrupt after a thunderstorm. It used to be 1 partition of 2.5tb but now it shows 2 partitions. It's weird because 300gig free space is about how much it had before corrupting, but it was part of the first partition. I tried $ sudo resize2fs -f /dev/sdb1 Resizing the filesystem on /dev/sdb1 to 536870911 (4k) blocks. resize2fs: Can't read an block bitmap while trying to resize /dev/sdb1 Please run 'e2fsck -fy /dev/sdb1' to fix the filesystem after the aborted resize operation. sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1 e2fsck 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) The filesystem size (according to the superblock) is 610471680 blocks The physical size of the device is 536870911 blocks Either the superblock or the partition table is likely to be corrupt! Abort? n .... Error reading block 537395215 (Invalid argument) while reading inode and block bitmaps. Ignore error<y>? yes Force rewrite<y>? yes Error writing block 537395215 (Invalid argument) while reading inode and block bitmaps. Ignore error<y>? yes ... A lot of these. I can't use e2fsck -y because the first question aborts if I say "y". If I put a weight on the 'y' key it fails because none of the errors were really fixed. I asked this question before and tried using gparted but gparted fails because the first thing it does is: e2fsck -f -y -v /dev/sdb1 giving the same error. The disk status says healthy. There are no bad blocks. This is very frustrating because I can see the data in testdisk and it looks like it's all there. I already bought another 2.5tb drive and made a clone using dd. The next step if I can't fix this is to wipe that drive and just move the data with testdisk, but it seems certain folders will copy infinitely until the drive is full because of symlinks or errors so it's also a difficult option. sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 2500.5 GB, 2500495958016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 304001 cylinders, total 4883781168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0005da5e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 4294969342 2147483647+ 83 Linux sudo badblocks -b 4096 -n -o badfile /dev/sdb 610471680 536870911 badfile is empty I also tried changing the superblock with "fsck -b" but all of them are the same.

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• Can't boot Windows after installing Linux

  - by user4035

  I have a partition /dev/sdb1, where my old Windows XP resides. All the files are there intact and I can see them, mounting the disk from Linux. Linux is on /dev/sdb2. But when I choose Windows in LILO prompt, it doesn't load. I have the following lilo.conf: boot = /dev/sdb # Linux bootable partition config begins image = /boot/vmlinuz root = /dev/sdb2 label = Linux read-only # Partitions should be mounted read-only for checking # Linux bootable partition config ends # Windows bootable partition config begins other = /dev/sdb1 label = Windows table = /dev/sdb # Windows bootable partition config ends What can be wrong?

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• Which rdisk value in boot.ini maps to which disk?

  - by MA1

  Following are the contents of a sample boot.ini: [boot loader] timeout=30 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /NOEXECUTE=OPTIN /FASTDETECT multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINNT="Windows 2000 Professional" /fastdetect multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition" /NOEXECUTE=OPTIN /FASTDETECT The rdisk value tells the physical disk number. So, if I have three hard disks say: /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc Then how to know which disk (/dev/sda or /dev/sdb or /dev/sdc) is rdisk(0) and which disk is rdisk(1), etc.?

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• How to prevent Windows 8 of erasing GRUB?

  - by dirleyrls

  I'm doing dualboot with Ubuntu and Windows 8 on my DELL Laptop. EFI is enabled, secure boot is not. My partitions are GPT. Everything seems to work for some time. After some normal use, GRUB stops working. The "ubuntu" EFI entry is still there on top of everything else. But the computer boots directly into the Windows Bootloader, skipping GRUB. Any clues on why is that happening or how can I prevent that? My current partiton setup is: - /dev/sda1 NTFS Windows recovery - /dev/sda2 FAT32 UEFI boot (with boot flag) - /dev/sda3 unknown (msftres flag) - /dev/sda4 NTFS Windows Drive C - /dev/sda5 ext4 /home - /dev/sda6 ext4 / I usually reinstall GRUB through chrooting from a Live Session and doing a apt-get install --reinstall grub-efi-amd64.

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• Read only file system

  - by Jack Moon

  I'm running Ubuntu 12.10, Upon opening any shell I get the following error: /home/jack/.rbenv/libexec/rbenv-init: line 87: cannot create temp file for here-document: Read-only file system I realised this wasn't simply a rbenv issue, as any file I try to write to returns an error saying the system is Read-only. I don't know how else to describe my problem, each time I boot up the system goes through a disk check, where it supposedly fixes several errors in my disk. Here is my /etc/fstab # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=1cc4b2ab-a984-4516-ac25-6d64f5050244 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=4e0dfeae-701a-43ce-b5c6-65f15ab3d8e3 none swap sw 0 0 The entire file system is read-only. I've tried the following sudo fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda1 which gave the following (shortened) output /dev/sda1: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** /dev/sda1: ***** REBOOT LINUX ***** /dev/sda1: 1257080/45268992 files (1.0% non-contiguous), 50696803/181051904 blocks

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• ext4 jbd2 journaling active even on empty filesystem

  - by Paul

  I have been having several issues with my ext4 filesystems that seem to be due to jbd2 journaling. I made a related post here and am rephrasing it with the hope that someone may be able to help. For a minimal example, I start with an empty 8gb USB stick and use gparted to create one ext4 partition. The command used by gparted when creating the ext4 file system is: mkfs.ext4 -j -O extent -L DataTraveler8gb /dev/sde1 I check the filesystem with gparted: e2fsck -f -y -v /dev/sde1 and I mount it: sudo mount /dev/sde1 /media/test The disk is empty, but the journaling is very active on this disk (/dev/sde1). The other disks are ext4 SSDs formatted similarly. A snapshot of iotop: % sudo iotop -oPa Total DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE: 2027.21 K/s PID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND 262 be/3 root 0.00 B 56.00 K 0.00 % 0.18 % [jbd2/sda1-8] 29069 be/3 root 0.00 B 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.16 % [jbd2/sde1-8] 891 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.03 % [jbd2/sdc1-8] What is jbd2 doing with /dev/sde1? If I follow the same steps with a larger 2Tb disk, iotop indicates this empty disk is constantly being written to by jbd2 at the rate of Mb/s as soon as I mount it. On the other disks, which have the OS and /home, I have tried to find if any files are being modified by processes to cause this behavior but couldn't find any. I also moved many of the disk intensive process to use a tmpfs. And used noatime. I have another non-SSD hard disk on this machine, /dev/sdb, that is also ext4 but was not formatted by gparted (given to me by a coworker). It does not appear in iotop. So I am assuming there an issue with gparted. Any suggestions are appreciated. Also any tips on how to modify existing partitions to fix the issue without having to start from scratch would be great. There are some posts related to jbd2 but they didn't help (eg. here).

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• Drivers for NVIDIA 520M not working in Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Don

  I am aware that this is nominally a duplicate question, however I've read the other questions and haven't been able to resolve my problem after many hours and attempts, so please don't delete it. Additionally, it seems like many answers to the other questions are specifically dependent on certain situations. My situation being different from the others I found represented, here's my question. Until last night, I had Ubuntu 12.04 installed with Wubi, and it ran ok, though slowly and with occasional hangs. So I partitioned the drive and installed 12.04 in its own partition. Now when I start it, I am stuck using 2D. I believe this is an NVIDIA bug. My NVIDIA card is a GT 520M and my machine has Optimus. Additional Drivers only displays my wireless driver. Going to System Settings Details Graphics shows Driver:Unknown, Experience:Standard. I downloaded the driver from the NVIDIA website, and ran the installer with no errors, except that the "distribution-provided pre-install script failed". After rebooting, my screen was stuck at 640X480, which was fixed by editing /etc/X11/xorg.conf However, I still was stuck in 2D, and nothing else had changed either. A thread suggested something called Bumblebee. I tried that, and when I ran optirun firefoxI got a frozen blank screen. Following another suggestion, I checked the BIOS to try and disable Optimus. I found and ran myriad other commands to try and fix the problem and nothing changed. Now I have just done a clean re-install of Ubuntu. From there, I: Installed all the updates Downloaded the NVIDIA driver Installed it Got screen stuck at 640X480, fixed in xorg.conf. To recap the problem: I can't get the NVIDIA drivers working I am stuck using 2D I'm an idiot I think if the first one is solved, the solution to the second will naturally follow. If you need me to provide any other information, I'd be happy to. From what I've seen in other threads, I think this information may help: lsmod: dh@donsMachine:~$ lsmod Module Size Used by nvidia 12353161 0 snd_hda_codec_hdmi 32474 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek 223867 1 joydev 17693 0 parport_pc 32866 0 ppdev 17113 0 rfcomm 47604 0 bnep 18281 2 bluetooth 180104 10 rfcomm,bnep snd_hda_intel 33773 3 snd_hda_codec 127706 3 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel snd_hwdep 13668 1 snd_hda_codec snd_pcm 97188 3 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec uvcvideo 72627 0 videodev 98259 1 uvcvideo v4l2_compat_ioctl32 17128 1 videodev snd_seq_midi 13324 0 snd_rawmidi 30748 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq_midi_event 14899 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq 61896 2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event lib80211_crypt_tkip 17390 0 wl 2568210 0 lib80211 14381 2 lib80211_crypt_tkip,wl snd_timer 29990 2 snd_pcm,snd_seq snd_seq_device 14540 3 snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq snd 78855 16 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hwdep,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device psmouse 87692 0 serio_raw 13211 0 i915 468745 2 soundcore 15091 1 snd snd_page_alloc 18529 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm drm_kms_helper 46978 1 i915 drm 242038 3 i915,drm_kms_helper mei 41616 0 i2c_algo_bit 13423 1 i915 mxm_wmi 12979 0 acer_wmi 28418 0 sparse_keymap 13890 1 acer_wmi video 19596 1 i915 wmi 19256 2 mxm_wmi,acer_wmi mac_hid 13253 0 lp 17799 0 parport 46562 3 parport_pc,ppdev,lp tg3 152032 0 sdhci_pci 18826 0 sdhci 33205 1 sdhci_pci lspci -nn | grep VGA dh@donsMachine:~$ lspci -nn | grep VGA 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller [8086:0116] (rev 09) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation Device [10de:0df7] (rev a1) lshw dh@donsMachine:~$ sudo lshw [sudo] password for dh: donsmachine description: Notebook product: EasyNote TS44HR () vendor: Packard Bell version: V1.12 serial: LXBWZ02017134209D71601 width: 64 bits capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32 configuration: boot=normal chassis=notebook uuid=16FE576B-CA15-11E0-B096-B870F4E51243 *-core description: Motherboard product: SJV50_HR vendor: Packard Bell physical id: 0 version: Base Board Version serial: Base Board Serial Number slot: Base Board Chassis Location *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: Packard Bell physical id: 0 version: V1.12 date: 07/11/2011 size: 1MiB capacity: 2496KiB capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification *-memory description: System Memory physical id: 1b slot: System board or motherboard size: 4GiB *-bank:0 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NS-CG vendor: Nanya Technology physical id: 0 serial: 598E126E slot: ChannelA-DIMM0 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:1 description: DIMM [empty] physical id: 1 slot: ChannelA-DIMM1 *-bank:2 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: NT2GC64B88B0NS-CG vendor: Nanya Technology physical id: 2 serial: 159E126C slot: ChannelB-DIMM0 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:3 description: DIMM [empty] physical id: 3 slot: ChannelB-DIMM1 *-cpu description: CPU product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2330M CPU @ 2.20GHz vendor: Intel Corp. physical id: 2e bus info: cpu@0 version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2330M CPU @ 2.20GHz slot: CPU1 size: 2GHz capacity: 4GHz width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer xsave avx lahf_lm arat epb xsaveopt pln pts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid cpufreq configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=2 threads=4 *-cache:0 description: L1 cache physical id: 30 slot: L1 Cache size: 32KiB capacity: 32KiB capabilities: synchronous internal write-through instruction *-cache:1 description: L2 cache physical id: 31 slot: L2 Cache size: 256KiB capacity: 256KiB capabilities: synchronous internal write-through unified *-cache:2 description: L3 cache physical id: 32 slot: L3 Cache size: 3MiB capacity: 3MiB capabilities: synchronous internal write-through unified *-cache description: L1 cache physical id: 2f slot: L1 Cache size: 32KiB capacity: 32KiB capabilities: synchronous internal write-through data *-pci description: Host bridge product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 100 bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0 version: 09 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: driver=agpgart-intel resources: irq:0 *-pci:0 description: PCI bridge product: Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1 bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0 version: 09 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pm msi pciexpress normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:40 ioport:2000(size=4096) memory:d0000000-d10fffff ioport:a0000000(size=301989888) *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: NVIDIA Corporation vendor: NVIDIA Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0 version: a1 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=nvidia latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:d0000000-d0ffffff memory:a0000000-afffffff memory:b0000000-b1ffffff ioport:2000(size=128) memory:d1000000-d107ffff *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 09 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:43 memory:d1400000-d17fffff memory:c0000000-cfffffff ioport:3000(size=64) *-communication description: Communication controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 16 bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0 version: 04 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=mei latency=0 resources: irq:42 memory:d1a04000-d1a0400f *-usb:0 description: USB controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1a bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0 version: 04 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:d1a0a000-d1a0a3ff *-multimedia description: Audio device product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 04 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0 resources: irq:44 memory:d1a00000-d1a03fff *-pci:1 description: PCI bridge product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0 version: b4 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:17 memory:9fb00000-9fbfffff ioport:d1800000(size=1048576) *-network description: Ethernet interface product: NetLink BCM57785 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 10 serial: b8:70:f4:e5:12:43 capacity: 1Gbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi msix pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.121 firmware=sb latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair resources: irq:16 memory:d1830000-d183ffff memory:d1840000-d184ffff memory:d1850000-d18507ff *-generic:0 description: SD Host controller product: NetXtreme BCM57765 Memory Card Reader vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0.1 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.1 version: 10 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=sdhci-pci latency=0 resources: irq:17 memory:d1800000-d180ffff *-generic:1 UNCLAIMED description: System peripheral product: Broadcom Corporation vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0.2 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.2 version: 10 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:d1810000-d181ffff *-generic:2 UNCLAIMED description: System peripheral product: Broadcom Corporation vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0.3 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.3 version: 10 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:d1820000-d182ffff *-pci:2 description: PCI bridge product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.1 version: b4 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:16 memory:d1900000-d19fffff *-network description: Wireless interface product: BCM43225 802.11b/g/n vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: eth1 version: 01 serial: 68:a3:c4:44:81:96 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=wl0 driverversion=5.100.82.38 ip=192.168.0.12 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn resources: irq:17 memory:d1900000-d1903fff *-usb:1 description: USB controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1d bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0 version: 04 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:23 memory:d1a09000-d1a093ff *-isa description: ISA bridge product: HM65 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0 version: 04 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 *-storage description: SATA controller product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family 6 port SATA AHCI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2 logical name: scsi0 logical name: scsi1 version: 04 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list emulated configuration: driver=ahci latency=0 resources: irq:41 ioport:3098(size=8) ioport:30bc(size=4) ioport:3090(size=8) ioport:30b8(size=4) ioport:3060(size=32) memory:d1a08000-d1a087ff *-disk description: ATA Disk product: ST9500325AS vendor: Seagate physical id: 0 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: 0001 serial: S2W1AMSX size: 465GiB (500GB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=a45f21e9 *-volume:0 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1 logical name: /dev/sda1 version: 3.1 serial: 46aa-2a25 size: 19GiB capacity: 20GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2011-08-25 21:32:00 filesystem=ntfs label=PQSERVICE state=clean *-volume:1 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 2 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2 logical name: /dev/sda2 version: 3.1 serial: 10aa-ad1a size: 98MiB capacity: 100MiB capabilities: primary bootable ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2011-08-25 21:32:03 filesystem=ntfs label=SYSTEM RESERVED state=clean *-volume:2 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 3 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3 logical name: /dev/sda3 version: 3.1 serial: 668c5afc-182e-ff4b-b084-3cc09f54972d size: 395GiB capacity: 395GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2011-08-25 21:32:03 filesystem=ntfs label=Don's Machine state=clean *-volume:3 description: Extended partition physical id: 4 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4 logical name: /dev/sda4 size: 49GiB capacity: 49GiB capabilities: primary extended partitioned partitioned:extended *-logicalvolume:0 description: Linux swap / Solaris partition physical id: 5 logical name: /dev/sda5 capacity: 3945MiB capabilities: nofs *-logicalvolume:1 description: Linux filesystem partition physical id: 6 logical name: /dev/sda6 logical name: / capacity: 46GiB configuration: mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered state=mounted *-cdrom description: DVD-RAM writer product: DVD-RW DVRTD11RS vendor: PIONEER physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/dvdrw logical name: /dev/sr0 version: 1.01 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc *-serial UNCLAIMED description: SMBus product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.3 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3 version: 04 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:d1a06000-d1a060ff ioport:3040(size=32) *-power UNCLAIMED description: OEM_Define1 product: OEM_Define5 vendor: OEM_Define2 physical id: 1 version: OEM_Define6 serial: OEM_Define3 capacity: 75mWh *-battery description: Lithium Ion Battery product: CRB Battery 0 vendor: -Virtual Battery 0- physical id: 2 version: 10/12/2007 serial: Battery 0 slot: Fake

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• Performance Overhead of Encrypted /home

  - by SabreWolfy

  I have a netbook with Windows on the second partition and Xubuntu (/ and /home) on the third partition. I selected to encrypt my home folder during installation. The performance of the netbook is adequate for the small machine that it is, but I'm looking to improve performance. I could not find much information about the overhead (CPU or drive) associated with home partition encryption. I ran the following, writing to my home partition as well as the the mounted Windows partition: dd if=/dev/zero of=~/dummy bs=512 count=10240 dd if=/dev/zero of=/media/Windows/dummy bs=512 count=10240 The first returned 2.4MB/s and the second returned 2.5MB/s. Can I therefore deduce that there is very little overhead to home folder encryption? I'm not sure if the different filesystems will make any difference (/ and /home are ext3). Update 1 I don't know why I didn't use /tmp instead of the mounted Windows folder. Only /home is encrypted, so /tmp is unencrypted ext3. The results of the dd as above are astounding: ~: 2.4 MB/s /tmp: 42.6 MB/s Comments please? The reason I am asking this is that disk access on the netbook is noticeably slow. Update 2 I timed each of the dd operations with time: ~: real 0m2.217s user 0m0.028s sys 0m2.176s /tmp: real 0m0.152s user 0m0.012s sys 0m0.136s See also: discussion on UbuntuForums.org and bug report Edit: Output of mount: /dev/sda3 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,commit=600) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/USER/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=USER) `

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