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• which is better performance, using a disposable local variable or reusing a global one?

  - by petervaz

  This is for an android game. Suppose I have a function that is called several times for second and do some calculations involving an arraylist (or any other complex objects for what matter). Which approach would be preffered? local: private void doStuff(){ ArrayList<Type> XList = new ArrayList<Type>(); // do stuff with list } global: private ArrayList<Type> XList = new ArrayList<Type>(); private void doStuff(){ XList.clear(); // do stuff with list }

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• Easiest way to beg users for their emails and to put them on a mailing list.

  - by kamziro

  I notice that some games I bought at one point asked me for my email address (to register an account of sorts), and from then on, every month, or everytime there are new games out by them, they send out mails to me. Ostensibly, it seems to be quite an effective way to keep your users in touch. But I suppose this would only work if you have a valid excuse for getting email address from the users (e.g for account setups). I was thinking of using incentives (such as bonus functionality in-game) to beg for user's emails, but after that, what is the easiest way to keep track of their email addresses, and to send them a mail? What software can do that for you easily? Also, is there web services for this? Not sure how much I'd trust web services not to harvest the mails instead though.

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• How do I draw a 2d plane and rotate camara (To be a board) in a 3d XNA game?

  - by Mech0z

  I am trying to create a simple board game, but the 3d part of this is really killing me. From what I can gather I have created a plane, but it never moves even though I turn the camara, but that partially makes sense as I only turn the camara with a 3d model, but in my head that makes 0 sense, in my head if I turn the camara it should affect ALL my models? But with this code the camara only "cares" about the 3d cylinder, the plane is just completely still private void OnDraw(object sender, GameTimerEventArgs e) { SharedGraphicsDeviceManager.Current.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in cylinderModel.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { //effect.World = Matrix.CreateRotationX((float)e.TotalTime.TotalSeconds * 2); effect.View = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPosition, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Up); effect.Projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), aspectRatio, 1.0f, 10000.0f); effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } mesh.Draw(); } //cameraPosition.Z -= 5.0f; _effect.World = Matrix.CreateRotationZ((MathHelper.ToRadians(((float)e.TotalTime.Milliseconds / 2) % 360))); foreach (EffectPass pass in _effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); SharedGraphicsDeviceManager.Current.GraphicsDevice.DrawUserPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, _vertices, 0, 1, VertexPositionColor.VertexDeclaration); } } Is there a way to get the camara to affect all models?

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• Cube rotation DX10

  - by German

  Well I'm reading the Frank's Luna DirectX10 book and, while I'm trying to understand the first demo, I found something that's not very clear at least for me. In the updateScene method, when I press A, S, W or D, the angles mTheta and mPhi change, but after that, there are three lines of code that I don't understand exactly what they do: // Convert Spherical to Cartesian coordinates: mPhi measured from +y // and mTheta measured counterclockwise from -z. float x = 5.0f*sinf(mPhi)*sinf(mTheta); float z = -5.0f*sinf(mPhi)*cosf(mTheta); float y = 5.0f*cosf(mPhi); I mean, this explains that they do, it says that it converts the spherical coordinates to cartesian coordinates, but, mathematically, why? why the x value is calculated by the product of the sins of both angles? And the z by the product of the sine and cosine? and why the y just uses the cosine? After that, those values (x, y and z) are used to build the view matrix. The book doesn't explain (mathematically) why those values are calculated like that (and I didn't find anything to help me to understand it at the first Part of the book: "Mathematical prerequisites"), so it would be good if someone could explain me what exactly happen in those code lines or just give me a link that helps me to understand the math part. Thanks in advance!

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• What problem does double or triple buffering solve in modern games?

  - by krokvskrok

  I want to check if my understanding of the causes for using double (or triple) buffering is correct: A monitor with 60Hz refresh's the monitor-display 60 times per second. If the monitor refresh the monitor-display, he updates pixel for pixel and line for line. The monitor requests the color values for the pixels from the video memory. If I run now a game, then this game is constantly manipulating this video memory. If this game don't use a buffer strategy (double buffering etc.) then the following problem can happen: The monitor is now refreshing his monitor-display. At this moment the monitor had refreshed the first half monitor-display already. At the same time, the game had manipulated the video memory with new data. Now the monitor accesses for the second half monitor-display this new manipulated data from the video memory. The problems can be tearing or flickering. Is my understanding of cases of using buffer strategy correct? Are there other reasons?

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• How are dependant quests generated in Guild Wars 2?

  - by Aufziehvogel

  I recently read that Guild Wars 2 uses a system where the creation of quests depends on which actions user took when they were presented another quest. An example was: There might be a quest to protect a person. If users do not take this action, the person might be kidnapped and later there is a quest to rescue this person. Is there any information on whether the creation of these quests is somehow automatic? From the article it sounded like automatically, but from the specific example you could also guess that people just created a task-set where they added conditions (Task 1 taken: OK; Task 1 not taken: Show Task 2). From what I heard about AI they might also have implemented some sort of a huge neural network to make decisions?

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• Entity System with C++ templates

  - by tommaisey

  I've been getting interested in the Entity/Component style of game programming, and I've come up with a design in C++ which I'd like a critique of. I decided to go with a fairly pure Entity system, where entities are simply an ID number. Components are stored in a series of vectors - one for each Component type. However, I didn't want to have to add boilerplate code for every new Component type I added to the game. Nor did I want to use macros to do this, which frankly scare me. So I've come up with a system based on templates and type hinting. But there are some potential issues I'd like to check before I spend ages writing this (I'm a slow coder!) All Components derive from a Component base class. This base class has a protected constructor, that takes a string parameter. When you write a new derived Component class, you must initialise the base with the name of your new class in a string. When you first instantiate a new DerivedComponent, it adds the string to a static hashmap inside Component mapped to a unique integer id. When you subsequently instantiate more Components of the same type, no action is taken. The result (I think) should be a static hashmap with the name of each class derived from Component that you instantiate at least once, mapped to a unique id, which can by obtained with the static method Component::getTypeId ("DerivedComponent"). Phew. The next important part is TypedComponentList<typename PropertyType>. This is basically just a wrapper to an std::vector<typename PropertyType> with some useful methods. It also contains a hashmap of entity ID numbers to slots in the array so we can find Components by their entity owner. Crucially TypedComponentList<> is derived from the non-template class ComponentList. This allows me to maintain a list of pointers to ComponentList in my main ComponentManager, which actually point to TypedComponentLists with different template parameters (sneaky). The Component manager has template functions such as: template <typename ComponentType> void addProperty (ComponentType& component, int componentTypeId, int entityId) and: template <typename ComponentType> TypedComponentList<ComponentType>* getComponentList (int componentTypeId) which deal with casting from ComponentList to the correct TypedComponentList for you. So to get a list of a particular type of Component you call: TypedComponentList<MyComponent>* list = componentManager.getComponentList<MyComponent> (Component::getTypeId("MyComponent")); Which I'll admit looks pretty ugly. Bad points of the design: If a user of the code writes a new Component class but supplies the wrong string to the base constructor, the whole system will fail. Each time a new Component is instantiated, we must check a hashed string to see if that component type has bee instantiated before. Will probably generate a lot of assembly because of the extensive use of templates. I don't know how well the compiler will be able to minimise this. You could consider the whole system a bit complex - perhaps premature optimisation? But I want to use this code again and again, so I want it to be performant. Good points of the design: Components are stored in typed vectors but they can also be found by using their entity owner id as a hash. This means we can iterate them fast, and minimise cache misses, but also skip straight to the component we need if necessary. We can freely add Components of different types to the system without having to add and manage new Component vectors by hand. What do you think? Do the good points outweigh the bad?

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• Sprite rotation

  - by Kipras

  I'm using OpenGL and people suggest using glRotate for sprite rotation, but I find that strange. My problem with it is that it rotates the whole matrix, which sort of screws up all my collision detection and so on and so forth. Imagine I had a sprite at position (100, 100) and in position (100, 200) is an obstacle and the sprite's facing it. I rotate the sprite away from the obstacle and when move upwards my y axis, even though the projection shows like it's going away from the obstacle, the sprite will intersect it. So I don't see another way of a rotating a sprite and not screwing up all collision detection other than doing mathematical operations on the image itself. Am I right or am I missing something?

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• Is it possible to work with a dedicated server in XNA?

  - by Jake

  Hi I want to release my XNA game to the XBOX platform, but I'm worried about the networking limitations. Basically, I want to have a dedicated (authoritative) server, but it sounds like that is not possible. Which is why I'm wondering about: Using port 80 web calls to php-driven database Using an xbox as a master-server (is that possible?) I like the sound of #1, because I could write my own application to run on the xbox, and I would assume other users could connect to it similar to the p2p architecture. Anyone able to expand on theory #2 above? or #1 as worst-case scenario?

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• How do I consolidate the differences between iOS and Android update loops?

  - by kkan

  I'm currently working on moving some Android-ndk code to the iPhone. From looking at some samples it seems that the main loop is handled for you and all you've got to do is override the render method on the view to handle the rendering. Then add a selector to handle the update methods. The render method itself looks like it's attached to the windows refresh. But in android I've got my own game loop that controls the rendering and updates using C++ time.h. Is it possible to implement the same here bypassing Apple's loop? I'd really like the keep the structures of the code similar.

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• How to determine collision direction between two rectangles?

  - by Jon

  I am trying to figure out how to determine the direction a collision occurs between two rectangles. One rectangle does not move. The other rectangle has a velocity in any direction. When a collision occurs, I want to be able to set the position of the moving rectangle to the point of impact. I seem to be stuck in determining from what direction the impact occurs. If I am moving strictly vertically or horizontally I manage great detection. But when moving in both directions at the same time, strange things happen. What is the best way to determine what direction a collision occurs between two rectangles?

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• After one has made many grid based puzzles how does one make then into a PDF ready for printing

  - by alan ross

  After one has generated many grid based puzzles like sudoku, kakuro or even plain crosswords and now one has to print them in a book. How does one make a pdf (book file) from them automatically. To explain the question better. One has the puzzle ready in computer format like ..35.6.89 for all nine rows. The dot being the empty cell. How does one convert then to a picture on a PDF page complete with box, automatically without doing them individually and then print a book from the pdf file. As can be seen there are other things also printed on the page all this is done automatically.

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• is wisdom of what happens 'behind scenes' (in compiler, external DLLs etc.) important?

  - by I_Question_Things_Deeply

  I have been a computer-fanatic for almost a decade now. I've always loved and wondered how computers work, even from the purest, lowest hardware level to the very smallest pixel on the screen, and all the software around that. That seems to be my problem though ... as I try to write code (I'm pretty fluent at C++) I always sit there enormous amounts of time in front of a text-editor wondering how every line, statement, datum, function, etc. will correspond to every Assembly and machine instruction performed to do absolutely everything necessary for the kernel to allocate memory to run my compiled program, and all of the other hardware being used as well. For example ... I would write cout << "Before memory changed" << endl; and run the debugger to get the Assembly for this, and then try and reverse disassemble the Assembly to machine code based on my ISA, and then research every .dll, library file, linked library, linking process, linker source code of the program, the make file, the kernel I'm using's steps of processing this compilation, the hardware's part aside from the processor (e.g. video card, sound card, chipset, cache latency, byte-sized registers, calling convention use, DDR3 RAM and disk drive, filesystem functioning and so many other things). Am I going about programming wrong? I mean I feel I should know everything that goes on underneath English syntax on a computer program. But the problem is that the more I research every little thing the less I actually accomplish at all. I can never finish anything because of this mentality, yet I feel compelled to know everything... what should I do?

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• Problem when texturing triangles using glVertexPointer()

  - by tigrou

  I'm having a problem for displaying a single quad, here is how i do : float tex_coord[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 }; //how many coords should i give ? int indexes[] = { 3, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3 } float vertexes[] = { -37, 0, 30, -38, 0, 29, -41, 0, 32, -42, 0, 31 } glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertexes); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, tex_coord); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 2, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indices); glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); The result : (with 2 triangles) (with 4 triangles)

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• ECS with Go - circular imports [migrated]

  - by Andreas

  I'm exploring both Go and Entity-Component-Systems. I understand how ECS works, and I'm trying to replicate what seems to be the go-to document of ECS, namely http://cowboyprogramming.com/2007/01/05/evolve-your-heirachy/ For performance, the document recommends to use static arrays of every component type. That is, not arrays of component interfaces (arrays of pointers). The problem with this in Go is circular imports. I have one package, ecs, which contains the definitions for Entity, Component and System types/interfaces as well as an EntityManager. Another package, ecs/components, contains the various components. Obviously, the ecs/components package depends on ecs. But, to declare arrays of specific components in EntityManager, ecs would depend on ecs/components, therefore creating a circular import. Is there any way of avoiding this? I am aware that normally a high level system should not depend on lower systems. I'm also want to point out that using an array of pointers is probably fast enough for my purposes, but I'm interested in possible workarounds (for future reference) Thank you for your help!

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• What is the standard way of delivering HTML5 games to portals and such?

  - by Bane

  Let me explain what I mean by "standard way of delivering"... Think about Flash games sites. Flash games can be delivered as a single file, either hosted by the site, or, I guess, provided by someone else. HTML5 games, on the other hand, don't have something so standard. Usually, they have their own page, and portals just link to that page. I think that it greatly hinders the purpose of that portal, because, well, you want people to stay on your site and look for other games. Now, I think that a some kind of iframe way of delivering games would help solve this problem greatly. I saw some games doing that, and they were often included on tutorial sites to show a live example, which is obviously a great thing. So, is there a standard at all? Any suggestions? Can you create a game that just preloads itself in an iframe (I heard something about a "single document" or something)?

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• Where can I find good (well organized) examples of game code?

  - by smasher

  Where can I find good (well organized) examples of game code? I'm hoping that I can pick up some organizational tips. Most examples in books are too short and leave out lots of detail for the sake of brevity. I'm particularly interested on how to group your variables and methods so that another programmer would know where to look in the code. For example initializers at the top, then methods that take input, then methods that update views. I don't care about a particular language, as long as its OOP. I looked at the Quake 2 and 3 sources, but they're straight C and not much help for getting tips on organizing your objects. So, have you seen some good source? Any pointers to code that makes you say "wow, that's well organized" would be great.

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• Android - Multiplayer Game - Client / Server - Java etc

  - by user1405328

  I must write a multiplayer pong game for the school. Where are thousand of rooms and where two players can go in to a room and play together and collect points. I programmed the Pong game using Java (LibGDX). How can I do the Network part. I searched the web. And I came across Kryonet. Is there something better? What should I google. On the Internet there are a lot of those questions. And no good answers. I hope that this most questions can be answered. If someone has actual Open Source network game links, tutorials, books, network tutorial, etc. All this would help everyone. Thank you.

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• How do I use Content.Load() with raw XML files?

  - by xnanewb

  I'm using the Content.Load() mechanism to load core game definitions from XML files. It works fine, though some definitions should be editable/moddable by the players. Since the content pipeline compiles everything into xnb files, that doesn't work for now. I've seen that the inbuild XNA Song content processor does create 2 files. 1 xnb file which contains meta data for the song and 1 wma file which contains the actual data. I've tried to rebuild that mechanism (so that the second file is the actual xml file), but for some reason I can't use the namespace which contains the IntermediateSerializer class to load the xml (obviously the namespace is only available in a content project?). How can I deploy raw, editable xml files and load them with Content.Load()?

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• Alternatives to voxel-based terrain

  - by Neomex

  Are there any alternatives to voxel based terrains? Such terrain should be fully destructable, allow for arches, overhangs, preserve sharp features where needed and keep consistent topology. Maybe you can explain the problem that makes you ask this question? Voxel based terrain is basically just using a 3D grid of data to store data. There are lots of ways to render that data, but it doesn't get much simpler for storing it. – Byte56 Current isosurface extraction methods aren't most effective/bug-free. Cubical Marching Squares seem to solve most of the issues, however it is a relatively new method and there aren't too many resources about it. (I've found single university paper) Even if we stick to CMS, when we want to add multi-material support, we can either divide surface into multiple meshes, or pass a texture array or texture atlas to shaders, then we are limited to set amount of textures and additionally increase memory-usage alot.

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• What is wrong with my speculair phong shading

  - by Thijser

  I'm sorry if this should be placed on stackoverflow instead however seeing as this is graphics related I was hoping you guys could help me: I'm attempting to write a phong shader and currently working on the specular. I came acros the following formula: base*pow(dot(V,R),shininess) and attempted to implement it (V is the posion of the viewer and R the reflective vector). This gave the following result and code: Vec3Df phongSpecular(const Vec3Df & vertexPos, Vec3Df & normal, const Vec3Df & lightPos, const Vec3Df & cameraPos, unsigned int index) { Vec3Df relativeLightPos=(lightPos-vertexPos); relativeLightPos.normalize(); Vec3Df relativeCameraPos= (cameraPos-vertexPos); relativeCameraPos.normalize(); int DotOfNormalAndLight = Vec3Df::dotProduct(normal,relativeLightPos); Vec3Df reflective =(relativeLightPos-(2*DotOfNormalAndLight*normal))*-1; reflective.normalize(); float phongyness= Vec3Df::dotProduct(reflective,relativeCameraPos); if (phongyness<0){ phongyness=0; } float shininess= Shininess[index]; float speculair = powf(phongyness,shininess); return Ks[index]*speculair; } I'm looking for something more like this:

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• Pygame - CollideRect - But How Do They Collide?

  - by Chakotay

  I'm having some trouble figuring out how I can handle collisions that are specifically colliding on the top or bottom a rect. How can specify those collisions? Here's a little code snippet to give you an idea of my approach. As it is now it doesn't matter where it collides. # the ball has hit one of the paddles. send it back in another direction. if paddleRect.colliderect(ballRect) or paddle2Rect.colliderect(ballRect): ballHitPaddle.play() if directionOfBall == 'upleft': directionOfBall = 'upright' elif directionOfBall == 'upright': directionOfBall = 'upleft' elif directionOfBall == 'downleft': directionOfBall = 'downright' elif directionOfBall == 'downright': directionOfBall = 'downleft' Thanks in advance. **EDIT** Paddle rect: top ____ | | | | | | Sides | | ---- bottom I need to know if the ball has hit either the top or the bottom.

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• Are VM-based languages becoming viable for Graphics since the move to GPU computing?

  - by skiwi

  Perhaps the title is not the most clear, so let me elaborate it more: I am talking about VM-based languages, by that I mean languages that run on the JVM (java) and for example C#. Also I am talking about 3D graphics, just to be clear. Lately the trend has been that most computing is being done on the GPU and not on the CPU, and since times the issue with programming games on a VM-based language is that garbage collecting may happen randomly. So let's take a look which is responsible for what: Showing the graphics: GPU Uploading graphics to the GPU: CPU? Needs to be done every frame? Calculating physics constraints: GPU Doing the real game logic (Determining when to move objects (independent of physics calculations), processing AI): CPU Is my list actually correct? And if it is, is for example Java becoming more viable? Or is uploading the graphics (vertices) still the most expensive operation? Would like to get more insight into this.

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• Set a 2d camera's position so that a building is under the players feet

  - by Potato

  My issue is this: i am making a scrolling game in XNA, and the camera updates based on the players velocity, but the player never actually moves, he is always in the center of the screen. When he hits the top of the building though i want him to always be on top and sink through the texture in a way like this: what i am doing to make this happen is i am just setting his velocity to 0, so its not moving, but the more velocity he hits a building with the more he sinks through it. I also tried setting the buildings position to the plays Bounding Box's bottom, and this achieved the look i wanted but this also resulted in the other buildings rising in the air, because the velocity was still moving (even if i set it to 0). if it was not a scrolling game, this would be not a problem, because you just set the players position to the top of the building, but because the player never actually moves, i actually need to move the camera to the point where the building is under the players feet without the other buildings rising. (Take note this is note a real camera, it is just a class that moves the objects in the world based on the players velocity). All questions are welcome.

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• Need ideas on how to give my levels structure

  - by akuritsu

  I am making an iOS game for a project at school. It is going to be a tiny bit like Fruit Ninja, as in it will have different things on the screen, and when you hit them, they die, and you get points. The trouble is that unlike Fruit Ninja, my game will have different types of sprites, all doing different things (moving different places, doing different things, etc). The one thing that is bad about having all of these sprites that do different things is that it is hard for them to look neat on the screen all together. I was planning on having a couple of different gamemodes: Time Trial You have 120 seconds to kill as many sprites as possible. Survival You have three lives, every time you try to hit a sprite and miss, you lose a life. ???? Whatever I think of. I am a rookie to game design in general, and I don't know the best way to make my game look good, and play well. I could have all of these sprites on the screen at the same time, or I could have them come in waves, for example 10 of sprite_a come on, and once they are killed, 10 of sprite_b come on, etc... Please give me your opinion about which one I should code. If you have any other suggestions for either a third gamemode, or a completely different way to make the levels, feel free to tell me.

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