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  • 2to3 fixer to convert try .. except .. block

    - by Sridhar Ratnakumar
    I have a Python2 project with lots of try .. except .. blocks like this: try: [...] except SomeException, e: # do something with `e` To port them all to Python 3 (and still have the code run Python =2.6), I have to manually change each and every one of them to the following: try: [...] except SomeException, e: _, e, _ = sys.exc_info() # do something with `e` Can this be automated using 2to3? If so, how?

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  • convert float numbers to hex

    - by jordan2010
    I am quite new in Python and I am looking for converting numbers from decimal to hex How to convert float numbers to hex or char in Python 2.4.3? how can I keep it to write it as ("\xa5\x (here the new hex number)") any help Thanks,

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  • VBA Access Import Specification strange error

    - by captonssj
    I am trying to import a text file into Access using a saved "Import Specification" in my access database using VBA. The import generates the Import Error table showing the errors in the last two fields. BUT if I use the same import specification manually to import the text file, the Import works perfect !!!!! Strange ..... why would they have different behavior ? Here is the database and the text file http://www.box.net/shared/ro7n3b7a77

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  • How can I call python module inside versioned package folder?

    - by Yanhua
    I need write python codes which run inside a host application. The python codes should be deployed under a specific folder of the host application. I must put my entry python module under the root of the specific folder. And I want put all my other python codes and c/c++ dll under a sub folder, I prefer to name the sub folder like XXX-1.0, the number is the version of my python codes. The entry python module is just simple call a python module under the sub-folder. By this way different version python codes can be deployed together without collision. May I know it is possible or not? Thanks.

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  • How do I run an interactive command line Python app inside of Emacs on Win32?

    - by sludge
    If I use M-x shell and run the interactive Python interpreter, Emacs on Windows does not return any IO. When I discovered M-x python-shell, I regained hope. However, instead of running the interactive Python shell, I want to run a specific Python script that features an interactive CLI. (See Python's cmd module for details). Is there a way of launching a Python script in Emacs that is interactive? (stdout, stdin, stderr)

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  • Replace a whole line in a txt file

    - by user302935
    I'am new to Python 3 and could really use a little help. I have a txt file containing: InstallPrompt= DisplayLicense= FinishMessage= TargetName=D:\somewhere FriendlyName=something I have a python script that in the end, should change just two lines to: TargetName=D:\new FriendlyName=Big Could anyone help me, please? I have tried to search for it, but I didnt find something I could use. The text that should be replaced could have different length.

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  • Annoying Twisted Python problem

    - by Kalmi
    I'm trying to answer the following question out of personal interest: What is the fastest way to send 100,000 HTTP requests in Python? And this is what I have came up so far, but I'm experiencing something very stange. When installSignalHandlers is True, it just hangs. I can see that the DelayedCall instances are in reactor._newTimedCalls, but processResponse never gets called. When installSignalHandlers is False, it throws an error and works. from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.web.client import Agent from threading import Semaphore, Thread import time concurrent = 100 s = Semaphore(concurrent) reactor.suggestThreadPoolSize(concurrent) t=Thread( target=reactor.run, kwargs={'installSignalHandlers':True}) t.daemon=True t.start() agent = Agent(reactor) def processResponse(response,url): print response.code, url s.release() def processError(response,url): print "error", url s.release() def addTask(url): req = agent.request('HEAD', url) req.addCallback(processResponse, url) req.addErrback(processError, url) for url in open('urllist.txt'): addTask(url.strip()) s.acquire() while s._Semaphore__value!=concurrent: time.sleep(0.1) reactor.stop() And here is the error that it throws when installSignalHandlers is True: (Note: This is the expected behaviour! The question is why it doesn't work when installSignalHandlers is False.) Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 396, in fireEvent DeferredList(beforeResults).addCallback(self._continueFiring) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 224, in addCallback callbackKeywords=kw) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 213, in addCallbacks self._runCallbacks() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 371, in _runCallbacks self.result = callback(self.result, *args, **kw) --- <exception caught here> --- File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 409, in _continueFiring callable(*args, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 1165, in _reallyStartRunning self._handleSignals() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 1105, in _handleSignals signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.sigInt) exceptions.ValueError: signal only works in main thread What am I doing wrong and what is the right way? I'm new to twisted.

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  • How to implement Priority Queues in Python?

    - by dragosrsupercool
    Sorry for such a silly question but Python docs are confusing.. . Link 1: Queue Implementation http://docs.python.org/library/queue.html It says thats Queue has a contruct for priority queue. But I could not find how to implement it. class Queue.PriorityQueue(maxsize=0) Link 2: Heap Implementation http://docs.python.org/library/heapq.html Here they says that we can implement priority queues indirectly using heapq pq = [] # list of entries arranged in a heap entry_finder = {} # mapping of tasks to entries REMOVED = '<removed-task>' # placeholder for a removed task counter = itertools.count() # unique sequence count def add_task(task, priority=0): 'Add a new task or update the priority of an existing task' if task in entry_finder: remove_task(task) count = next(counter) entry = [priority, count, task] entry_finder[task] = entry heappush(pq, entry) def remove_task(task): 'Mark an existing task as REMOVED. Raise KeyError if not found.' entry = entry_finder.pop(task) entry[-1] = REMOVED def pop_task(): 'Remove and return the lowest priority task. Raise KeyError if empty.' while pq: priority, count, task = heappop(pq) if task is not REMOVED: del entry_finder[task] return task raise KeyError('pop from an empty priority queue' Which is the most efficient priority queue implementation in python? And how to implement it?

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  • Python coding test problem for interviews

    - by Kal
    I'm trying to come up with a good coding problem to ask interview candidates to solve with Python. They'll have an hour to work on the problem, with an IDE and access to documentation (we don't care what people have memorized). I'm not looking for a tough algorithmic problem - there are other sections of the interview where we do that kind of thing. The point of this section is to sit and watch them actually write code. So it should be something that makes them use just the data structures which are the everyday tools of the application developer - lists, hashtables (dictionaries in Python), etc, to solve a quasi-realistic task. They shouldn't be blocked completely if they can't think of something really clever. We have a problem which we use for Java coding tests, which involves reading a file and doing a little processing on the contents. It works well with candidates who are familiar with Java (or even C++). But we're running into a number of candidates who just don't know Java or C++ or C# or anything like that, but do know Python or Ruby. Which shouldn't exclude them, but leaves us with a dilemma: On the one hand, we don't learn much from watching someone struggle with the basics of a totally unfamiliar language. On the other hand, the problem we use for Java turns out to be pretty trivial in Python (or Ruby, etc) - anyone halfway competent can do it in 15 minutes. So, I'm trying to come up with something better. Surprisingly, Google doesn't show me anyone doing something like this, unless I'm just too dumb to enter the obvious search term. The best idea I've come up with involves scheduling workers to time slots, but it's maybe a little too open-ended. Have you run into a good example? Or a bad one? Or do you just have an idea?

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  • Fitting Gaussian KDE in numpy/scipy in Python

    - by user248237
    I am fitting a Gaussian kernel density estimator to a variable that is the difference of two vectors, called "diff", as follows: gaussian_kde_covfact(diff, smoothing_param) -- where gaussian_kde_covfact is defined as: class gaussian_kde_covfact(stats.gaussian_kde): def __init__(self, dataset, covfact = 'scotts'): self.covfact = covfact scipy.stats.gaussian_kde.__init__(self, dataset) def _compute_covariance_(self): '''not used''' self.inv_cov = np.linalg.inv(self.covariance) self._norm_factor = sqrt(np.linalg.det(2*np.pi*self.covariance)) * self.n def covariance_factor(self): if self.covfact in ['sc', 'scotts']: return self.scotts_factor() if self.covfact in ['si', 'silverman']: return self.silverman_factor() elif self.covfact: return float(self.covfact) else: raise ValueError, \ 'covariance factor has to be scotts, silverman or a number' def reset_covfact(self, covfact): self.covfact = covfact self.covariance_factor() self._compute_covariance() This works, but there is an edge case where the diff is a vector of all 0s. In that case, I get the error: File "/srv/pkg/python/python-packages/python26/scipy/scipy-0.7.1/lib/python2.6/site-packages/scipy/stats/kde.py", line 334, in _compute_covariance self.inv_cov = linalg.inv(self.covariance) File "/srv/pkg/python/python-packages/python26/scipy/scipy-0.7.1/lib/python2.6/site-packages/scipy/linalg/basic.py", line 382, in inv if info>0: raise LinAlgError, "singular matrix" numpy.linalg.linalg.LinAlgError: singular matrix What's a way to get around this? In this case, I'd like it to return a density that's essentially peaked completely at a difference of 0, with no mass everywhere else. thanks.

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  • Asynchronous background processes in Python?

    - by Geuis
    I have been using this as a reference, but not able to accomplish exactly what I need: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/89228/how-to-call-external-command-in-python/92395#92395 I also was reading this: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3145/ For our project, we have 5 svn checkouts that need to update before we can deploy our application. In my dev environment, where speedy deployments are a bit more important for productivity than a production deployment, I have been working on speeding up the process. I have a bash script that has been working decently but has some limitations. I fire up multiple 'svn updates' with the following bash command: (svn update /repo1) & (svn update /repo2) & (svn update /repo3) & These all run in parallel and it works pretty well. I also use this pattern in the rest of the build script for firing off each ant build, then moving the wars to Tomcat. However, I have no control over stopping deployment if one of the updates or a build fails. I'm re-writing my bash script with Python so I have more control over branches and the deployment process. I am using subprocess.call() to fire off the 'svn update /repo' commands, but each one is acting sequentially. I try '(svn update /repo) &' and those all fire off, but the result code returns immediately. So I have no way to determine if a particular command fails or not in the asynchronous mode. import subprocess subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo1', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo2', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo3', shell=True ) I'd love to find a way to have Python fire off each Unix command, and if any of the calls fails at any time the entire script stops.

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  • Activate a python virtual environment using activate_this.py in a fabfile on Windows

    - by Rudy Lattae
    I have a Fabric task that needs to access the settings of my Django project. On Windows, I'm unable to install Fabric into the project's virtualenv (issues with Paramiko + pycrypto deps). However, I am able to install Fabric in my system-wide site-packages, no problem. I have installed Django into the project's virtualenv and I am able to use all the " python manage.py" commands easily when I activate the virtualenv with the "VIRTUALENV\Scripts\activate.bat" script. I have a fabric tasks file (fabfile.py) in my project that provides tasks for setup, test, deploy, etc. Some of the tasks in my fabfile need to access the settings of my django project through "from django.conf import settings". Since the only usable Fabric install I have is in my system-wide site-packages, I need to activate the virtualenv within my fabfile so django becomes available. To do this, I use the "activate_this" module of the project's virtualenv in order to have access to the project settings and such. Using "print sys.path" before and after I execute activate_this.py, I can tell the python path changes to point to the virtualenv for the project. However, I still cannot import django.conf.settings. I have been able to successfully do this on *nix (Ubuntu and CentOS) and in Cygwin. Do you use this setup/workflow on Windows? If so Can you help me figure out why this wont work on Windows or provide any tips and tricks to get around this issue? Thanks and Cheers. REF: http://virtualenv.openplans.org/#id9 | Using Virtualenv without bin/python Local development environment: Python 2.5.4 Virtualenv 1.4.6 Fabric 0.9.0 Pip 0.6.1 Django 1.1.1 Windows XP (SP3)

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  • mysql-python stopped working

    - by MAC
    This is a rather dumb question but i'am looking at a bizarre situation. I am running fedora and have python 2.6.5 installed. The other day i installed MySQL-python using yum (because i do not have the setuptools module so i cannot build it from source). Anyway yesterday i wrote my entire data access layer in python and it was running fine, i did test it. Today however it gives me an ImportError: No module named MySQLdb The only thing i ever changed was i installed eclipse and pyDev. Any ideas on what went wrong and how i fix it. I tried removing and re-installing MySql-python but that did not help. I did the following import sys print sys.path And it shows me all the paths which are basically pertaining to /usr/local/lib/python2.6 However i was trying to find where the MySQLdb module is installed and it seems that its installed in /usr/lib/python2.5/sitepackages Now i have no idea why it got installed there and why it was working earlier and why it stopped working now. Any ideas on how i should fix it. I did try copying the site-packages folder over to the python2.6 folder but that did not work Help!!

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  • Trying to build the basic python extension example fails (windows)

    - by Alexandros
    Hello, I have Python 2.6 and Visual Studio 2008 running on a Win7 x64 machine. When I try to build the basic python extension example in c "example_nt" as found in the python 2.6 sources distribution, it fails: python setup.py build And this results in: running build running build_ext building 'aspell' extension Traceback (most recent call last): File "setup.py", line 7, in <module> ext_modules = [module1]) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\core.py", line 152, in setup dist.run_commands() File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 975, in run_commands self.run_command(cmd) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build.py", line 134, in run self.run_command(cmd_name) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 343, in run self.build_extensions() File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 469, in build_extensions self.build_extension(ext) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 534, in build_extension depends=ext.depends) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 448, in compile self.initialize() File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 358, in initialize vc_env = query_vcvarsall(VERSION, plat_spec) File "C:\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 274, in query_vcvarsall raise ValueError(str(list(result.keys()))) ValueError: [u'path'] What can I do to fix this? Any help will be appreciated

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  • Unit testing and mocking email sender in Python with Google AppEngine

    - by CVertex
    I'm a newbie to python and the app engine. I have this code that sends an email based on request params after some auth logic. in my Unit tests (i'm using GAEUnit), how do I confirm an email with specific contents were sent? - i.e. how do I mock the emailer with a fake emailer to verify send was called? class EmailHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def bad_input(self): self.response.set_status(400) self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain' self.response.out.write("<html><body>bad input </body></html>") def get(self): to_addr = self.request.get("to") subj = self.request.get("subject") msg = self.request.get("body") if not mail.is_email_valid(to_addr): # Return an error message... # self.bad_input() pass # authenticate here message = mail.EmailMessage() message.sender = "[email protected]" message.to = to_addr message.subject = subj message.body = msg message.send() self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain' self.response.out.write("<html><body>success!</body></html>") And the unit tests, import unittest from webtest import TestApp from google.appengine.ext import webapp from email import EmailHandler class SendingEmails(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/', EmailHandler)], debug=True) def test_success(self): app = TestApp(self.application) response = app.get('http://localhost:8080/[email protected]&body=blah_blah_blah&subject=mySubject') self.assertEqual('200 OK', response.status) self.assertTrue('success' in response) # somehow, assert email was sent

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  • Python and csv help

    - by user353064
    I'm trying to create this script that will check the computer host name then search a master list for the value to return a corresponding value in the csv file. Then open another file and do a find an replace. I know this should be easy but haven't done so much in python before. Here is what I have so far... masterlist.txt (tab delimited) Name UID Bob-Smith.local bobs Carmen-Jackson.local carmenj David-Kathman.local davidk Jenn-Roberts.local jennr Here is the script that I have created thus far #GET CLIENT HOST NAME import socket host = socket.gethostname() print host #IMPORT MASTER DATA import csv, sys filename = "masterlist.txt" reader = csv.reader(open(filename, "rU")) #PRINT MASTER DATA for row in reader: print row #SEARCH ON HOSTNAME AND RETURN UID #REPLACE VALUE IN FILE WITH UID #import fileinput #for line in fileinput.FileInput("filetoreplace",inplace=1): # line = line.replace("replacethistext","UID") # print line Right now, it's just set to print the master list. I'm not sure if the list needs to be parsed and placed into a dictionary or what. I really need to figure out how to search the first field for the hostname and then return the field in the second column. Thanks in advance for your help, Aaron

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  • Emailing smtp with Python error

    - by jakecar
    I can't figure out why this isn't working. I'm trying to send an email from my school email address with this code I got online. The same code works for sending from my GMail address. Does anyone know what this error means? The error occurs after waiting for about one and a half minutes. import smtplib FROMADDR = "FROM_EMAIL" LOGIN = "USERNAME" PASSWORD = "PASSWORD" TOADDRS = ["TO_EMAIL"] SUBJECT = "Test" msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\n\r\n" % (FROMADDR, ", ".join(TOADDRS), SUBJECT) ) msg += "some text\r\n" server = smtplib.SMTP('OUTGOING_SMTP', 587) server.set_debuglevel(1) server.ehlo() server.starttls() server.login(LOGIN, PASSWORD) server.sendmail(FROMADDR, TOADDRS, msg) server.quit() And here's the error I get: Traceback (most recent call last): File "emailer.py", line 13, in server = smtplib.SMTP('OUTGOING_SMTP', 587) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/smtplib.py", line 239, in init (code, msg) = self.connect(host, port) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/smtplib.py", line 295, in connect self.sock = self._get_socket(host, port, self.timeout) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/smtplib.py", line 273, in _get_socket return socket.create_connection((port, host), timeout) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/socket.py", line 514, in create_connection raise error, msg socket.error: [Errno 60] Operation timed out

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  • Python Process won't call atexit

    - by Brian M. Hunt
    I'm trying to use atexit in a Process, but unfortunately it doesn't seem to work. Here's some example code: import time import atexit import logging import multiprocessing logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) class W(multiprocessing.Process): def run(self): logging.debug("%s Started" % self.name) @atexit.register def log_terminate(): # ever called? logging.debug("%s Terminated!" % self.name) while True: time.sleep(10) @atexit.register def log_exit(): logging.debug("Main process terminated") logging.debug("Main process started") a = W() b = W() a.start() b.start() time.sleep(1) a.terminate() b.terminate() The output of this code is: DEBUG:root:Main process started DEBUG:root:W-1 Started DEBUG:root:W-2 Started DEBUG:root:Main process terminated I would expect that the W.run.log_terminate() would be called when a.terminate() and b.terminate() are called, and the output to be something likeso (emphasis added)!: DEBUG:root:Main process started DEBUG:root:W-1 Started DEBUG:root:W-2 Started DEBUG:root:W-1 Terminated! DEBUG:root:W-2 Terminated! DEBUG:root:Main process terminated Why isn't this working, and is there a better way to log a message (from the Process context) when a Process is terminated? Thank you for your input - it's much appreciated.

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  • Is there a good way of automatically generating javascript client code from server side python

    - by tat.wright
    I basically want to be able to: Write a few functions in python (with the minimum amount of extra meta data) Turn these functions into a web service (with the minimum of effort / boiler plate) Automatically generate some javascript functions / objects for rpc (this should prevent me from doing as many stupid things as possible like mistyping method names, forgetting the names of methods, passing the wrong number of arguments) Example python: def hello_world(): return "Hello world" javascript: ... <!-- This file is automatically generated (either dynamically or statically) --> <script src="http://myurl.com/webservice/client_side_javascript"> </script> ... <script> $('#button').click(function () { hello_world(function (data){ $('#label').text(data))) } </script> A bit of research has shown me some approaches that come close to this: Automatic generation of json-rpc services from functions with a little boiler plate code in python and then using jquery and json to do the calls (still easy to make mistakes with method names - still need to be aware of urls when calling, very irritating to write these calls yourself in the firebug shell) Using a library like soaplib to generate wsdl from python (by adding copious type information). And then somehow convert this into javascript (not sure if there is even a library to do this) But are there any approaches closer to what I want?

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  • Python multiprocessing doesn't play nicely with uuid.uuid4().

    - by yig
    I'm trying to generate a uuid for a filename, and I'm also using the multiprocessing module. Unpleasantly, all of my uuids end up exactly the same. Here is a small example: import multiprocessing import uuid def get_uuid( a ): ## Doesn't help to cycle through a bunch. #for i in xrange(10): uuid.uuid4() ## Doesn't help to reload the module. #reload( uuid ) ## Doesn't help to load it at the last minute. ## (I simultaneously comment out the module-level import). #import uuid ## uuid1() does work, but it differs only in the first 8 characters and includes identifying information about the computer. #return uuid.uuid1() return uuid.uuid4() def main(): pool = multiprocessing.Pool( 20 ) uuids = pool.map( get_uuid, range( 20 ) ) for id in uuids: print id if __name__ == '__main__': main() I peeked into uuid.py's code, and it seems to depending-on-the-platform use some OS-level routines for randomness, so I'm stumped as to a python-level solution (to do something like reload the uuid module or choose a new random seed). I could use uuid.uuid1(), but only 8 digits differ and I think there are derived exclusively from the time, which seems dangerous especially given that I'm multiprocessing (so the code could be executing at exactly the same time). Is there some Wisdom out there about this issue?

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  • android python full integration

    - by Grzegorz Oledzki
    Is there a way to fully integrate Python with Java code on Android platform? Yes, I saw the question about running Python on Android and Android Scripting Environment (ASE). But that doesn't seem to be enough (correct me if I am wrong). I wanted to be able not only to invoke a Python script from within Java code, but have a full integration. The feature I need the most is the ability to have a state of execution of python code saved and be able to run several parts of code on demand against the same execution state. On JavaSE I would rely on Jython. I believe its simplest example shows it all (and some other features too, like something I would call variable state introspection): http://www.jython.org/archive/21/docs/embedding.html PythonInterpreter interp = new PythonInterpreter(); System.out.println("Hello, brave new world"); interp.exec("import sys"); interp.exec("print sys"); interp.set("a", new PyInteger(42)); interp.exec("print a"); interp.exec("x = 2+2"); PyObject x = interp.get("x"); System.out.println("x: "+x); System.out.println("Goodbye, cruel world"); Is it possible on Android? Is ASE a way to go?

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  • Gzip and subprocess' stdout in python

    - by pythonic metaphor
    I'm using python 2.6.4 and discovered that I can't use gzip with subprocess the way I might hope. This illustrates the problem: May 17 18:05:36> python Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Mar 10 2010, 14:41:19) [GCC 4.1.2 20071124 (Red Hat 4.1.2-42)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import gzip >>> import subprocess >>> fh = gzip.open("tmp","wb") >>> subprocess.Popen("echo HI", shell=True, stdout=fh).wait() 0 >>> fh.close() >>> [2]+ Stopped python May 17 18:17:49> file tmp tmp: data May 17 18:17:53> less tmp "tmp" may be a binary file. See it anyway? May 17 18:17:58> zcat tmp zcat: tmp: not in gzip format Here's what it looks like inside less HI ^_<8B>^H^Hh<C0><F1>K^B<FF>tmp^@^C^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ which looks like it put in the stdout as text and then put in an empty gzip file. Indeed, if I remove the "Hi\n", then I get this: May 17 18:22:34> file tmp tmp: gzip compressed data, was "tmp", last modified: Mon May 17 18:17:12 2010, max compression What is going on here?

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  • Python and Unicode: How everything should be Unicode

    - by A A
    Forgive if this a long a question: I have been programming in Python for around six months. Self taught, starting with the Python tutorial and then SO and then just using Google for stuff. Here is the sad part: No one told me all strings should be Unicode. No, I am not lying or making this up, but where does the tutorial mention it? And most examples also I see just make use of byte strings, instead of Unicode strings. I was just browsing and came across this question on SO, which says how every string in Python should be a Unicode string. This pretty much made me cry! I read that every string in Python 3.0 is Unicode by default, so my questions are for 2.x: Should I do a: print u'Some text' or just print 'Text' ? Everything should be Unicode, does this mean, like say I have a tuple: t = ('First', 'Second'), it should be t = (u'First', u'Second')? I read that I can do a from __future__ import unicode_literals and then every string will be a Unicode string, but should I do this inside a container also? When reading/ writing to a file, I should use the codecs module. Right? Or should I just use the standard way or reading/ writing and encode or decode where required? If I get the string from say raw_input(), should I convert that to Unicode also? What is the common approach to handling all of the above issues in 2.x? The from __future__ import unicode_literals statement? Sorry for being a such a noob, but this changes what I have been doing for a long time and so clearly I am confused.

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  • CentOS: make python 2.6 see django

    - by NP
    In a harrowing attempt to get mod_wsgi to run on CentOS 5.4, I've added python 2.6 as an optional library following the instructions here. The configuration seems fine except that when trying to ping the server the Apache log prints this error: mod_wsgi (pid=20033, process='otalo', application='127.0.0.1|'): Loading WSGI script '...django.wsgi'. [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] mod_wsgi (pid=20033): Target WSGI script '...django.wsgi' cannot be loaded as Python module. [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] mod_wsgi (pid=20033): Exception occurred processing WSGI script '...django.wsgi'. [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] Traceback (most recent call last): [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] File "...django.wsgi", line 8, in [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] import django.core.handlers.wsgi [Sat Mar 27 16:11:45 2010] [error] [client 171.66.52.218] ImportError: No module named django.core.handlers.wsgi when I go to my python2.6 install's command line and try 'import django', the module is not found (ImportError). However, my default python 2.4 installation (still working fine) is able to import successfully. How do I point python 2.6 to django? Thanks in advance.

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  • Python: circular imports needed for type checking

    - by phild
    First of all: I do know that there are already many questions and answers to the topic of the circular imports. The answer is more or less: "Design your Module/Class structure properly and you will not need circular imports". That is true. I tried very hard to make a proper design for my current project, I in my opinion I was successful with this. But my specific problem is the following: I need a type check in a module that is already imported by the module containing the class to check against. But this throws an import error. Like so: foo.py: from bar import Bar class Foo(object): def __init__(self): self.__bar = Bar(self) bar.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not isinstance(arg_instance_of_foo, Foo): raise TypeError() Solution 1: If I modified it to check the type by a string comparison, it will work. But I dont really like this solution (string comparsion is rather expensive for a simple type check, and could get a problem when it comes to refactoring). bar_modified.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not arg_instance_of_foo.__class__.__name__ == "Foo": raise TypeError() Solution 2: I could also pack the two classes into one module. But my project has lots of different classes like the "Bar" example, and I want to seperate them into different module files. After my own 2 solutions are no option for me: Has anyone a nicer solution for this problem?

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