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  • Constructor and Destructor of a singleton object called twice

    - by Bikram990
    I'm facing a problem in singleton object in c++. Here is the explanation: Problem info: I have a 4 shared libraries (say libA.so, libB.so, libC.so, libD.so) and 2 executable binary files each using one another shared library( say libE.so) which deals with files. The purpose of libE.so is to write data into a file and if the executable restarts or size of file exceeds a certain limit it is zipped and a new file is created with time stamp in name. It is using singleton object. It exports a handler class for getting and using singleton. Compressing only happens in the above said two cases. The user/loader executable can specify the starting name of file only no other control is provided by handler class. libA.so, libB.so, libC.so and libD.so have almost same behavior. They all have a class and declare and object of an handler which gets the instance of the singleton in libE.so and uses it for further purpose. All these libraries are linked to two executable binary files. If only one of the two executable runs then its fine, But if both executable runs one after other then the file of the first started executable gets compressed. Debug info: The constructor and destructor of the singleton object is called twice.(for each executable) The object of singleton is a static object and never deleted. The executable is not able to exit/return gives: glibc detected * (exe1 or exe2): double free or corruption (!prev): some_addr * Running with binaries valgrind gives that the above error is due to the destructor of the singleton object. Thanks

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  • Do I suffer from encapsulation overuse?

    - by Florenc
    I have noticed something in my code in various projects that seems like code smell to me and something bad to do, but I can't deal with it. While trying to write "clean code" I tend to over-use private methods in order to make my code easier to read. The problem is that the code is indeed cleaner but it's also more difficult to test (yeah I know I can test private methods...) and in general it seems a bad habit to me. Here's an example of a class that reads some data from a .csv file and returns a group of customers (another object with various fields and attributes). public class GroupOfCustomersImporter { //... Call fields .... public GroupOfCustomersImporter(String filePath) { this.filePath = filePath; customers = new HashSet<Customer>(); createCSVReader(); read(); constructTTRP_Instance(); } private void createCSVReader() { //.... } private void read() { //.... Reades the file and initializes the class attributes } private void readFirstLine(String[] inputLine) { //.... Method used by the read() method } private void readSecondLine(String[] inputLine) { //.... Method used by the read() method } private void readCustomerLine(String[] inputLine) { //.... Method used by the read() method } private void constructGroupOfCustomers() { //this.groupOfCustomers = new GroupOfCustomers(**attributes of the class**); } public GroupOfCustomers getConstructedGroupOfCustomers() { return this.GroupOfCustomers; } } As you can see the class has only a constructor which calls some private methods to get the job done, I know that's not a good practice not a good practice in general but I prefer to encapsulate all the functionality in the class instead of making the methods public in which case a client should work this way: GroupOfCustomersImporter importer = new GroupOfCustomersImporter(filepath) importer.createCSVReader(); read(); GroupOfCustomer group = constructGoupOfCustomerInstance(); I prefer this because I don't want to put useless lines of code in the client's side code bothering the client class with implementation details. So, Is this actually a bad habit? If yes, how can I avoid it? Please note that the above is just a simple example. Imagine the same situation happening in something a little bit more complex.

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  • Advice on designing a robust program to handle a large library of meta-information & programs

    - by Sam Bryant
    So this might be overly vague, but here it is anyway I'm not really looking for a specific answer, but rather general design principles or direction towards resources that deal with problems like this. It's one of my first large-scale applications, and I would like to do it right. Brief Explanation My basic problem is that I have to write an application that handles a large library of meta-data, can easily modify the meta-data on-the-fly, is robust with respect to crashing, and is very efficient. (Sorta like the design parameters of iTunes, although sometimes iTunes performs more poorly than I would like). If you don't want to read the details, you can skip the rest Long Explanation Specifically I am writing a program that creates a library of image files and meta-data about these files. There is a list of tags that may or may not apply to each image. The program needs to be able to add new images, new tags, assign tags to images, and detect duplicate images, all while operating. The program contains an image Viewer which has tagging operations. The idea is that if a given image A is viewed while the library has tags T1, T2, and T3, then that image will have boolean flags for each of those tags (depending on whether the user tagged that image while it was open in the Viewer). However, prior to being viewed in the Viewer, image A would have no value for tags T1, T2, and T3. Instead it would have a "dirty" flag indicating that it is unknown whether or not A has these tags or not. The program can introduce new tags at any time (which would automatically set all images to "dirty" with respect to this new tag) This program must be fast. It must be easily able to pull up a list of images with or without a certain tag as well as images which are "dirty" with respect to a tag. It has to be crash-safe, in that if it suddenly crashes, all of the tagging information done in that session is not lost (though perhaps it's okay to loose some of it) Finally, it has to work with a lot of images (10,000) I am a fairly experienced programmer, but I have never tried to write a program with such demanding needs and I have never worked with databases. With respect to the meta-data storage, there seem to be a few design choices: Choice 1: Invidual meta-data vs centralized meta-data Individual Meta-Data: have a separate meta-data file for each image. This way, as soon as you change the meta-data for an image, it can be written to the hard disk, without having to rewrite the information for all of the other images. Centralized Meta-Data: Have a single file to hold the meta-data for every file. This would probably require meta-data writes in intervals as opposed to after every change. The benefit here is that you could keep a centralized list of all images with a given tag, ect, making the task of pulling up all images with a given tag very efficient

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  • Is throwing an error in unpredictable subclass-specific circumstances a violation of LSP?

    - by Motti Strom
    Say, I wanted to create a Java List<String> (see spec) implementation that uses a complex subsystem, such as a database or file system, for its store so that it becomes a simple persistent collection rather than an basic in-memory one. (We're limiting it specifically to a List of Strings for the purposes of discussion, but it could extended to automatically de-/serialise any object, with some help. We can also provide persistent Sets, Maps and so on in this way too.) So here's a skeleton implementation: class DbBackedList implements List<String> { private DbBackedList() {} /** Returns a list, possibly non-empty */ public static getList() { return new DbBackedList(); } public String get(int index) { return Db.getTable().getRow(i).asString(); // may throw DbExceptions! } // add(String), add(int, String), etc. ... } My problem lies with the fact that the underlying DB API may encounter connection errors that are not specified in the List interface that it should throw. My problem is whether this violates Liskov's Substitution Principle (LSP). Bob Martin actually gives an example of a PersistentSet in his paper on LSP that violates LSP. The difference is that his newly-specified Exception there is determined by the inserted value and so is strengthening the precondition. In my case the connection/read error is unpredictable and due to external factors and so is not technically a new precondition, merely an error of circumstance, perhaps like OutOfMemoryError which can occur even when unspecified. In normal circumstances, the new Error/Exception might never be thrown. (The caller could catch if it is aware of the possibility, just as a memory-restricted Java program might specifically catch OOME.) Is this therefore a valid argument for throwing an extra error and can I still claim to be a valid java.util.List (or pick your SDK/language/collection in general) and not in violation of LSP? If this does indeed violate LSP and thus not practically usable, I have provided two less-palatable alternative solutions as answers that you can comment on, see below. Footnote: Use Cases In the simplest case, the goal is to provide a familiar interface for cases when (say) a database is just being used as a persistent list, and allow regular List operations such as search, subList and iteration. Another, more adventurous, use-case is as a slot-in replacement for libraries that work with basic Lists, e.g if we have a third-party task queue that usually works with a plain List: new TaskWorkQueue(new ArrayList<String>()).start() which is susceptible to losing all it's queue in event of a crash, if we just replace this with: new TaskWorkQueue(new DbBackedList()).start() we get a instant persistence and the ability to share the tasks amongst more than one machine. In either case, we could either handle connection/read exceptions that are thrown, perhaps retrying the connection/read first, or allow them to throw and crash the program (e.g. if we can't change the TaskWorkQueue code).

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  • When following SRP, how should I deal with validating and saving entities?

    - by Kristof Claes
    I've been reading Clean Code and various online articles about SOLID lately, and the more I read about it, the more I feel like I don't know anything. Let's say I'm building a web application using ASP.NET MVC 3. Let's say I have a UsersController with a Create action like this: public class UsersController : Controller { public ActionResult Create(CreateUserViewModel viewModel) { } } In that action method I want to save a user to the database if the data that was entered is valid. Now, according to the Single Responsibility Principle an object should have a single responsibility, and that responsibility should be entirely encapsulated by the class. All its services should be narrowly aligned with that responsibility. Since validation and saving to the database are two separate responsibilities, I guess I should create to separate class to handle them like this: public class UsersController : Controller { private ICreateUserValidator validator; private IUserService service; public UsersController(ICreateUserValidator validator, IUserService service) { this.validator = validator; this.service= service; } public ActionResult Create(CreateUserViewModel viewModel) { ValidationResult result = validator.IsValid(viewModel); if (result.IsValid) { service.CreateUser(viewModel); return RedirectToAction("Index"); } else { foreach (var errorMessage in result.ErrorMessages) { ModelState.AddModelError(String.Empty, errorMessage); } return View(viewModel); } } } That makes some sense to me, but I'm not at all sure that this is the right way to handle things like this. It is for example entirely possible to pass an invalid instance of CreateUserViewModel to the IUserService class. I know I could use the built in DataAnnotations, but what when they aren't enough? Image that my ICreateUserValidator checks the database to see if there already is another user with the same name... Another option is to let the IUserService take care of the validation like this: public class UserService : IUserService { private ICreateUserValidator validator; public UserService(ICreateUserValidator validator) { this.validator = validator; } public ValidationResult CreateUser(CreateUserViewModel viewModel) { var result = validator.IsValid(viewModel); if (result.IsValid) { // Save the user } return result; } } But I feel I'm violating the Single Responsibility Principle here. How should I deal with something like this?

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  • DDD and Value Objects. Are mutable Value Objects a good candidate for Non Aggr. Root Entity?

    - by Tony
    Here is a little problem Have an entity, with a value object. Not a problem. I replace a value object for a new one, then nhibernate inserts the new value and orphan the old one, then deletes it. Ok, that's a problem. Insured is my entity in my domain. He has a collection of Addresses (value objects). One of the addresses is the MailingAddress. When we want to update the mailing address, let's say zipcode was wrong, following Mr. Evans doctrine, we must replace the old object for a new one since it's immutable (a value object right?). But we don't want to delete the row thou, because that address's PK is a FK in a MailingHistory table. So, following Mr. Evans doctrine, we are pretty much screwed here. Unless i make my addressses Entities, so i don't have to "replace" it, and simply update its zipcode member, like the old good days. What would you suggest me in this case? The way i see it, ValueObjects are only useful when you want to encapsulate a group of database table's columns (component in nhibernate). Everything that has a persistence id in the database, is better off to make it an Entity (not necessarily an aggregate root) so you can update its members without recreating the whole object graph, specially if that's a deep-nested object. Do you concur? Is it allowed by Mr. Evans to have a mutable value object? Or is a mutable value object a candidate for an Entity? Thanks

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  • Confusion about inheritance

    - by Samuel Adam
    I know I might get downvoted for this, but I'm really curious. I was taught that inheritance is a very powerful polymorphism tool, but I can't seem to use it well in real cases. So far, I can only use inheritance when the base class is an abstract class. Examples : If we're talking about Product and Inventory, I quickly assumed that a Product is an Inventory because a Product must be inventorized as well. But a problem occured when user wanted to sell their Inventory item. It just doesn't seem to be right to change an Inventory object to it's subtype (Product), it's almost like trying to convert a parent to it's child. Another case is Customer and Member. It is logical (at least for me) to think that a Member is a Customer with some more privileges. Same problem occurred when user wanted to upgrade an existing Customer to become a Member. A very trivial case is the Employee case. Where Manager, Clerk, etc can be derived from Employee. Still, the same upgrading issue. I tried to use composition instead for some cases, but I really wanted to know if I'm missing something for inheritance solution here. My composition solution for those cases : Create a reference of Inventory inside a Product. Here I'm making an assumption about that Product and Inventory is talking in a different context. While Product is in the context of sales (price, volume, discount, etc), Inventory is in the context of physical management (stock, movement, etc). Make a reference of Membership instead inside Customer class instead of previous inheritance solution. Therefor upgrading a Customer is only about instantiating the Customer's Membership property. This example is keep being taught in basic programming classes, but I think it's more proper to have those Manager, Clerk, etc derived from an abstract Role class and make it a property in Employee. I found it difficult to find an example of a concrete class deriving from another concrete class. Is there any inheritance solution in which I can solve those cases? Being new in this OOP thing, I really really need a guidance. Thanks!

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  • How far should an entity take care of its properties values by itself?

    - by Kharlos Dominguez
    Let's consider the following example of a class, which is an entity that I'm using through Entity Framework. - InvoiceHeader - BilledAmount (property, decimal) - PaidAmount (property, decimal) - Balance (property, decimal) I'm trying to find the best approach to keep Balance updated, based on the values of the two other properties (BilledAmount and PaidAmount). I'm torn between two practices here: Updating the balance amount every time BilledAmount and PaidAmount are updated (through their setters) Having a UpdateBalance() method that the callers would run on the object when appropriate. I am aware that I can just calculate the Balance in its getter. However, it isn't really possible because this is an entity field that needs to be saved back to the database, where it has an actual column, and where the calculated amount should be persisted to. My other worry about the automatically updating approach is that the calculated values might be a little bit different from what was originally saved to the database, due to rounding values (an older version of the software, was using floats, but now decimals). So, loading, let's say 2000 entities from the database could change their status and make the ORM believe that they have changed and be persisted back to the database the next time the SaveChanges() method is called on the context. It would trigger a mass of updates that I am not really interested in, or could cause problems, if the calculation methods changed (the entities fetched would lose their old values to be replaced by freshly recalculated ones, simply by being loaded). Then, let's take the example even further. Each invoice has some related invoice details, which also have BilledAmount, PaidAmount and Balance (I'm simplifying my actual business case for the sake of the example, so let's assume the customer can pay each item of the invoice separately rather than as a whole). If we consider the entity should take care of itself, any change of the child details should cause the Invoice totals to change as well. In a fully automated approach, a simple implementation would be looping through each detail of the invoice to recalculate the header totals, every time one the property changes. It probably would be fine for just a record, but if a lot of entities were fetched at once, it could create a significant overhead, as it would perform this process every time a new invoice detail record is fetched. Possibly worse, if the details are not already loaded, it could cause the ORM to lazy-load them, just to recalculate the balances. So far, I went with the Update() method-way, mainly for the reasons I explained above, but I wonder if it was right. I'm noticing I have to keep calling these methods quite often and at different places in my code and it is potential source of bugs. It also has a detrimental effect on data-binding because when the properties of the detail or header changes, the other properties are left out of date and the method has no way to be called. What is the recommended approach in this case?

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  • PHP - Internal APIs/Libraries - What makes sense?

    - by Mark Locker
    I've been having a discussion lately with some colleagues about the best way to approach a new project, and thought it'd be interesting to get some external thoughts thrown into the mix. Basically, we're redeveloping a fairly large site (written in PHP) and have differing opinions on how the platform should be setup. Requirements: The platform will need to support multiple internal websites, as well as external (non-PHP) projects which at the moment consist of a mobile app and a toolbar. We have no plans/need in the foreseeable future to open up an API externally (for use in products other than our own). My opinion: We should have a library of well documented native model classes which can be shared between projects. These models will represent everything in our database and can take advantage of object orientated features such as inheritance, traits, magic methods, etc. etc. As well as employing ORM. We can then add an API layer on top of these models which can basically accept requests and route them to the appropriate methods, translating the response so that it can be used platform independently. This routing for each method can be setup as and when it's required. Their opinion: We should have a single HTTP API which is used by all projects (internal PHP ones or otherwise). My thoughts: To me, there are a number of issues with using the sole HTTP API approach: It will be very expensive performance wise. One page request will result in several additional http requests (which although local, are still ones that Apache will need to handle). You'll lose all of the best features PHP has for OO development. From simple inheritance, to employing the likes of ORM which can save you writing a lot of code. For internal projects, the actual process makes me cringe. To get a users name, for example, a request would go out of our box, over the LAN, back in, then run through a script which calls a method, JSON encodes the output and feeds that back. That would then need to be JSON decoded, and be presented as an array ready to use. Working with arrays, as appose to objects, makes me sad in a modern PHP framework. Their thoughts (and my responses): Having one method of doing thing keeps things simple. - You'd only do things differently if you were using a different language anyway. It will become robust. - Seeing as the API will run off the library of models, I think my option would be just as robust. What do you think? I'd be really interested to hear the thoughts of others on this, especially as opinions on both sides are not founded on any past experience.

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  • Does OO, TDD, and Refactoring to Smaller Functions affect Speed of Code?

    - by Dennis
    In Computer Science field, I have noticed a notable shift in thinking when it comes to programming. The advice as it stands now is write smaller, more testable code refactor existing code into smaller and smaller chunks of code until most of your methods/functions are just a few lines long write functions that only do one thing (which makes them smaller again) This is a change compared to the "old" or "bad" code practices where you have methods spanning 2500 lines, and big classes doing everything. My question is this: when it call comes down to machine code, to 1s and 0s, to assembly instructions, should I be at all concerned that my class-separated code with variety of small-to-tiny functions generates too much extra overhead? While I am not exactly familiar with how OO code and function calls are handled in ASM in the end, I do have some idea. I assume that each extra function call, object call, or include call (in some languages), generate an extra set of instructions, thereby increasing code's volume and adding various overhead, without adding actual "useful" code. I also imagine that good optimizations can be done to ASM before it is actually ran on the hardware, but that optimization can only do so much too. Hence, my question -- how much overhead (in space and speed) does well-separated code (split up across hundreds of files, classes, and methods) actually introduce compared to having "one big method that contains everything", due to this overhead? UPDATE for clarity: I am assuming that adding more and more functions and more and more objects and classes in a code will result in more and more parameter passing between smaller code pieces. It was said somewhere (quote TBD) that up to 70% of all code is made up of ASM's MOV instruction - loading CPU registers with proper variables, not the actual computation being done. In my case, you load up CPU's time with PUSH/POP instructions to provide linkage and parameter passing between various pieces of code. The smaller you make your pieces of code, the more overhead "linkage" is required. I am concerned that this linkage adds to software bloat and slow-down and I am wondering if I should be concerned about this, and how much, if any at all, because current and future generations of programmers who are building software for the next century, will have to live with and consume software built using these practices. UPDATE: Multiple files I am writing new code now that is slowly replacing old code. In particular I've noted that one of the old classes was a ~3000 line file (as mentioned earlier). Now it is becoming a set of 15-20 files located across various directories, including test files and not including PHP framework I am using to bind some things together. More files are coming as well. When it comes to disk I/O, loading multiple files is slower than loading one large file. Of course not all files are loaded, they are loaded as needed, and disk caching and memory caching options exist, and yet still I believe that loading multiple files takes more processing than loading a single file into memory. I am adding that to my concern.

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  • Merging multiple Google calendar feeds into one JSON object in javascript

    - by Jeramy
    I am trying to bring in the JSON feeds from multiple Google calendars so that I can sort the upcoming events and display the next X number in an "Upcoming Events" list. I have this working with Yahoo! pipes but I want to get away from using a 3rd party to aggregate. I think I am close, but I cannot get the JSON objects created correctly. I am getting the data into the array but not in JSON format, so I can't manipulate it. I have tried var myJsonString = JSON.stringify(JSONData); using https://github.com/douglascrockford/JSON-js but that just threw errors. I suspect because my variable is in the wrong starting format. I have tried just calling the feed like: $.getJSON(url); and creating a function concant1() to do the JSONData=JSONData.concat(data);, but it doesn't fire and I think it would produce the same end result anyway. I have also tried several other methods of getting the end result I want with varying degrees of doom. Here is the closest I have come so far: var JSONData = new Array(); var urllist = ["https://www.google.com/calendar/feeds/dg61asqgqg4pust2l20obgdl64%40group.calendar.google.com/public/full?orderby=starttime&max-results=3&sortorder=ascending&futureevents=true&ctz=America/New_York&singleevents=true&alt=json&callback=concant1","https://www.google.com/calendar/feeds/5oc3kvp7lnu5rd4krg2skcu2ng%40group.calendar.google.com/public/full?orderby=starttime&max-results=3&sortorder=ascending&futureevents=true&ctz=America/New_York&singleevents=true&alt=json&callback=concant1","http://www.google.com/calendar/feeds/rine4umu96kl6t46v4fartnho8%40group.calendar.google.com/public/full?orderby=starttime&max-results=3&sortorder=ascending&futureevents=true&ctz=America/New_York&singleevents=true&alt=json&callback=concant1"]; urllist.forEach(function addFeed(url){ alert("The URL being used: "+ url); if (void 0 != JSONData){JSONData=JSONData.concat($.getJSON(url));} else{JSONData = $.getJSON(url);} alert("The count from concantonated JSONData: "+JSONData.length); }); document.write("The final count from JSONData: "+JSONData.length+"<p>"); console.log(JSONData) UPDATE: Now with full working source!! :) If anyone would like to make suggestions on how to improve the code's efficiency it would be gratefully accepted. I hope others find this useful.: // GCal MFA - Google Calendar Multiple Feed Aggregator // Useage: GCalMFA(CIDs,n); // Where 'CIDs' is a list of comma seperated Google calendar IDs in the format: [email protected], and 'n' is the number of results to display. // While the contained console.log(); outputs are really handy for testing, you will probably waant to remove them for regular usage // Author: Jeramy Kruser - http://jeramy.kruser.me //onerror=function (d, f, g){alert (d+ "\n"+ f+ "\n");} if (!window.console) {console = {log: function() {}};} document.body.className += ' js-enabled'; // Global variables var urllist = []; var maxResults = 3; // The default is 3 results unless a value is sent var JSONData = {}; var eventCount = 0; var errorLog = ""; JSONData = { count: 0, value : { description: "Aggregates multiple Google calendar feeds into a single sorted list", generator: "StackOverflow communal coding - Thanks for the assist Patrick M", website: "http://jeramy.kruser.me", author: "Jeramy & Kasey Kruser", items: [] }}; // For putting dates from feed into a format that can be read by the Date function for calculating event length. function parse (str) { // validate year as 4 digits, month as 01-12, and day as 01-31 str = str.match (/^(\d{4})(0[1-9]|1[0-2])(0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01])$/); if (str) { // make a date str[0] = new Date ( + str[1], + str[2] - 1, + str[3]); // check if month stayed the same (ie that day number is valid) if (str[0].getMonth () === + str[2] - 1) { return str[0]; } } return undefined; } //For outputting to HTML function output() { var months, day_in_ms, summary, i, item, eventlink, title, calendar, where,dtstart, dtend, endyear, endmonth, endday, startyear, startmonth, startday, endmonthdayyear, eventlinktitle, startmonthday, length, curtextval, k; // Array of month names from numbers for page display. months = {'0':'January', '1':'February', '2':'March', '3':'April', '4':'May', '5':'June', '6':'July', '7':'August', '8':'September', '9':'October', '10':'November', '11':'December'}; // For use in calculating event length. day_in_ms = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // Instantiate HTML Arrays. summary = []; for (i = 0; i < maxResults; i+=1 ) { //console.log("i: "+i+" < "+"maxResults: "+ maxResults); if (!(JSONData.value.items[i] === undefined)) { item = JSONData.value.items[i]; // Grabbing data for each event in the feed. eventlink = item.link[0]; title = item.title.$t; // Only display the calendar title if there is more than one calendar = ""; if (urllist.length > 1) { calendar = '<br />Calendar: <a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/embed?src=' + item.gd$who[0].email + '&ctz=America/New_York">' + item.author[0].name.$t + '<\/a> (<a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/ical/' + item.gd$who[0].email + '/public/basic.ics">iCal<\/a>)'; } // Grabbing event location, if entered. if ( item.gd$where[0].valueString !== "" ) { where = '<br />' + (item.gd$where[0].valueString); } else { where = (""); } // Grabbing start date and putting in form YYYYmmdd. Subtracting one day from dtend to fix Google's habit of ending an all-day event at midnight on the following day. dtstart = new Date(parse(((item.gd$when[0].startTime).substring(0,10)).replace(/-/g,""))); dtend = new Date(parse(((item.gd$when[0].endTime).substring(0,10)).replace(/-/g,"")) - day_in_ms); // Put dates in pretty form for display. endyear = dtend.getFullYear(); endmonth = months[dtend.getMonth()]; endday = dtend.getDate(); startyear = dtstart.getFullYear(); startmonth = months[dtstart.getMonth()]; startday = dtstart.getDate(); //consolidate some much-used variables for HTML output. endmonthdayyear = endmonth + ' ' + endday + ', ' + endyear; eventlinktitle = '<a href="' + eventlink + '">' + title + '<\/a>'; startmonthday = startmonth + ' ' + startday; // Calculates the number of days between each event's start and end dates. length = ((dtend - dtstart) / day_in_ms); // HTML for each event, depending on which div is available on the page (different HTML applies). Only one div can exist on any one page. if (document.getElementById("homeCalendar") !== null ) { // If the length of the event is greater than 0 days, show start and end dates. if ( length > 0 && startmonth !== endmonth && startday === endday ) { summary[i] = ('<h3>' + eventlink + '">' + startmonthday + ', ' + startyear + ' - ' + endmonthdayyear + '<\/a><\/h3><p>' + title + '<\/p>'); } // If the length of the event is greater than 0 and begins and ends within the same month, shorten the date display. else if ( length > 0 && startmonth === endmonth && startyear === endyear ) { summary[i] = ('<h3><a href="' + eventlink + '">' + startmonthday + '-' + endday + ', ' + endyear + '<\/a><\/h3><p>' + title + '<\/p>'); } // If the length of the event is greater than 0 and begins and ends within different months of the same year, shorten the date display. else if ( length > 0 && startmonth !== endmonth && startyear === endyear ) { summary[i] = ('<h3><a href="' + eventlink + '">' + startmonthday + ' - ' + endmonthdayyear + '<\/a><\/h3><p>' + title + '<\/p>'); } // If the length of the event is less than one day (length < = 0), show only the start date. else { summary[i] = ('<h3><a href="' + eventlink + '">' + startmonthday + ', ' + startyear + '<\/a><\/h3><p>' + title + '<\/p>'); } } else if (document.getElementById("allCalendar") !== null ) { // If the length of the event is greater than 0 days, show start and end dates. if ( length > 0 && startmonth !== endmonth && startday === endday ) { summary[i] = ('<li>' + eventlinktitle + '<br />' + startmonthday + ', ' + startyear + ' - ' + endmonthdayyear + where + calendar + '<br />&#160;<\/li>'); } // If the length of the event is greater than 0 and begins and ends within the same month, shorten the date display. else if ( length > 0 && startmonth === endmonth && startyear === endyear ) { summary[i] = ('<li>' + eventlinktitle + '<br />' + startmonthday + '-' + endday + ', ' + endyear + where + calendar + '<br />&#160;<\/li>'); } // If the length of the event is greater than 0 and begins and ends within different months of the same year, shorten the date display. else if ( length > 0 && startmonth !== endmonth && startyear === endyear ) { summary[i] = ('<li>' + eventlinktitle + '<br />' + startmonthday + ' - ' + endmonthdayyear + where + calendar + '<br />&#160;<\/li>'); } // If the length of the event is less than one day (length < = 0), show only the start date. else { summary[i] = ('<li>' + eventlinktitle + '<br />' + startmonthday + ', ' + startyear + where + calendar + '<br />&#160;<\/li>'); } } } if (summary[i] === undefined) { summary[i] = "";} //console.log(summary[i]); } console.log(JSONData); // Puts the HTML into the div with the appropriate id. Each page can have only one. if (document.getElementById("homeCalendar") !== null ) { curtextval = document.getElementById("homeCalendar"); console.log("homeCalendar: "+curtextval); } else if (document.getElementById("oneCalendar") !== null ) { curtextval = document.getElementById("oneCalendar"); console.log("oneCalendar: "+curtextval); } else if (document.getElementById("allCalendar") !== null ) { curtextval = document.getElementById("allCalendar"); console.log("allCalendar: "+curtextval); } if (curtextval.innerHTML.length < 100) { errorLog += '<div id="noEvents">No events found.</div>'; } for (k = 0; k<maxResults; k+=1 ) { curtextval.innerHTML = curtextval.innerHTML + summary[k]; } if (eventCount === 0) { errorLog += '<div id="noEvents">No events found.</div>'; } if (document.getElementById("homeCalendar") === null ) { curtextval.innerHTML = '<ul>' + curtextval.innerHTML + '<\/ul>'; } if (errorLog !== "") { curtextval.innerHTML += errorLog; } } // For taking in each feed, breaking out the events and sorting them into the object by date function sortFeed(event) { var tempEntry, i; tempEntry = event; i = 0; console.log("*** New incoming event object #"+eventCount+" ***"); console.log(event.title.$t); console.log(event); //console.log("i = " + i + " and maxResults " + maxResults); while(i<maxResults) { console.log("i = " + i + " < maxResults " + maxResults); console.log("Sorting event = " + event.title.$t + " by date of " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); if (JSONData.value.items[i]) { console.log("JSONData.value.items[" + i + "] exists and has a startTime of " + JSONData.value.items[i].gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); if (event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")<JSONData.value.items[i].gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")) { console.log("The incoming event value of " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"") + " is < " + JSONData.value.items[i].gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); tempEntry = JSONData.value.items[i]; console.log("Existing JSONData.value.items[" + i + "] value " + JSONData.value.items[i].gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"") + " stored in tempEntry"); JSONData.value.items[i] = event; console.log("Position JSONData.value.items[" + i + "] set to new value: " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); event = tempEntry; console.log("Now sorting event = " + event.title.$t + " by date of " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); } else { console.log("The incoming event value of " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"") + " is > " + JSONData.value.items[i].gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"") + " moving on..."); } } else { JSONData.value.items[i] = event; console.log("JSONData.value.items[" + i + "] does not exist so it was set to the Incoming value of " + event.gd$when[0].startTime.substring(0,10).replace(/-/g,"")); i = maxResults; } i += 1; } } // For completing the aggregation function complete(result) { var str, j, item; // Track the number of calls completed back, we're not done until all URLs have processed if( complete.count === undefined ){ complete.count = urllist.length; } console.log("complete.count = "+complete.count); console.log(result.feed); if(result.feed.entry){ JSONData.count = maxResults; // Check each incoming item against JSONData.value.items console.log("*** Begin Sorting " + result.feed.entry.length + " Events ***"); //console.log(result.feed.entry); result.feed.entry.forEach( function(event){ eventCount += 1; sortFeed(event); } ); } if( (complete.count-=1)<1 ) { console.log("*** Done Sorting ***"); output(); } } // This is the main function. It takes in the list of Calendar IDs and the number of results to display function GCalMFA(list,results){ var i, calPreProperties, calPostProperties1, calPostProperties2; calPreProperties = "https://www.google.com/calendar/feeds/"; calPostProperties1 = "/public/full?max-results="; calPostProperties2 = "&orderby=starttime&sortorder=ascending&futureevents=true&ctz=America/New_York&singleevents=true&alt=json&callback=?"; if (list) { if (results) { maxResults = results; } urllist = list.split(','); for (i = 0; i < urllist.length; i+=1 ){ if (urllist[i] === 0){ urllist.splice(i,1);} else{ urllist[i] = calPreProperties + urllist[i] + calPostProperties1+maxResults+calPostProperties2;} } console.log("There are " + urllist.length + " URLs"); urllist.forEach(function addFeed(url){ $.getJSON(url, complete); }); } else { errorLog += '<div id="noURLs">No calendars have been selected.</div>'; output(); } }

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  • Type Object does not support slicing Unity3D

    - by Vish
    I am getting the following error in my code and I can't seem to understand why. Can anyone help me with it? This is my current code. The line causing the error is marked in a comment near the end. var rows : int = 4; var cols : int = 4; var totalCards : int = cols * rows; var matchesNeedToWin : int = totalCards * 0.5; var matchesMade : int = 0; var cardW : int = 100; var cardH : int = 100; var aCards : Array; var aGrid : Array; // This Array will store the two cards that the player flipped var aCardsFlipped : ArrayList; // To prevent player from clicking buttons when we don't want him to var playerCanClick : boolean; var playerHasWon : boolean = false; class Card extends System.Object { var isFaceUp : boolean = false; var isMatched : boolean = false; var img : String; function Card () { img = "robot"; } } function Start () { var i : int = 0; var j : int = 0; playerCanClick = true; aCards = new Array (); aGrid = new Array (); aCardsFlipped = new ArrayList (); for ( i = 0; i < rows; i++) { aGrid [i] = new Array (); for (j = 0; j < cols; cols++ ) { aGrid [i] [j] = new Card (); // <------ Error over here } } } function Update () { Debug.Log("Game Screen has loaded"); } The error states as follows: Error BCE0048: Type 'Object' does not support slicing. (BCE0048) (Assembly-UnityScript)

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  • Transforming object world space matrix to a position in world space

    - by Fredrik Boston Westman
    Im trying to make a function for picking objects with a bounding sphere however I have run in to a problem. First I check against my my bounding sphere, then if it checks out then I test against the vertexes. I have already tested my vertex picking method and it work fine, however when I check first with my bounding sphere method it dosnt register anything. My conclusion is that when im transform my sphere position in to the position of the object in world space, the transformation goes wrong ( I base this on the fact the the x coordinate always becomes 1, even tho i translate non of my meshes along the x-axis to 1). So my question is: What is the proper way to transform a objects world space matrix to a position vector ? This is how i do it now: First i set my position vector to 0. XMVECTOR meshPos = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); Then I trannsform it with my object space matrix, and then add the offset to the center of the mesh. meshPos = XMVector3TransformCoord(meshPos, meshWorld) + centerOffset;

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  • Oracle SQL Developer: Single Object Compare

    - by thatjeffsmith
    There’s a nasty rumor going around that you can’t compare database objects and/or code in Oracle SQL Developer. So let’s put that to bed right now. First, here’s how to compare: PL/SQL to PL/SQL or a SQL statement to another SQL statement So now that that’s settled, why don’t we take a look at how to compare a single table, to another table – whether it’s in the same database or a different database. Database Diff There’s no additional licensing requirement here. If you have SQL Developer, you can use this feature. if you’re going to compare 1 table to another, make sure you ONLY have ‘tables’ checked And then, use this dialog to select your table(s): Move over the object(s) you want to compare over to the right hand side. And now we can move onto the results. The differences, side-by-side, and the script to make B look like A Common lines with differences are highlighted in blue, new lines are highlighted in red. So that’s why they are different, but here’s the script to synch up the differences: Read the script, TEST the script, apply the script. And that’s it. Well, that’s mostly it. If you have questions about how to compare a database object in a schema you don’t have the login information for, read this post next.

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  • Value of the HTML5 lang attribute

    - by user359650
    I'm working on a website which will offer localized content following the language+region approach as described on this W3.org page (e.g. fr-CA for Canadian French content, and fr-FR for "French French" content). As we consider content for each language+region to be unique, it is crucial to us that search engines properly identify and serve the content accordingly. By looking up on the Internet (e.g. this question), it appears that most people recommend the use of an ISO639 language code in the HTML lang attribute to describe the content language. Following this recommendation, we would en up using <html lang="fr"> which wouldn't enable the differentiation between the aforementioned language+region combinations. When reviewing the HTML4 specification, it seems that using language+region as a language code would be perfectly OK, as the en-US example is given as one possible value. However I couldn't find any confirmation of this in the HTML5 specification which doesn't seem to provide any example as to the possible allowed values. From there I tried to get a de facto answer by looking at what the web giants are doing. I looked at what Facebook are doing: they offer Candian French and French French versions of their websites with (slightly) different content, whilst the HTML lang value remains the same: fr-CA URL: http://fr-ca.facebook.com HTML lang attribute: <html lang="fr"> translation of the word 'email': courriel fr-FR URL: http://fr-fr.facebook.com/ HTML lang attribute: <html lang="fr"> translation of the word 'email': Adresse électronique Q: What is the recommended/standard way of describing content that was localized using the language+region approach in HTML5 ?

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  • Unlock More Value: Oracle Platinum Services at Oracle OpenWorld

    - by Oracle OpenWorld Blog Team
    In a bold move to provide even more value to customers who adopt the extreme performance of Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud, Oracle Exadata, and Oracle SPARC SuperCluster, Oracle recently launched a set of enhanced services that help IT managers decrease the cost and complexity of supporting their IT environments: Oracle Platinum Services. Learn more by attending the Oracle Platinum Services: Unlock More Value with Advanced Support session at Oracle OpenWorld. In this session, Oracle shares how to achieve maximum performance and lower total cost of ownership through certified configurations for Oracle engineered systems and Oracle Platinum Services. Hear about the industry-leading Oracle Platinum Services offering and tools already used by Oracle customers, including remote fault monitoring, faster response times and patching services.Vincent Biddlecombe, chief technology officer of Transplace, a third-party logistics provider, is seeing results already. He says “The Platinum Services offering has been a great addition to Oracle Premier Support. This level of support is unique in my experience. We saw results very quickly. Our experience has exceeded my expectations.” The patching services have enabled Transplace to stay up to date on the latest improvements.  According to Biddlecombe, “We've gone from being eight patches behind to completely up to date, and I'm extremely happy.”  Visit us on Monday, October 1 at 12:15 p.m. and become familiar with industry-leading Oracle Platinum Services. For more information on Oracle Customer Support Services sessions and events, go to Oracle Customer Support Services.

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  • Combo/Input LOV displaying non-reference key value

    - by [email protected]
    Its a very common use-case of LOV that we want to diplay a non key value in the LOV but store the key value in the DB. I had to do the same in a sample application I was building. During implementation of this, I realized that there are multiple ways to achieve this.I am going to describe each of these below.Example : Lets take an example of our classic HR schema. I have 2 tables Employee and Department where Dno is the foreign key attribute in Employee that references Department table.I want to create a LOV for Deparment such that the List always displays Dname instead of Dno. However when I update it, it it should update the reference key Dno.To achieve this I had 3 alternative1) Approach 1 :Create a composite VO and add the attributes from Department into Employee using a join.Refer the blog http://andrejusb.blogspot.com/2009/11/defining-lov-on-reference-attribute-in.htmlPositives :1. Easy to implement and use.2. We can use this attribute directly in queries defined on new attribute i.e If i have to display this inside query panel.Negative : We have to create an additional Join on the VO.Ex:SELECT Employees.EMPLOYEE_ID,        Employees.FIRST_NAME,        Employees.LAST_NAME,        Employees.EMAIL,        Employees.PHONE_NUMBER,       Department.Dno,        Department.DnameFROM EMPLOYEES Employees, Department Department WHERE Employees.Dno = Department .Dno2) Approach 2 :

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  • Nucleus Research – Research Note: Technology Value Matrix – First Half 2012 Enterprise Applications

    - by LanaProut
    1024x768 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} The Technology Value Matrix evaluates products that have a global presence and provide core functionality for finance and accounting, human resources, manufacturing, supply chain management, project management, and customer relationship management.  Oracle E-Business Suite and Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne are leaders in the Value Matrix for the first half of 2012.  Click here to view the report.

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  • How to move the object around the screen

    - by Abhishek
    I am trying to move the object around the screen I try this code -(void) move { CGFloat upperLimit = mWinSize.height - (mGunda.contentSize.height / 2.0); CGFloat upperLimit1 = mWinSize.height; CGFloat lowerLimit = (mGunda.contentSize.height / 2.0); CGFloat RightLimit = mWinSize.width - (mGunda.contentSize.width/2.0); CGFloat Right = (mGunda.contentSize.width/2.0); if ( mImageGoingUpward ) { mGunda.position = ccp( mGunda.position.x, mGunda.position.y + 5); if ( mGunda.position.y >= upperLimit ) { mImageGoingUpward = NO; mHori = NO; } } else { mGunda.position = ccp( mGunda.position.x, mGunda.position.y - 5); if ( mGunda.position.y <= lowerLimit ) { mGunda.position = ccp(mGunda.position.x +5, lowerLimit); } if(mGunda.position.x >= RightLimit) { mGunda.position = ccp(mGunda.position.x, mGunda.position.y+10); mHori = YES; } if(mHori) { if(mGunda.position.y >= upperLimit) { mGunda.position = ccp(mGunda.position.x - 5,mGunda.position.y); } } } } } It move the object from bottom to top & top to bottom & bottom to right & right to right top of the screen here is problem I have got It not move to the right top to left side of screen this rotationis not happen. How can I do this

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  • Yet Another Way To Create An Object

    - by Ricardo Peres
    After I wrote this post, I come up with yet another way to create an object... Here it is: Stopwatch watch = new Stopwatch(); ConstructorInfo ci = typeof(StringBuilder).GetConstructor(new Type[0]); NewExpression expr = Expression.New(ci); Func<StringBuilder> func = Expression.Lambda(typeof(Func<StringBuilder>), expr).Compile() as Func<StringBuilder>; watch.Start(); for (Int32 i = 0; i < 100; ++i) { StringBuilder builder = func(); } Int64 time4 = watch.ElapsedTicks; watch.Reset(); I know of only one other way, which is by using CodeDOM. If you know of any other ways to create an object, let me know! SyntaxHighlighter.config.clipboardSwf = 'http://alexgorbatchev.com/pub/sh/2.0.320/scripts/clipboard.swf'; SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.CSharp.aliases = ['c#', 'c-sharp', 'csharp']; SyntaxHighlighter.all();

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  • Checking if an object is inside bounds of an isometric chunk

    - by gopgop
    How would I check if an object is inside the bounds of an isometric chunk? for example I have a player and I want to check if its inside the bounds of this isometric chunk. I draw the isometric chunk's tiles using OpenGL Quads. My first try was checking in a square pattern kind of thing: e = object; this = isometric chunk; if (e.getLocation().getX() < this.getLocation().getX()+World.CHUNK_WIDTH*World.TILE_WIDTH && e.getLocation().getX() > this.getLocation().getX()) { if (e.getLocation().getY() > this.getLocation().getY() && e.getLocation().getY() < this.getLocation().getY()+World.CHUNK_HEIGHT*World.TILE_HEIGHT) { return true; } } return false; What happens here is that it checks in a SQUARE around the chunk so not the real isometric bounds. Image example: (THE RED IS WHERE THE PROGRAM CHECKS THE BOUNDS) What I have now: Desired check: Ultimately I want to do the same for each tile in the chunk. EXTRA INFO: Till now what I had in my game is you could only move tile by tile but now I want them to move freely but I still need them to have a tile location so no matter where they are on the tile their tile location will be that certain tile. then when they are inside a different tile's bounding box then their tile location becomes the new tile. Same thing goes with chunks. the player does have an area but the area does not matter in this case. and as long as the X and Y are inside the bounding box then it should return true. they don't have to be completely on the tile.

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  • SQL SERVER – Excel Losing Decimal Values When Value Pasted from SSMS ResultSet

    - by pinaldave
    No! It is not a SQL Server Issue or SSMS issue. It is how things work. There is a simple trick to resolve this issue. It is very common when users are coping the resultset to Excel, the floating point or decimals are missed. The solution is very much simple and it requires a small adjustment in the Excel. By default Excel is very smart and when it detects the value which is getting pasted is numeric it changes the column format to accommodate that. Now as Zero which are training any digit after decimal points have no value, Excel automatically hides it. To prevent this to happen user has to convert columns to text format so it can preserve the formatting. Here is how you can do it. Select the corner between A and 1 and Right Click on it. It will select complete spreadsheet. If you want to change the format of any column you can select an individual column the same way. In the menu Click on Format Cells… It will bring up the following menu. Here by default the selected column will be General, change that to Text. It will change the format of all the cells to Text. Now once again paste the values from SSMS to the Excel. This time it will preserve the decimal values from SSMS. Solved! Any other trick you do you know to preserve the decimal values? Leave a comment please. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL Utility, T SQL, Technology Tagged: Excel

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  • Quantifying the value of refactoring in commercial terms

    - by Myles McDonnell
    Here is the classic scenario; Dev team build a prototype. Business mgmt like it and put it into production. Dev team now have to continue to deliver new features whilst at the same time pay the technical debt accrued when the code base was a prototype. My question is this (forgive me, it's rather open ended); how can the value of the refactoring work be quantified in commercial terms? As developers we can clearly understand and communicate the value in technical terms, such a the removal of code duplication, the simplification of an object model and so on. But this means little to an executive focussed on the commercial elements. What will mean something to this executive is the dev. team being able to deliver requirements at faster velocity. Just making this statement without any metrics that clearly quantify return on investment (increased velocity in return for resource allocated to refactoring) carries little weight. I'm interested to hear from anyone who has had experience, positive or negative, in relation to the above. ----------------- EDIT ---------------- Thanks for the responses so far, all of which I think are good. What I want to develop is a metric that proves (or disproves!) all of these statements. A report that ties velocity to refactoring and shows a positive effect.

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  • Grouping a comma separated value on common data [closed]

    - by Ankit
    I have a table with col1 id int, col2 as varchar (comma separated values) and column 3 for assigning group to them. Table looks like col1 col2 group .............................. 1 2,3,4 2 5,6 3 1,2,5 4 7,8 5 11,3 6 22,8 This is only the sample of real data, now I have to assign a group no to them in such a way that output looks like col1 col2 group .............................. 1 2,3,4 1 2 5,6 1 3 1,2,5 1 4 7,8 2 5 11,3 1 6 22,8 2 The logic for assigning group no is that every similar comma separated value of string in col2 have to be same group no as every where in col2 where '2' is there it has to be same group no but the complication is that 2,3,4 are together so they all three int value if found in any where in col2 will be assigned same group. The major part is 2,3,4 and 1,2,5 both in col2 have 2 so all int 1,2,3,4,5 have to assign same group no. Tried store procedure with match against on col2 but not getting desired result Most imp (I can't use normalization, because I can't afford to make new table from my original table which have millions of records), even normalization is not helpful in my context. This question is also on stackoverflow with bounty on this link Achieved so far:- I have set the group column auto increment and then wrote this procedure:- BEGIN declare cil1_new,col2_new,group_new int; declare done tinyint default 0; declare group_new varchar(100); declare cur1 cursor for select col1,col2,`group` from company ; DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done=1; open cur1; REPEAT fetch cur1 into col1_new,col2_new,group_new; update company set group=group_new where match(col2) against(concat("'",col2_new,"'")); until done end repeat; close cur1; select * from company; END This procedure is working, no syntax mistake but the problem is that I am not achieving the desired result exactly.

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  • Switch or a Dictionary when assigning to new object

    - by KChaloux
    Recently, I've come to prefer mapping 1-1 relationships using Dictionaries instead of Switch statements. I find it to be a little faster to write and easier to mentally process. Unfortunately, when mapping to a new instance of an object, I don't want to define it like this: var fooDict = new Dictionary<int, IBigObject>() { { 0, new Foo() }, // Creates an instance of Foo { 1, new Bar() }, // Creates an instance of Bar { 2, new Baz() } // Creates an instance of Baz } var quux = fooDict[0]; // quux references Foo Given that construct, I've wasted CPU cycles and memory creating 3 objects, doing whatever their constructors might contain, and only ended up using one of them. I also believe that mapping other objects to fooDict[0] in this case will cause them to reference the same thing, rather than creating a new instance of Foo as intended. A solution would be to use a lambda instead: var fooDict = new Dictionary<int, Func<IBigObject>>() { { 0, () => new Foo() }, // Returns a new instance of Foo when invoked { 1, () => new Bar() }, // Ditto Bar { 2, () => new Baz() } // Ditto Baz } var quux = fooDict[0](); // equivalent to saying 'var quux = new Foo();' Is this getting to a point where it's too confusing? It's easy to miss that () on the end. Or is mapping to a function/expression a fairly common practice? The alternative would be to use a switch: IBigObject quux; switch(someInt) { case 0: quux = new Foo(); break; case 1: quux = new Bar(); break; case 2: quux = new Baz(); break; } Which invocation is more acceptable? Dictionary, for faster lookups and fewer keywords (case and break) Switch: More commonly found in code, doesn't require the use of a Func< object for indirection.

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