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• Code Golf - PI day

  - by gnibbler

  The Challenge The shortest code by character count to display a representation of a circle of radius R using the *character. Followed by an approximation of pi Input is a single number, R Since most computers seem to have almost 2:1 ratio you should only output lines where y is odd. The approximation of pi is given by dividing the twice the number of * characters by R squared. The approximation should be correct to at least 6 significant digits. Leading or trailing zeros are permitted, so for example any of 3,3.000000,003 is accepted for the inputs of 2 and 4 Code count includes input/output (i.e full program). Test Cases Input 2 Output *** *** 3.0 Input 4 Output ***** ******* ******* ***** 3.0 Input 8 Output ******* ************* *************** *************** *************** *************** ************* ******* 3.125 Input 10 Output ********* *************** ***************** ******************* ******************* ******************* ******************* ***************** *************** ********* 3.16

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• Is recursion ever faster than looping?

  - by Carson Myers

  I know that recursion is sometimes a lot cleaner than looping, and I'm not asking anything about when I should use recursion over iteration, I know there are lots of questions about that already. What I'm asking is, is recursion ever faster than a loop? To me it seems like, you would always be able to refine a loop and get it to perform more quickly than a recursive function because the loop is absent constantly setting up new stack frames. I'm specifically looking for whether recursion is faster in applications where recursion is the right way to handle the data, such as in some sorting functions, in binary trees, etc.

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• Push DVCS repository to master without needing codebase

  - by Scorchin

  To work on a client's staging environment I have to connect through a VPN which locks all normal network traffic and prevents any connection to the Internet. This would immediately prevent any of the "normal" VCS solutions from being used as it's not possible to gain access to the server. A solution to this would be to create a DVCS repository (git?) locally and then push changes to the master, as and when needed. There is one flaw in this plan. The entire codebase is around 14GB. To download all of this over the internet would take some time, especially when I'm likely to be working on 3 or 4 different machines in each case. This seems silly and overkill for a DVCS. TL;DR Can any DVCS solution allow you to push to a master server/repo without needing the codebase? Bad example: copy the .git folder (not the 14GB codebase) to another directory and push this to the master once disconnected from the VPN.

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• What problems have you solved using artificial neural networks?

  - by knorv

  I'd like to know about specific problems you - the SO reader - have solved using artificial neural network techniques and what libraries/frameworks you used if you didn't roll your own. Questions: What problems have you used artificial neural networks to solve? What libraries/frameworks did you use? I'm looking for first-hand experiences, so please do not answer unless you have that.

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• Derived class linker - is this wrong?

  - by bobobobo

  We have this situation: A B ^ ^ | / C so class A { } class B { } class C : public A, public B { } Now, B wants to access a property in C. How do you do this? The solution I came up with is to place a pointer in B to an instance of C, which is only active (not null) if this B is in fact a C.

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• Tips on a tool to measure code quality?

  - by Cristi Diaconescu

  I'm looking for a tool that can provide code quality metrics. For instance it could report very long functions (spaghetti code) very complex classes (which could contain do-it-all code) ... While we're on the (subjective:-) subject of code quality, what other code metrics would you suggest? I'm targetting C#/.NET code, but I'm sure this could extend to most programming languages.

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• Tracking Google Analytics events with server side request automation

  - by Esko

  I'm currently in the process of programming an utility which generates GA tracking pixel (utm.gif) URL:s based on given parameters. For those of you who are wondering why I'm doing this on the server side, I need to do this server side since the context which I'm going to start tracking simply doesn't support JavaScript and as such ga.js is completely useless to me. I have managed to get it working otherwise quite nicely but I've hit a snag: I can't track events or custom variables because I have no idea how exactly the utme parameter's value should be structured to form a valid event or var type hit. GA's own documentation on this parameter isn't exactly that great, either. I've tried everything from Googling without finding anything (which I find ironic) to reverse engineering ga.js, unfortunately it's minified and quite unreadable because of that. The "mobile" version of GA didn't help either since officially GA mobile doesn't support events nor vars. To summarize, what is the format of the utme parameter for page hit types event and custom variable?

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• Fix common library functions, or abandon then?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Imagine i have a function with a bug in it: Boolean MakeLocation(String City, String State) { //Given "Springfield", "MO" //return "Springfield, MO" return City+", "+State; } So the call: MakeLocation("Springfield", "MO"); would return "Springfield, MO" Now there's a slight problem, what if the user called: MakeLocation("Springfield, MO", "OH"); The called it wrong, obviously. But the function would return "Springfield, MO, OH". The system was functioning like this for many years, until i noticed the function being used wrong, and i corrected it. And i also updated the original function to catch such an obvious mistake - in case it's happening elsewhere: Boolean MakeLocation(String City, String State) { //Given "Springfield", "MO" //return "Springfield, MO" if (City.Contains, ",") throw new EMakeLocationException("City name contains a comma. You probably didn't mean that"); return City+", "+State; } And testing showed the problem fixed. Except we missed an edge case, and the customer found it. So now the moral dillema. Do you ever add new sanity checks, safety checks, assertions to exising code? Or do you call the old function abandoned, and have a new one: Boolean MakeLocation(String City, String State) { //Given "Springfield", "MO" //return "Springfield, MO" return City+", "+State; } Boolean MakeLocation2(String City, String State) { //Given "Springfield", "MO" //return "Springfield, MO" if (City.Contains, ",") throw new EMakeLocationException("City name contains a comma. You probably didn't mean that"); return City+", "+State; } The same can apply for anything: Question FetchQuestion(Int id) { if (id == 0) throw new EFetchQuestionException("No question ID specified"); ... } Do you risk breaking existing code, at the expense of existing code being wrong?

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• Freeware Programmer Calculator

  - by AdamC

  There have been lots of times in the past where a good programmer-oriented calculator would've saved me a lot of time. Lately, I've been doing quite a lot of bit manipulation, and having to do build/run to debug my calculations feels really slow. I've looked for something like this in the past, but found nothing that worked very well. The only thing that comes close is this one from AnalogX, but I can't get it to work or really do anything on my vista box which is where I'm doing most of my work at the moment. (btw - please send comments about my vista usage here;). Anyway, I'm looking for something for simple calculations using a C-like syntax with support for proper precenedce, operators, etc. Bonus points for cross-platform. The python interpreter was a great idea and is totally cross-platform. For windows only SpeQ is amazing. Thanks for the suggestions.

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• Code Golf: MSM Random Number Generator

  - by Vivin Paliath

  The challenge The shortest code by character count that will generate (pseudo)random numbers using the Middle-Square Method. The Middle-Square Method of (pseudo)random number generation was first suggested by John Von Neumann in 1946 and is defined as follows: Rn+1 = mid((Rn)2, m) For example: 34562 = 11943936 mid(11943936) = 9439 94392 = 89094721 mid(89094721) = 0947 9472 = 896809 mid(896809) = 9680 96802 = 93702400 mid(93702400) = 7024 Test cases: A seed of 8653 should give the following numbers (first 10): 8744, 4575, 9306, 6016, 1922, 6940, 1636, 6764, 7516, 4902

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• Best non-development book for software developers

  - by Dima Malenko

  What is the best non software development related book that you think each software developer should read? Note, there is a similar, poll-style question here: What non-programming books should programmers read? Update: Peopleware is a great book, must read, no doubt. But it is about software development so does not count. Update: We ended up suggesting more than one book and that's great! Below is summary (with links to Amazon) of the books you should consider for your reading list. The Design of Everyday Things by Donald Norman Getting Things Done by David Allen Godel, Escher, Bach by Douglas R. Hofstadter The Goal and It's Not Luck by Eliyahu M. Goldratt Here Comes Everybody by Clay Shirky ...to be continued.

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• How to convert floats to human-readable fractions?

  - by Swaroop C H

  Let's say we have 0.33, we need to output "1/3". If we have "0.4", we need to output "2/5". The idea is to make it human-readable to make the user understand "x parts out of y" as a better way of understanding data. I know that percentages is a good substitute but I was wondering if there was a simple way to do this?

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• Do you have genetic algorithm in production?

  - by Max

  Is it good idea to use genetic algorithm in production? If you are using it: In what case? What pros for selecting subj? Can you easily add changes to algorithm?

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• Is there a website to lookup common, already written functions?

  - by pinnacler

  I'm sitting here writing a function that I'm positive has been written before, somewhere on earth. It's just too common to have not been attempted, and I'm wondering why I can't just go to a website and search for a function that I can then copy and paste into my project in 2 seconds, instead of wasting my day reinventing the wheel. Sure there are certain libraries you can use, but where do you find these libraries and when they are absent, is there a site like I'm describing? Possibly a wiki of some type that contains free code that anybody can edit and improve?

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• Does a garbage collector collect stack memory, heap memory, or both?

  - by kalpesh

  I read lot of articles about garbage collection and almost all article tells about heap memory. so my question is "garbage collection collects stack memory or heap memory or both". thanks Kalpesh

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• Are endless loops in bad form?

  - by rlbond

  So I have some C++ code for back-tracking nodes in a BFS algorithm. It looks a little like this: typedef std::map<int> MapType; bool IsValuePresent(const MapType& myMap, int beginVal, int searchVal) { int current_val = beginVal; while (true) { if (current_val == searchVal) return true; MapType::iterator it = myMap.find(current_val); assert(current_val != myMap.end()); if (current_val == it->second) // end of the line return false; current_val = it->second; } } However, the while (true) seems... suspicious to me. I know this code works, and logically I know it should work. However, I can't shake the feeling that there should be some condition in the while, but really the only possible one is to use a bool variable just to say if it's done. Should I stop worrying? Or is this really bad form. EDIT: Thanks to all for noticing that there is a way to get around this. However, I would still like to know if there are other valid cases.

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• Deploying software on compromised machines

  - by Martin

  I've been involved in a discussion about how to build internet voting software for a general election. We've reached a general consensus that there exist plenty of secure methods for two way authentication and communication. However, someone came along and pointed out that in a general election some of the machines being used are almost certainly going to be compromised. To quote: Let me be an evil electoral fraudster. I want to sample peoples votes as they vote and hope I get something scandalous. I hire a bot-net from some really shady dudes who control 1000 compromised machines in the UK just for election day. I capture the voting habits of 1000 voters on election day. I notice 5 of them have voted BNP. I look these users up and check out their machines, I look through their documents on their machine and find out their names and addresses. I find out one of them is the wife of a tory MP. I leak 'wife of tory mp is a fascist!' to some blogger I know. It hits the internet and goes viral, swings an election. That's a serious problem! So, what are the best techniques for running software where user interactions with the software must be kept secret, on a machine which is possibly compromised?

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• How much abstraction is too much?

  - by Daniel Bingham

  In an Object Oriented Program: How much abstraction is too much? How much is just right? I have always been a nuts and bolts kind of guy. I understood the concept behind high levels of encapsulation and abstraction, but always felt instinctively that adding too much would just confuse the program. I always tried to shoot for an amount of abstraction that left no empty classes or layers. And where in doubt, instead of adding a new layer to the hierarchy, I would try and fit something into the existing layers. However, recently I've been encountering more highly abstracted systems. Systems where everything that could require a representation later in the hierarchy gets one up front. This leads to a lot of empty layers, which at first seems like bad design. However, on second thought I've come to realize that leaving those empty layers gives you more places to hook into in the future with out much refactoring. It leaves you greater ability to add new functionality on top of the old with out doing nearly as much work to adjust the old. The two risks of this seem to be that you could get the layers you need wrong. In this case one would wind up still needing to do substantial refactoring to extend the code and would still have a ton of never used layers. But depending on how much time you spend coming up with the initial abstractions, the chance of screwing it up, and the time that could be saved later if you get it right - it may still be worth it to try. The other risk I can think of is the risk of over doing it and never needing all the extra layers. But is that really so bad? Are extra class layers really so expensive that it is much of a loss if they are never used? The biggest expense and loss here would be time that is lost up front coming up with the layers. But much of that time still might be saved later when one can work with the abstracted code rather than more low level code. So when is it too much? At what point do the empty layers and extra "might need" abstractions become overkill? How little is too little? Where's the sweet spot? Are there any dependable rules of thumb you've found in the course of your career that help you judge the amount of abstraction needed?

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• Is there an algorithm for converting quaternion rotations to Euler angle rotations?

  - by Will Baker

  Is there an existing algorithm for converting a quaternion representation of a rotation to an Euler angle representation? The rotation order for the Euler representation is known and can be any of the six permutations (i.e. xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy, zyx). I've seen algorithms for a fixed rotation order (usually the NASA heading, bank, roll convention) but not for arbitrary rotation order. Furthermore, because there are multiple Euler angle representations of a single orientation, this result is going to be ambiguous. This is acceptable (because the orientation is still valid, it just may not be the one the user is expecting to see), however it would be even better if there was an algorithm which took rotation limits (i.e. the number of degrees of freedom and the limits on each degree of freedom) into account and yielded the 'most sensible' Euler representation given those constraints. I have a feeling this problem (or something similar) may exist in the IK or rigid body dynamics domains. Solved: I just realised that it might not be clear that I solved this problem by following Ken Shoemake's algorithms from Graphics Gems. I did answer my own question at the time, but it occurs to me it may not be clear that I did so. See the answer, below, for more detail. Just to clarify - I know how to convert from a quaternion to the so-called 'Tait-Bryan' representation - what I was calling the 'NASA' convention. This is a rotation order (assuming the convention that the 'Z' axis is up) of zxy. I need an algorithm for all rotation orders. Possibly the solution, then, is to take the zxy order conversion and derive from it five other conversions for the other rotation orders. I guess I was hoping there was a more 'overarching' solution. In any case, I am surprised that I haven't been able to find existing solutions out there. In addition, and this perhaps should be a separate question altogether, any conversion (assuming a known rotation order, of course) is going to select one Euler representation, but there are in fact many. For example, given a rotation order of yxz, the two representations (0,0,180) and (180,180,0) are equivalent (and would yield the same quaternion). Is there a way to constrain the solution using limits on the degrees of freedom? Like you do in IK and rigid body dynamics? i.e. in the example above if there were only one degree of freedom about the Z axis then the second representation can be disregarded. I have tracked down one paper which could be an algorithm in this pdf but I must confess I find the logic and math a little hard to follow. Surely there are other solutions out there? Is arbitrary rotation order really so rare? Surely every major 3D package that allows skeletal animation together with quaternion interpolation (i.e. Maya, Max, Blender, etc) must have solved exactly this problem?

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• How to begin with augmented reality?

  - by Terri

  I'm currently an undergrad in computer science and I'll be entering my final year next year. Augmented reality is something I find to be a really interesting topic, but I have no idea where to start learning about it. Where do you start learning about this topic and what libraries are available?

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• Algorithm for converting hierarchical flat data (w/ ParentID) into sorted flat list w/ indentation l

  - by eagle

  I have the following structure: MyClass { guid ID guid ParentID string Name } I'd like to create an array which contains the elements in the order they should be displayed in a hierarchy (e.g. according to their "left" values), as well as a hash which maps the guid to the indentation level. For example: ID Name ParentID ------------------------ 1 Cats 2 2 Animal NULL 3 Tiger 1 4 Book NULL 5 Airplane NULL This would essentially produce the following objects: // Array is an array of all the elements sorted by the way you would see them in a fully expanded tree Array[0] = "Airplane" Array[1] = "Animal" Array[2] = "Cats" Array[3] = "Tiger" Array[4] = "Book" // IndentationLevel is a hash of GUIDs to IndentationLevels. IndentationLevel["1"] = 1 IndentationLevel["2"] = 0 IndentationLevel["3"] = 2 IndentationLevel["4"] = 0 IndentationLevel["5"] = 0 For clarity, this is what the hierarchy looks like: Airplane Animal Cats Tiger Book I'd like to iterate through the items the least amount of times possible. I also don't want to create a hierarchical data structure. I'd prefer to use arrays, hashes, stacks, or queues. The two objectives are: Store a hash of the ID to the indentation level. Sort the list that holds all the objects according to their left values. When I get the list of elements, they are in no particular order. Siblings should be ordered by their Name property. Update: This may seem like I haven't tried coming up with a solution myself and simply want others to do the work for me. However, I have tried coming up with three different solutions, and I've gotten stuck on each. One reason might be that I've tried to avoid recursion (maybe wrongly so). I'm not posting the partial solutions I have so far since they are incorrect and may badly influence the solutions of others.

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• What is an integer overflow error?

  - by David

  What is an integer overflow error? why do i care about it? how can it be avoided?

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• Raytracing (LoS) on 3D hex-like tile maps

  - by herenvardo

  Greetings, I'm working on a game project that uses a 3D variant of hexagonal tile maps. Tiles are actually cubes, not hexes, but are laid out just like hexes (because a square can be turned to a cube to extrapolate from 2D to 3D, but there is no 3D version of a hex). Rather than a verbose description, here goes an example of a 4x4x4 map: (I have highlighted an arbitrary tile (green) and its adjacent tiles (yellow) to help describe how the whole thing is supposed to work; but the adjacency functions are not the issue, that's already solved.) I have a struct type to represent tiles, and maps are represented as a 3D array of tiles (wrapped in a Map class to add some utility methods, but that's not very relevant). Each tile is supposed to represent a perfectly cubic space, and they are all exactly the same size. Also, the offset between adjacent "rows" is exactly half the size of a tile. That's enough context; my question is: Given the coordinates of two points A and B, how can I generate a list of the tiles (or, rather, their coordinates) that a straight line between A and B would cross? That would later be used for a variety of purposes, such as determining Line-of-sight, charge path legality, and so on. BTW, this may be useful: my maps use the (0,0,0) as a reference position. The 'jagging' of the map can be defined as offsetting each tile ((y+z) mod 2) * tileSize/2.0 to the right from the position it'd have on a "sane" cartesian system. For the non-jagged rows, that yields 0; for rows where (y+z) mod 2 is 1, it yields 0.5 tiles. I'm working on C#4 targeting the .Net Framework 4.0; but I don't really need specific code, just the algorithm to solve the weird geometric/mathematical problem. I have been trying for several days to solve this at no avail; and trying to draw the whole thing on paper to "visualize" it didn't help either :( . Thanks in advance for any answer

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• Skip List vs. Binary Tree

  - by Claudiu

  I recently came across the data structure known as a Skip list. They seem to have very similar behavior to a binary search tree... my question is - why would you ever want to use a skip list over a binary search tree?

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• Rewriting UNIX cal(1)

  - by dharmatech

  Hello, Today I was testing out SRFI 19 and wrote a simple version of the UNIX cal(1) command. Here's a version in R6RS Scheme which runs in Ikarus and Ypsilon. A few example runs. Schemers: How would you write it? Use your favorite implementation. Ruby and Python: I'm guessing that y'all have elegant date and time libraries. I'm sure you can put the Schemers to shame. ;-) Let's see what ya got. I'd also like to see Haskell and golfed versions. Is there a Stack Overflow tag for re-implementations of UNIX commands? :-) Ed

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