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  • What calls trigger a new batch?

    - by sebf
    I am finding my project is starting to show performance degradation and I need to optimize it. The answer to my previous question and this presentation from NVidia have helped greatly in understanding the performance characteristics of code using the GPU but there are a couple of things that aren't clear that I need to know to optimize my drawing. Specifically, what calls make the distinction between batches. I know that any state changes cause a new batch, so that includes: Render State Changes Buffer Changes Shader Changes Render Target Changes Correct? What else counts as a 'state change'? Does each Draw**Primitive() call constitute a new batch? Even if I were to issue the same call twice, with no state changes, or call it once on on part of the buffer, then again on another? If I were to update a buffer, but not change the bindings, would that be a new batch? That presentation and a DX9 page suggest using all of the texture slots available, which I take to mean loading multiple objects in 'parallel' by mapping their buffers/shaders/textures to slots 1-16. But I am not sure how this works - surely to do this you would need to change the buffer binding and that would count as a state change? (or is it a case of you do but it saves 16 calls so its OK?)

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  • Determine corners of a specific plane in the frustum

    - by Takumi
    I'm working on a game with a 2D view in a 3D world. It's a kind of shoot'em up. I've a spaceship at the center of the screen and i want that ennemies appear at the borders of my window. Now i don't know how to determine positions of the borders of the window. For example, my camera is at (0,0,0) and looking forward (0,0,1). I set my spaceship at (0,0,50). I also know the near plane (1) and the far plane(1000). I think i'd have to find the 4 corners of the plane in the frustum whose z position is 50, and with these corner i can determine borders. But i don't know how to determine x and y.

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  • why is glVertexAttribDivisor crashing?

    - by 2am
    I am trying to render some trees with instancing. This is rather weird, but before sleeping yesterday night, I checked the code, and it was in a running state, when I got up this morning, it is crashing when I am calling glVertexAttribDivisor I haven't changed any code since yesterday. Here is how I am sending data to GPU for instancing. glGenBuffers(1, &iVBO); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, iVBO); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (ml_instance->i_positions.size()*sizeof(glm::vec4)) , NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, (ml_instance->i_positions.size()*sizeof(glm::vec4)), &ml_instance->i_positions[0]); And then in vertex specification-- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, iVBO); glVertexAttribPointer(i_positions, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); glEnableVertexAttribArray(i_positions); glVertexAttribDivisor(i_positions,1); // **THIS IS WHERE THE PROGRAM CRASHES** glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0,TREES_INSTANCE_COUNT); I have checked ml_instance->i_positions, it has all the data that needs to render. I have checked the value of i_positions in vertex shader, it is the same as whatever I have defined there. I am little out of ideas here, everything looks pretty much fine. What am I missing?

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  • How to convert from wav or mp3 to raw PCM [on hold]

    - by Komyg
    I am developing a game using Cocos2d-X and Marmalade SDK, and I am looking for any recommendations of programs that can convert audio files in mp3 or wav format to raw PCM 16 format. The problem is that I am using the SimpleAudioEngine class to play sounds in my game and in Marmalade it only supports files that are encoded as raw PCM 16. Unfortunately I've been having a very hard time finding a program that can do this type of conversion, so I am looking for a recommendation.

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  • which flash 3d particle engine generate such xml file

    - by Huang F. Lei
    I found some particle config files like below one, but I don't know which flash 3d particle engine use them, they are different from away3d's which use 'root' as root element of xml. <effect pos="0 0 0"> <property cache="1" lifetime="10000"/> <mesh blendmode="add"> <path> <frame y="100" durtime="1000" x="0" z="0"/> </path> <scale> <frame y="0.2000000001" durtime="300" x="2.2" z="2.2"/> <frame y="0.4" durtime="300" x="2.7" z="2.7"/> </scale> </mesh> <vibrate delayTime="100" amplitude="10" durationTime="750" intension="50"/> <quad billboard="false" > </quad> <particle global="false" pos=""> <scale> <frame y="1" durtime="0" x="1" z="1"/> <frame y="1" durtime="2000" x="1.5" z="1.5"/> </scale> </particle> </effect>

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  • What can make peaceful game successful?

    - by Miro
    Today, the most successful games are action games like FPS, RPG, MMORPG... I'd like to make peaceful game, but i don't know how to attract people. I can make good graphics, but that's not the main thing that makes people like game more that couple of minutes. The content is important. In game styles mentioned in beginning are main content fight, kill others, make from yourself predator/the most powerful creature/player in the game. But what content can attract people in peaceful game?

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  • XNA texture stretching at extreme coordinates

    - by Shaun Hamman
    I was toying around with infinitely scrolling 2D textures using the XNA framework and came across a rather strange observation. Using the basic draw code: spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Deferred, null, SamplerState.PointWrap, null, null); spriteBatch.Draw(texture, Vector2.Zero, sourceRect, Color.White, 0.0f, Vector2.Zero, 2.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 1.0f); spriteBatch.End(); with a small 32x32 texture and a sourceRect defined as: sourceRect = new Rectangle(0, 0, Window.ClientBounds.Width, Window.ClientBounds.Height); I was able to scroll the texture across the window infinitely by changing the X and Y coordinates of the sourceRect. Playing with different coordinate locations, I noticed that if I made either of the coordinates too large, the texture no longer drew and was instead replaced by either a flat color or alternating bands of color. Tracing the coordinates back down, I found the following at around (0, -16,777,000): As you can see, the texture in the top half of the image is stretched vertically. My question is why is this occurring? Certainly I can do things like bind the x/y position to some low multiple of 32 to give the same effect without this occurring, so fixing it isn't an issue, but I'm curious about why this happens. My initial thought was perhaps it was overflowing the coordinate value or some such thing, but looking at a data type size chart, the next closest below is an unsigned short with a range of about 32,000, and above is an unsigned int with a range of around 2,000,000,000 so that isn't likely the cause.

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  • Simulating Smartphones on PC with Unity

    - by Cengiz Frostclaw
    I want to make a game that depends on the phone orientation (changing shoot direction with tilt), however I need to test this on PC. So is there any tool I can use to simulate the orientation of the phone with mouse or keyboard of my PC? Something like joysticks on the screen. Thanks for any help! Edit : Thanks to @jhocking for his suggestion of Unity Remote. I, however still can accept a solution with using only PC, since I'm afraid of shortening my phone's battery life, for some reason.

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  • Best way to detect if vec3 is between vec3(x) and vec3(y) in glsl

    - by elect
    As titled I am sampling from a texture and if the color is somehow gray [vec3(.8), vec3(.9)] and an uniform is 1 I need to substitute that color with another one I am not a glsl veteran but I am pretty sure there is a more elegant and compact (without mentioning faster) way than this: vec3 textureColor = texture(texture0, oUV); if(settings.w == 1 && textureColor.r > .8 && textureColor.r < .9 && textureColor.g > .8 && textureColor.g < .9 && textureColor.b > .8 && textureColor.b < .9)

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  • OpenGL position from depth is wrong

    - by CoffeeandCode
    My engine is currently implemented using a deferred rendering technique, and today I decided to change it up a bit. First I was storing 5 textures as so: DEPTH24_STENCIL8 - Depth and stencil RGBA32F - Position RGBA10_A2 - Normals RGBA8 x 2 - Specular & Diffuse I decided to minimize it and reconstruct positions from the depth buffer. Trying to figure out what is wrong with my method currently has not been fun :/ Currently I get this: which changes whenever I move the camera... weird Vertex shader really simple #version 150 layout(location = 0) in vec3 position; layout(location = 1) in vec2 uv; out vec2 uv_f; void main(){ uv_f = uv; gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0); } Fragment shader Where the fun (and not so fun) stuff happens #version 150 uniform sampler2D depth_tex; uniform sampler2D normal_tex; uniform sampler2D diffuse_tex; uniform sampler2D specular_tex; uniform mat4 inv_proj_mat; uniform vec2 nearz_farz; in vec2 uv_f; ... other uniforms and such ... layout(location = 3) out vec4 PostProcess; vec3 reconstruct_pos(){ float z = texture(depth_tex, uv_f).x; vec4 sPos = vec4(uv_f * 2.0 - 1.0, z, 1.0); sPos = inv_proj_mat * sPos; return (sPos.xyz / sPos.w); } void main(){ vec3 pos = reconstruct_pos(); vec3 normal = texture(normal_tex, uv_f).rgb; vec3 diffuse = texture(diffuse_tex, uv_f).rgb; vec4 specular = texture(specular_tex, uv_f); ... do lighting ... PostProcess = vec4(pos, 1.0); // Just for testing } Rendering code probably nothing wrong here, seeing as though it always worked before this->gbuffer->bind(); gl::Clear(gl::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl::DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); gl::Enable(gl::DEPTH_TEST); gl::Enable(gl::CULL_FACE); ... bind geometry shader and draw models and shiz ... gl::Disable(gl::DEPTH_TEST); gl::Disable(gl::CULL_FACE); gl::Enable(gl::BLEND); ... bind textures and lighting shaders shown above then draw each light ... gl::BindFramebuffer(gl::FRAMEBUFFER, 0); gl::Clear(gl::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl::DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); gl::Disable(gl::BLEND); ... bind screen shaders and draw quad with PostProcess texture ... Rinse_and_repeat(); // not actually a function ;) Why are my positions being output like they are?

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  • How is constant buffer allocation handled in DX11?

    - by Marek
    I'm starting with DX11 and I'm not sure if I'm doing the things right. I want to have both pixel and vertex shader program in one file. Both use some shared and some different constant buffers. So it looks like this: Shader.fx cbuffer ForVS : register(b0) { float4x4 wvp; }; cbuffer ForVSandPS : register(b1) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; cbuffer ForVS2 : register(b2) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; cbuffer ForPS : register(b3) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; .... And in code I use mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, bufferVS); mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, bufferVS_PS); mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 2, 1, bufferVS2); mContext->PSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, bufferVS_PS); mContext->PSSetConstantBuffers( 3, 1, bufferPS); The numbering of buffers in PS is what bugs me, is it alright to bind random slots to shaders (in this example 1 and 3)? Does that mean it still uses just two buffers or does it initialize 0 and 2 buffer pointers to empty? Thank you.

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  • slick2d missiles

    - by kirchhoff
    Hey I'm making a game in java with slick2d and I want to create planes which shoots: int maxBullets = 40; static int bullet = 0; Missile missile[] = new Missile[maxBullets]; I want to create/move my missiles in the most efficient way, I would appreciate your advises: public void shoot() throws SlickException{ if(bullet<maxBullets){ if(missile[bullet] != null){ missile[bullet].resetLocation(plane.getCentreX(), plane.getCentreY(), plane.image.getRotation()); }else{ missile[bullet] = new Missile("resources/missile.png", plane.getCentreX(), plane.getCentreY(), plane.image.getRotation()); } }else{ bullet = 0; missile[bullet].resetLocation(plane.getCentreX(), plane.getCentreY(), plane.image.getRotation()); } bullet++; } I created the method "resetLocation" in my Missile class in order to avoid loading again the resource. Is it correct? In the update method I've got this to move all the missiles: if(bullet > 0 && bullet < maxBullets){ float hyp = 0.4f * delta; if(bullet == 1){ missile[0].move(hyp); }else{ for(int x = 0; x<bullet; x++){ missile[x].move(hyp); } } }

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  • sprite animation system height recalculating has some issues

    - by Nicolas Martel
    Basically, the way it works is that it update the frame to show every let's say 24 ticks and every time the frame update, it recalculates the height and width of the new sprite to render so that my gravity logics and stuff works well. But the problem i am having now is a bit hard to explain in words only, therefore i will use this picture to assist me The picture So what i need basically is that if let's say i froze the sprite at the first frame, then unfreeze it and freeze it at the second frame, have the second frame's sprite (let's say it's a prone move) simply stand on the foothold without starting the gravity and when switching back, have the first sprite go back on the foothold like normal without being under the foothold. I had 2 ideas on doing this but I'm not sure it's the most efficient ways to do it so i wanna hear your inputs.

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  • Changing Ogre3D terrain lighting in real time

    - by lezebulon
    I'm looking at the Ogre 3D library and I'm browsing through some examples / tutorials. My question is about terrain. There are a few examples showing how great the terrain system is, but I think that the global illumination and shadows of the terrain have to be pre-computed, which kinda makes it impossible to integrate this with a day / night cycle. Is there a way to change the terrain light sources in real time? If so it is possible to do it and keep a decent FPS?

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  • OpenGLES GLSL Shader attributes always bound to 0

    - by codemonkey
    So I have a very simple vertex shader as follows #version 120 attribute vec3 position; attribute vec3 inColor; uniform mat4 mvp; varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void){ fragColor = inColor; gl_Position = mvp * vec4(position, 1.0); } Which I load, as well as the fragment shader: #version 120 varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void) { gl_FragColor = vec4(fragColor,1.0); } Which I then load, compile, and link to my shader program. I check for link status using glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &shaderSuccess); which returns GL_TRUE so I think its ok. However, when I query the active attributes and uniforms using #ifdef DEBUG int totalAttributes = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, &totalAttributes); for(int i=0; i<totalAttributes; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveAttrib(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Attribute %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } int totalUniforms = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &totalUniforms); for(int i=0; i<totalUniforms; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveUniform(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Uniform %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } #endif I get: Attribute inColor is bound at 0 Attribute position is bound at 1 Uniform mvp is bound at 0 Which leads to failure when trying to use the shader to render the objects. I have tried switching the order of declaration of position & inColor, but still, only position is bound with the other two giving 0 Can someone please explain why this is happening? Thanks

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  • Basic procedural generated content works, but how could I do the same in reverse?

    - by andrew
    My 2D world is made up of blocks. At the moment, I create a block and assign it a number between 1 and 4. The number assigned to the nth block is always the same (i.e if the player walks backwards or restarts the game.) and is generated in the function below. As shown here by this animation, the colours represent the number. function generate_data(n) math.randomseed(n) -- resets the random so that the 'random' number for n is always the same math.random() -- fixes lua random bug local no = math.random(4) --print(no, n) return no end Now I want to limit the next block's number - a block of 1 will always have a block 2 after it, while block 2 will either have a block 1,2 or 3 after it, etc. Before, all the blocks data was randomly generated, initially, and then saved. This data was then loaded and used instead of being randomly called. While working this way, I could specify what the next block would be easily and it would be saved for consistency. I have now removed this saving/loading in favour of procedural generation as I realised that save whiles would get very big after travelling. Back to the present. While travelling forward (to the right), it is easy to limit what the next blocks number will be. I can generate it at the same time as the other data. The problem is when travelling backwards (to the left) I can not think of a way to load the previous block so that it is always the same. Does anyone have any ideas on how I could sort this out?

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  • Starting with text based MUD/MUCK game

    - by Scott Ivie
    I’ve had this idea for a video game in my head for a long time but I’ve never had the knowledge or time to get it done. I still don’t really, but I am willing to dedicate a chunk of my time to this before it’s too late. Recently I started studying Lua script for a program called “MUSH Client” which works for MU* telnet style text games. I want to use the GUI capabilities of Mush Client with a MU* server to create a basic game but here is my dilemma. I figured this could be a suitable starting place for me. BUT… Because I’m not very programmer savvy yet, I don’t know how to download/install/use the MU* server software. I was originally considering Protomuck because a few of the MU*s I were more impressed with began there. http://www.protomuck.org/ I downloaded it, but I guess I'm too used to GUI style programs so I'm having great difficulty figuring out what to do next. Does anyone have any suggestions? Does anyone even know what I'm talking about? heh..

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  • Can you shade a specific section of a sprite? If so, how?

    - by l5p4ngl312
    I have been working on an isometric minecraft-esque game engine for a strategy game I plan on making. As you can see, it really needs some sort of shading. It is difficult to distinguish between separate elevations when the camera is facing away from the slope because everything is the same shade. So my question is: can I shade just a specific section of a sprite? All of those blocks are just sprites, so if I shaded the entire image, it would shade the whole block. I am using LWJGL. Heres a link to a screenshot from the engine: http://i44.tinypic.com/qxqlix.jpg

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  • Multiplayer Network Game - Interpolation and Frame Rate

    - by J.C.
    Consider the following scenario: Let's say, for sake of example and simplicity, that you have an authoritative game server that sends state to its clients every 45ms. The clients are interpolating state with an interpolation delay of 100 ms. Finally, the clients are rendering a new frame every 15ms. When state is updated on the client, the client time is set from the incoming state update. Each time a frame renders, we take the render time (client time - interpolation delay) and identify a previous and target state to interpolate from. To calculate the interpolation amount/factor, we take the difference of the render time and previous state time and divide by the difference of the target state and previous state times: var factor = ((renderTime - previousStateTime) / (targetStateTime - previousStateTime)) Problem: In the example above, we are effectively displaying the same interpolated state for 3 frames before we collected the next server update and a new client (render) time is set. The rendering is mostly smooth, but there is a dash of jaggedness to it. Question: Given the example above, I'd like to think that the interpolation amount/factor should increase with each frame render to smooth out the movement. Should this be considered and, if so, what is the best way to achieve this given the information from above?

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  • Starting out with OpenGL when most tutorials are out of date

    - by AUTO
    I'm sure there are already a bunch of questions like this asked, but the constant updating of the OpenGL library throws them all away, and in a month or two, the answers here will be worthless again. I am ready to start programming in OpenGL using C++. I've got a working compiler (DevCpp; do NOT ask me to switch to VC++, and don't ask me why). Now I'm just looking for a solid tutorial on how to program with OpenGL. My assistant found the tutorial provided by NeHe Productions, but as I've come to find out, it's WAY OUT OF DATE! (although I did pull together a basic window to support an OpenGL canvas) Then I went online, and found the OpenGL SuperBible, which apparently uses freeglut? But what I'd like to know is whether or not SuperBible 5th edition is up to date any longer. The suggestion to freeglut I found said the latest version was 2.6.0 but now it's 2.8.0! Is the OpenGL SuperBible still a good, and fairly up-to-date place to start? Is there a better place to go to learn OpenGL? Am I allowed to simply store freeglut in the DevCpp include directory (maybe in GL), or is there some important procedure? Are there any comments or suggestions that I didn't think to ask since I'm only just beginning? @dreta cleared some things up for me, so now I have a better idea of what to ask: I think I'd like to start out with OpenGL using a wrapper library instead of directly accessing OpenGL.I just think that, for a beginner, it would be easier for me to program and get good results, while I don't yet have to understand all the grimy details (as @stephelton mentioned). The problem is, I can't find any library that doesn't have undefined references to no longer supported functions. Freeglut sounds operational, but it still uses GLU.Does anyone know what I can do?Also, I tried compiling the first SuperBible's source, but I got errors since GLAPI is not being defined as a type, the error originating in the GLU library. I'd like to use the SuperBible, but I don't know how to fix this.

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  • Sanity checks vs file sizes

    - by Richard Fabian
    In your game assets do you make room for explicit sanity checks, or do you have some generally expected bounds which you assert? I've been thinking about how we compress data and thought that it's much better to have the former, and less of the latter. If your data can exceed your normal valid ranges, but if it does it's an error, then surely that implies you're not compressing the data well enough? What do you do to find out if your data is compressed as far as it can be, and what do you use to ensure your data isn't corrupted and ensure it's an official release? EDIT I'm not interested in sanity checking the file size, but instead, how you manage your sanity checks and whether you arrange the excess size caused by the opportunity to do sanity checks by using explicit extra data, or through allowing the data enough file space (data member size) to be out of valid range and thus able to be checked merely by looking at the asset in memory after loading.

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  • Fastest bit-blit in C# ?

    - by AttackingHobo
    I know there is Unity, and XNA that both use C#, but I am don't know what else I could use. The reason I say C# is that the syntax and style is similar to AS3, which I am familiar with, and I want to choose the correct framework to start learning with. What should I use to be able to do the most possible bit-blit(direct pixel copy) objects per frame. EDIT: I should not need to add this, but I am looking for the most possible amount of objects per frame because I am making a few Bullet-Hell SHMUPS. I need thousands and thousands of bullets, particles, and hundreds of enemies on the screen at once. I am looking for a solution to do as many bit-blit operations per frame, I am not looking for a general purpose engine. EDIT2: I want bit-blitting because I do not want to exclude people who have lower end video cards but a fast processor from playing my games.

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  • Computer Games Technolgy or Software Engineering?

    - by Suleman Anwar
    I'm in the last year of my college and going to university next year. Could you tell me what the difference between Software Engineering and Computer Games Technology is? I know a bit of both but don't know the actual difference. I'm kind off in a dilemma between these two. I want to be a programmer, I'd love to go into gaming but I heard getting a job within a computer games company is really hard.

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  • Order independent transparency in particle system

    - by Stepan Zastupov
    I'm writing a particle system and would like to find a trick to achieve proper alpha blending without sorting particles because: Each particle is a point sprite in a single mesh and I can't use scene graph ability to sort transparent nodes. The system node should be properly sorted, though. Particle position is computed on shader from initial velocity, acceleration and time. In order to sort the system I would have to perform all this computations on CPU, which is something I want to avoid. Sorting hundreds of particles against camera position and uploading it on GPU each frame seams to be quiet heavy operation. Alpha testing seems to be fast enough on GLES 2.0 and works fine for non-transparent but "masked" textures. Still, it's not enough for semi-transparent particles. How would you handle this?

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  • Understanding Box2d Restitution & Bouncing

    - by layzrr
    I'm currently trying to implement basketball bouncing into my game using Box2d (jBox2d technically), but I'm a bit confused about restitution. While trying to create the ball in the testbed first, I've run into infinite bouncing, as described in this question, however obviously not using my own implementation. The Box2d manual describes restitution as follows: Restitution is used to make objects bounce. The restitution value is usually set to be between 0 and 1. Consider dropping a ball on a table. A value of zero means the ball won't bounce. This is called an inelastic collision. A value of one means the ball's velocity will be exactly reflected. This is called a perfectly elastic collision. My confusion lies in that I am still getting infinite bouncing with restitution values at 0.75/0.8. The same behavior can be seen in the testbed under Collision Watching - Varying Restitution, on the 6th and 7th balls. I believe the last one has restitution of 1, which makes sense, but I don't understand why the second to last ball bounces infinitely (as is happening with my working basketball I've created). I am looking to understand the restitution concept more fully, as well as look for a solution to infinite bouncing with the Box2d framework. My instinct was to sleep objects that appeared to be moving in very small increments, but this seems like a misuse of the engine. Should I just work with lower restitution values altogether?

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