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• Why does Amazon release private keys instead of public keys?

  - by S37H

  My brain is wrapped around the axle on public and private keys. When you create a cloud server (instance) on Amazon's EC2 service and then want to connect to it via SSH, Amazon requires you to download private a key to make the connection. Doesn't the idea behind public/private key suggest that Amazon should be require you to download a public one? Further, if I set up an SFTP server for a customer to use, should I be installing their key on the server or giving them a key from the server? In either case, should it be a public or private key?

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• SRMSVC event ID 8197

  - by Godeke

  I have a Windows 2003 R2 machine that is giving an Event ID 8197 about once an hour and ten minutes. The full error is attached below. The machine is primary used to host IIS webpages and SMTP. There is no known scheduled tasks on the machine. I have read a lot of Google Search and Microsoft docs, but none of the suggestions found there have any impact. What I am curious is if there is any way to convert the SRMVOLMC81 and SRMVOLMC57 into mount point data so I could at least know where the error is sourcing from (there are no related errors in the logs, just the 8197 every hour and ten). Event Type: Error Event Source: SRMSVC Event Category: None Event ID: 8197 Date: 2/7/2011 Time: 11:32:21 AM User: N/A Computer: SERVER001 Description: File Server Resource Manager Service error: Unexpected error. Error-specific details: Error: GetVolumeNameForVolumeMountPoint, 0x80070001, Incorrect function. For more information, see Help and Support Center at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/events.asp. Data: 0000: 53 52 4d 56 4f 4c 4d 43 SRMVOLMC 0008: 38 31 00 00 00 00 00 00 81...... 0010: 53 52 4d 56 4f 4c 4d 43 SRMVOLMC 0018: 35 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 57......

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• How "unique" is a Windows Product Key?

  - by Uwe Raabe

  I'm wondering if the Windows Product Key used for activating any Windows since XP is unique to this installation. How do OEM systems and corporate licenses fit into this scheme? Do they use the same product key for several systems or is each one activated with a seperate key?

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• SSH Private Key Not Working in Some Directories

  - by uesp

  I have a strange issue where SSH won't properly connect with a private-key if the key file is in certain directories. I've setup the keys on a set of servers and the following command ssh -i /root/privatekey [email protected] works fine and I login to the given host without getting prompted by a password, but this command: ssh -i /etc/keyfiles/privatekey [email protected] gives me a password prompt. I've narrowed it down that this behavior occurs in only some sub-directories of /etc/. For example /etc/httpd1/ gives me a password prompt but /etc/httpd/ does not. What I've checked so far: All private key files used are identical (copied from the original file). The private key file and directories used have identical permissions. No relevant error messages in the server/client logs. No interesting debug messages from ssh -v (it just seems to skip the key file). It happens with connecting to different hosts. After more testing it is not the actual directory name. For example: mkdir /etc/test cp /root/privatekey /etc/test ssh -i /etc/test/privatekey [email protected] # Results in password prompt cp /root/privatekey /etc/httpd # Existing directory ls -ald test httpd # drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 5 18:25 httpd # drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 5 18:43 test ssh -i /etc/httpd/privatekey [email protected] # Results in *no* prompt rm -r test cp -R /etc/httpd /etc/test ssh -i /etc/test/privatekey [email protected] # Results in *no* prompt` I'm sure its just something simple I've overlooked but I'm at a loss.

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• Emacs and windows manager keyboard shortcuts without Win key

  - by Little Bobby Tables

  I found a classic M-Series keyboard and I want to use it. However, it does not have the "Windows" key (a.k.a "Super"), only the Shift, Control and Alt modifiers. My keyboard shortcuts are cluttered as-is, since that I try to control both Emacs and the windows manager (Gnome) only from the keyboard. I rely on the "Super" key to identify the windows manager shortcuts. What it the best practice for keyboard-centric work without the "Super" key?

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• reinstalling vista product key

  - by Arabella

  I recently formatted my laptop which came with Vista preinstalled and installed Windows 7 on the primary partition. I've now installed Vista on a different partition, but it won't activate my valid product key. I've looked around on here and have seen similar issues being raised, but I don't have the telephonic activation option (only option I have is online activation). I am located in South Africa. When I enter my product key from my sticker it says it is not valid, so I must either try to activate online again or buy a different product key. I have reinstalled Vista on the primary partition several times and activated the key without a problem. This is the first time I am installing it on a different partition.

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• Apache Key: Which is it using?

  - by quindraco

  I'm running an Apache server on Ubuntu. When I restart it, it asks me for a pass phrase; here's what the dialog looks like: Apache/2.2.16 mod_ssl/2.2.16 (Pass Phrase Dialog) Some of your private key files are encrypted for security reasons. In order to read them you have to provide the pass phrases. Server 127.0.0.1:443 (RSA) Enter pass phrase: I've already worked out how to remove the pass phrase from the key file in question, but I can't find any information anywhere on how to determine which key file Apache is complaining about in the above dialog. I have dozens of key files on the server in question, although I don't know which ones are in active use (all I did is 'locate .pem' and ignore the false positives). Does anyone know how to track down which pem file I need to remove the passphrase from?

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• how to do event checks for loops?

  - by yao jiang

  I am having some trouble getting the logic down for this. Currently, I have an app that animates the astar pathfinding algorithm. On start of the app, the ui will show the following: User can press "space" to randomly choose start/end coords, then the app will animate it. Or, user can choose the start/end by left-click/right-click. During the animation, the user can also left-click to generate blocks, or right-click to choose a new destiantion. Where I am stuck at is how to handle the events while the app is animating. Right now, I am checking events in the main loop, then when the app is animating, I do event checks again. While it works fine, I feel that I am probably doing it wrong. What is the proper way of setting up the main loop that will handle the events while the app is animating? In main loop, the app start animating once user choose start/end. In my draw function, I am putting another event checker in there. def clear(rows): for r in range(rows): for c in range(rows): if r%3 == 1 and c%3 == 1: color = brown; grid[r][c] = 1; buildCoor.append(r); buildCoor.append(c); else: color = white; grid[r][c] = 0; pick_image(screen, color, width*c, height*r); pygame.display.flip(); os.system('cls'); # draw out the grid def draw(start, end, grid, route_coord): # draw the end coords color = red; pick_image(screen, color, width*end[1],height*end[0]); pygame.display.flip(); # then draw the rest of the route for i in range(len(route_coord)): # pausing because we want animation time.sleep(speed); # get the x/y coords x,y = route_coord[i]; event_on = False; if grid[x][y] == 2: color = green; elif grid[x][y] == 3: color = blue; for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: if event.button == 3: print "destination change detected, rerouting"; # get mouse position, px coords pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos(); # get grid coord c = pos[0] // width; r = pos[1] // height; grid[r][c] = 4; end = [r, c]; elif event.button == 1: print "user generated event"; pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos(); # get grid coord c = pos[0] // width; r = pos[1] // height; # mark it as a block for now grid[r][c] = 1; event_on = True; if check_events([x,y]) or event_on: # there is an event # mark it as a block for now grid[y][x] = 1; pick_image(screen, event_x, width*y, height*x); pygame.display.flip(); # then find a new route new_start = route_coord[i-1]; marked_grid, route_coord = find_route(new_start, end, grid); draw(new_start, end, grid, route_coord); return; # just end draw here so it wont throw the "index out of range" error elif grid[x][y] == 4: color = red; pick_image(screen, color, width*y, height*x); pygame.display.flip(); # clear route coord list, otherwise itll just add more unwanted coords route_coord_list[:] = []; clear(rows); # main loop while not done: # check the events for event in pygame.event.get(): # mouse events if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: # get mouse position, px coords pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos(); # get grid coord c = pos[0] // width; r = pos[1] // height; # find which button pressed, highlight grid accordingly if event.button == 1: # left click, start coords if grid[r][c] == 2: grid[r][c] = 0; color = white; elif grid[r][c] == 0 or grid[r][c] == 4: grid[r][c] = 2; start = [r,c]; color = green; else: grid[r][c] = 1; color = brown; elif event.button == 3: # right click, end coords if grid[r][c] == 4: grid[r][c] = 0; color = white; elif grid[r][c] == 0 or grid[r][c] == 2: grid[r][c] = 4; end = [r,c]; color = red; else: grid[r][c] = 1; color = brown; pick_image(screen, color, width*c, height*r); # keyboard events elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: clear(rows); # one way to quit program if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE: print "program will now exit."; done = True; # space key for random start/end elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE: # first clear the ui clear(rows); # now choose random start/end coords buildLoc = zip(buildCoor,buildCoor[1:])[::2]; #print buildLoc; (start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y) = pick_point(); while (start_x, start_y) in buildLoc or (end_x, end_y) in buildLoc: (start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y) = pick_point(); clear(rows); print "chosen random start/end coords: ", (start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y); if (start_x, start_y) in buildLoc or (end_x, end_y) in buildLoc: print "error"; # draw the route marked_grid, route_coord = find_route([start_x,start_y],[end_x,end_y], grid); draw([start_x, start_y], [end_x, end_y], marked_grid, route_coord); # return key for user defined start/end elif event.key == pygame.K_RETURN: # first clear the ui clear(rows); # get the user defined start/end print "user defined start/end are: ", (start[0], start[1], end[0], end[1]); grid[start[0]][start[1]] = 1; grid[end[0]][end[1]] = 2; # draw the route marked_grid, route_coord = find_route(start, end, grid); draw(start, end, marked_grid, route_coord); # c to clear the screen elif event.key == pygame.K_c: print "clearing screen."; clear(rows); # go fullscreen elif event.key == pygame.K_f: if not full_sc: pygame.display.set_mode([1366, 768], pygame.FULLSCREEN); full_sc = True; rows = 15; clear(rows); else: pygame.display.set_mode(size); full_sc = False; # +/- key to change speed of animation elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFTBRACKET: if speed >= 0.1: print SPEED_UP; speed = speed_up(speed); print speed; else: print FASTEST; print speed; elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHTBRACKET: if speed < 1.0: print SPEED_DOWN; speed = slow_down(speed); print speed; else: print SLOWEST print speed; # second method to quit program elif event.type == pygame.QUIT: print "program will now exit."; done = True; # limit to 20 fps clock.tick(20); # update the screen pygame.display.flip();

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• C# Language Design: explicit interface implementation of an event

  - by ControlFlow

  Small question about C# language design :)) If I had an interface like this: interface IFoo { int Value { get; set; } } It's possible to explicitly implement such interface using C# 3.0 auto-implemented properties: sealed class Foo : IFoo { int IFoo.Value { get; set; } } But if I had an event in the interface: interface IFoo { event EventHandler Event; } And trying to explicitly implement it using field-like event: sealed class Foo : IFoo { event EventHandler IFoo.Event; } I will get the following compiler error: error CS0071: An explicit interface implementation of an event must use event accessor syntax I think that field-like events is the some kind of dualism for auto-implemented properties. So my question is: what is the design reason for such restriction done?

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• Hibernate MapKeyManyToMany gives composite key where none exists

  - by larsrc

  I have a Hibernate (3.3.1) mapping of a map using a three-way join table: @Entity public class SiteConfiguration extends ConfigurationSet { @ManyToMany @MapKeyManyToMany(joinColumns=@JoinColumn(name="SiteTypeInstallationId")) @JoinTable( name="SiteConfig_InstConfig", joinColumns = @JoinColumn(name="SiteConfigId"), inverseJoinColumns = @JoinColumn(name="InstallationConfigId") ) Map<SiteTypeInstallation, InstallationConfiguration> installationConfigurations = new HashMap<SiteTypeInstallation, InstallationConfiguration>(); ... } The underlying table (in Oracle 11g) is: Name Null Type ------------------------------ -------- ---------- SITECONFIGID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) SITETYPEINSTALLATIONID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) INSTALLATIONCONFIGID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) The key entity used to have a three-column primary key in the database, but is now redefined as: @Entity public class SiteTypeInstallation implements IdResolvable { @Id @GeneratedValue(generator="SiteTypeInstallationSeq", strategy= GenerationType.SEQUENCE) @SequenceGenerator(name = "SiteTypeInstallationSeq", sequenceName = "SEQ_SiteTypeInstallation", allocationSize = 1) long id; @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name="SiteTypeId") SiteType siteType; @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name="InstalationRoleId") InstallationRole role; @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name="InstallationTypeId") InstType type; ... } The table for this has a primary key 'Id' and foreign key constraints+indexes for each of the other columns: Name Null Type ------------------------------ -------- ---------- SITETYPEID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) INSTALLATIONROLEID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) INSTALLATIONTYPEID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) ID NOT NULL NUMBER(19) For some reason, Hibernate thinks the key of the map is composite, even though it isn't, and gives me this error: org.hibernate.MappingException: Foreign key (FK1A241BE195C69C8:SiteConfig_InstConfig [SiteTypeInstallationId])) must have same number of columns as the referenced primary key (SiteTypeInstallation [SiteTypeId,InstallationRoleId]) If I remove the annotations on installationConfigurations and make it transient, the error disappears. I am very confused why it thinks SiteTypeInstallation has a composite key at all when @Id is clearly defining a simple key, and doubly confused why it picks exactly just those two columns. Any idea why this happens? Is it possible that JBoss (5.0 EAP) + Hibernate somehow remembers a mistaken idea of the primary key across server restarts and code redeployments? Thanks in advance, -Lars

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• Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris

  - by danx

  Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris Don't let this happen to you—use elfsign! Solaris elfsign(1) is a command that signs and verifies ELF format executables. That includes not just executable programs (such as ls or cp), but other ELF format files including libraries (such as libnvpair.so) and kernel modules (such as autofs). Elfsign has been available since Solaris 10 and ELF format files distributed with Solaris, since Solaris 10, are signed by either Sun Microsystems or its successor, Oracle Corporation. When an ELF file is signed, elfsign adds a new section the ELF file, .SUNW_signature, that contains a RSA public key signature and other information about the signer. That is, the algorithm used, algorithm OID, signer CN/OU, and time stamp. The signature section can later be verified by elfsign or other software by matching the signature in the file agains the ELF file contents (excluding the signature). ELF executable files may also be signed by a 3rd-party or by the customer. This is useful for verifying the origin and authenticity of executable files installed on a system. The 3rd-party or customer public key certificate should be installed in /etc/certs/ to allow verification by elfsign. For currently-released versions of Solaris, only cryptographic framework plugin libraries are verified by Solaris. However, all ELF files may be verified by the elfsign command at any time. Elfsign Algorithms Elfsign signatures are created by taking a digest of the ELF section contents, then signing the digest with RSA. To verify, one takes a digest of ELF file and compares with the expected digest that's computed from the signature and RSA public key. Originally elfsign took a MD5 digest of a SHA-1 digest of the ELF file sections, then signed the resulting digest with RSA. In Solaris 11.1 then Solaris 11.1 SRU 7 (5/2013), the elfsign crypto algorithms available have been expanded to keep up with evolving cryptography. The following table shows the available elfsign algorithms: Elfsign Algorithm Solaris Release Comments elfsign sign -F rsa_md5_sha1   S10, S11.0, S11.1 Default for S10. Not recommended* elfsign sign -F rsa_sha1 S11.1 Default for S11.1. Not recommended elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 S11.1 patch SRU7+   Recommended ___ *Most or all CAs do not accept MD5 CSRs and do not issue MD5 certs due to MD5 hash collision problems. RSA Key Length. I recommend using RSA-2048 key length with elfsign is RSA-2048 as the best balance between a long expected "life time", interoperability, and performance. RSA-2048 keys have an expected lifetime through 2030 (and probably beyond). For details, see Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1: General, NIST Publication SP 800-57 part 1 (rev. 3, 7/2012, PDF), tables 2 and 4 (pp. 64, 67). Step 1: create or obtain a key and cert The first step in using elfsign is to obtain a key and cert from a public Certificate Authority (CA), or create your own self-signed key and cert. I'll briefly explain both methods. Obtaining a Certificate from a CA To obtain a cert from a CA, such as Verisign, Thawte, or Go Daddy (to name a few random examples), you create a private key and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) file and send it to the CA, following the instructions of the CA on their website. They send back a signed public key certificate. The public key cert, along with the private key you created is used by elfsign to sign an ELF file. The public key cert is distributed with the software and is used by elfsign to verify elfsign signatures in ELF files. You need to request a RSA "Class 3 public key certificate", which is used for servers and software signing. Elfsign uses RSA and we recommend RSA-2048 keys. The private key and CSR can be generated with openssl(1) or pktool(1) on Solaris. Here's a simple example that uses pktool to generate a private RSA_2048 key and a CSR for sending to a CA: $ pktool gencsr keystore=file format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" \ outkey=MYPRIVATEKEY.key $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYPRIVATEKEY.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 26:14:fc:49:26:bc:a3:14:ee:31:5e:6b:ac:69:83: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 81 prime1: 00:f6:b7:52:73:bc:26:57:26:c8:11:eb:6c:dc:cb: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bc:91:d0:40:d6:9d:ac:b5:69 prime2: 00:da:df:3f:56:b2:18:46:e1:89:5b:6c:f1:1a:41: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . f3:b7:48:de:c3:d9:ce:af:af exponent1: 00:b9:a2:00:11:02:ed:9a:3f:9c:e4:16:ce:c7:67: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 55:50:25:70:d3:ca:b9:ab:99 exponent2: 00:c8:fc:f5:57:11:98:85:8e:9a:ea:1f:f2:8f:df: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 23:57:0e:4d:b2:a0:12:d2:f5 coefficient: 2f:60:21:cd:dc:52:76:67:1a:d8:75:3e:7f:b0:64: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:94:56:d8:9d:5c:8e:9b $ openssl req -noout -text -in MYCSR.p10 Certificate Request: Data: Version: 2 (0x2) Subject: OU=Canine SW object signing, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Attributes: Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption b3:e8:30:5b:88:37:68:1c:26:6b:45:af:5e:de:ea:60:87:ea: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:f9:ed:b4 Secure storage of RSA private key. The private key needs to be protected if the key signing is used for production (as opposed to just testing). That is, protect the key to protect against unauthorized signatures by others. One method is to use a PIN-protected PKCS#11 keystore. The private key you generate should be stored in a secure manner, such as in a PKCS#11 keystore using pktool(1). Otherwise others can sign your signature. Other secure key storage mechanisms include a SCA-6000 crypto card, a USB thumb drive stored in a locked area, a dedicated server with restricted access, Oracle Key Manager (OKM), or some combination of these. I also recommend secure backup of the private key. Here's an example of generating a private key protected in the PKCS#11 keystore, and a CSR. $ pktool setpin # use if PIN not set yet Enter token passphrase: changeme Create new passphrase: Re-enter new passphrase: Passphrase changed. $ pktool gencsr keystore=pkcs11 label=MYPRIVATEKEY \ format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" $ pktool list keystore=pkcs11 Enter PIN for Sun Software PKCS#11 softtoken: Found 1 asymmetric public keys. Key #1 - RSA public key: MYPRIVATEKEY Here's another example that uses openssl instead of pktool to generate a private key and CSR: $ openssl genrsa -out cert.key 2048 $ openssl req -new -key cert.key -out MYCSR.p10 Self-Signed Cert You can use openssl or pktool to create a private key and a self-signed public key certificate. A self-signed cert is useful for development, testing, and internal use. The private key created should be stored in a secure manner, as mentioned above. The following example creates a private key, MYSELFSIGNED.key, and a public key cert, MYSELFSIGNED.pem, using pktool and displays the contents with the openssl command. $ pktool gencert keystore=file format=pem serial=0xD06F00D lifetime=20-year \ keytype=rsa hash=sha256 outcert=MYSELFSIGNED.pem outkey=MYSELFSIGNED.key \ subject="O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com" $ pktool list keystore=file objtype=cert infile=MYSELFSIGNED.pem Found 1 certificates. 1. (X.509 certificate) Filename: MYSELFSIGNED.pem ID: c8:24:59:08:2b:ae:6e:5c:bc:26:bd:ef:0a:9c:54:de:dd:0f:60:46 Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After: Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Serial: 0xD06F00D0 Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption $ openssl x509 -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.pem Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 3496935632 (0xd06f00d0) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Validity Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After : Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption 9e:39:fe:c8:44:5c:87:2c:8f:f4:24:f6:0c:9a:2f:64:84:d1: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:78:8e:e8 $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 0a:06:0f:23:e7:1b:88:62:2c:85:d3:2d:c1:e6:6e: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 9c:e1:e0:0a:52:77:29:4a:75:aa:02:d8:af:53:24: c1 prime1: 00:ea:12:02:bb:5a:0f:5a:d8:a9:95:b2:ba:30:15: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5b:ca:9c:7c:19:48:77:1e:5d prime2: 00:cd:82:da:84:71:1d:18:52:cb:c6:4d:74:14:be: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:db:d5:5e:47:89:a7:ef:e3 exponent1: 32:37:62:f6:a6:bf:9c:91:d6:f0:12:c3:f7:04:e9: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 97:3e:33:31:89:66:64:d1 exponent2: 00:88:a2:e8:90:47:f8:75:34:8f:41:50:3b:ce:93: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . ff:74:d4:be:f3:47:45:bd:cb coefficient: 4d:7c:09:4c:34:73:c4:26:f0:58:f5:e1:45:3c:af: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . af:01:5f:af:ad:6a:09:bf Step 2: Sign the ELF File object By now you should have your private key, and obtained, by hook or crook, a cert (either from a CA or use one you created (a self-signed cert). The next step is to sign one or more objects with your private key and cert. Here's a simple example that creates an object file, signs, verifies, and lists the contents of the ELF signature. $ echo '#include <stdio.h>\nint main(){printf("Hello\\n");}'>hello.c $ make hello cc -o hello hello.c $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: no signature found in hello. $ elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 -v -k MYSELFSIGNED.key -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: hello signed successfully. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. $ elfsign list -f format -e hello rsa_sha256 $ elfsign list -f signer -e hello O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com $ elfsign list -f time -e hello October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.key -e hello elfsign: verification of hello failed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. Signing using the pkcs11 keystore To sign the ELF file using a private key in the secure pkcs11 keystore, replace "-K MYSELFSIGNED.key" in the "elfsign sign" command line with "-T MYPRIVATEKEY", where MYPRIVATKEY is the pkcs11 token label. Step 3: Install the cert and test on another system Just signing the object isn't enough. You need to copy or install the cert and the signed ELF file(s) on another system to test that the signature is OK. Your public key cert should be installed in /etc/certs. Use elfsign verify to verify the signature. Elfsign verify checks each cert in /etc/certs until it finds one that matches the elfsign signature in the file. If one isn't found, the verification fails. Here's an example: $ su Password: # rm /etc/certs/MYSELFSIGNED.key # cp MYSELFSIGNED.pem /etc/certs # exit $ elfsign verify -v hello elfsign: verification of hello passed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:24:20 PM PDT. After testing, package your cert along with your ELF object to allow elfsign verification after your cert and object are installed or copied. Under the Hood: elfsign verification Here's the steps taken to verify a ELF file signed with elfsign. The steps to sign the file are similar except the private key exponent is used instead of the public key exponent and the .SUNW_signature section is written to the ELF file instead of being read from the file. Generate a digest (SHA-256) of the ELF file sections. This digest uses all ELF sections loaded in memory, but excludes the ELF header, the .SUNW_signature section, and the symbol table Extract the RSA signature (RSA-2048) from the .SUNW_signature section Extract the RSA public key modulus and public key exponent (65537) from the public key cert Calculate the expected digest as follows:     signaturepublicKeyExponent % publicKeyModulus Strip the PKCS#1 padding (most significant bytes) from the above. The padding is 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, . . ., 0xff, 0x00. If the actual digest == expected digest, the ELF file is verified (OK). Further Information elfsign(1), pktool(1), and openssl(1) man pages. "Signed Solaris 10 Binaries?" blog by Darren Moffat (2005) shows how to use elfsign. "Simple CLI based CA on Solaris" blog by Darren Moffat (2008) shows how to set up a simple CA for use with self-signed certificates. "How to Create a Certificate by Using the pktool gencert Command" System Administration Guide: Security Services (available at docs.oracle.com)

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• How to remove a single event in a recuring event

  - by albertos

  hi all. I' m having an issue with fullCalendar. I created a script that, adds an event to fullCalendar, along a day range, and set a unique id in order to have this event recur. let say for example that i have a recuring event from 1/1/10 till 10/1/10. i create 10 single event Objects with the same id, and place then on fullCalendar. my question is, that i want to exclude a single day over this recuring event. (for example 3/1/10). i found out, that if i remove that particural event from the sources table and then update the event its fine. but how can i get on runtime the actucal index of this eventObj on sources table? Note that, i add the events on the fullCalendar using the .fullCalendar("renderEvent") method. Thanks.

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• Cryptographic Validation Explained

  - by MarkPearl

  We have been using LogicNP’s CryptoLicensing for some of our software and I was battling to understand how exactly the whole process worked. I was sent the following document which really helped explain it – so if you ever use the same tool it is well worth a read. Licensing Basics LogicNP CryptoLicensing For .Net is the most advanced and state-of-the art licensing and copy protection system you can use for your software. LogicNP CryptoLicensing System uses the latest cryptographic technology to generate and validate licenses. The cryptographic algorithm used is the RSA algorithm which consists of a pair of keys called as the generation key and the validation key. Data encrypted using the generation key can only be decrypted using the corresponding validation key. How does cryptographic validation work? When a new license project is created, a unique validation-generation key pair is created for the project. When LogicNP CryptoLicensing For .Net generates licenses, it encrypts the license settings using the generation key. The validation key can be safely distributed with your software and is used during validation. During license validation, LogicNP CryptoLicensing For .Net attempts to decrypt the encrypted license code using the validation key. If the decryption is successful, this means that the data was encrypted using the generation key, since only the corresponding validation key can decrypt data encrypted with the generation key. This further means that not only is the license valid but that it was generated by you and only you since nobody else has access to the generation key. Generation Key This key is used by CryptoLicensing Generator to generate encrypted license codes. This key is stored in the license project file, so the license project file must be kept secure and confidential and must be accorded the same care as any other critical asset such as source code. Validation Key This key is used for validating generated license codes. It is the same key displayed in the 'Get Validation Key And Code' dialog (Ctrl+K) and is used by your software when validating license codes (using LogicNP.CryptoLicensing.dll). Unlike the generation key, it is not necessary to keep this key secure and confidential. Note that the generation key pair is stored in the project file created by LogicNP CryptoLicensing For .Net, so it is very important to backup this file and to keep it secure. Once the file is lost, it is not possible to retrieve the key pair. FAQ Do I use the same validation key to validate all license codes? Yes, the validation key (and generation key) for the project remains the same; you use the same key to validate all license codes generated using the project. You can retrieve the validation key using the "Project" menu --> "Get Validation Key & Code" menu item. Can license codes generated using generation key from one project be validated using validation key of another project? No! Q. Is every generated license code unique? A. Yes, every license code generated by CryptoLicensing is guaranteed to be unique, even if you generate thousands of codes at a time. Q. What makes CryptoLicensing so secure? A. CryptoLicensing uses the latest cryptographic technology to generate and validate licenses. The cryptographic algorithm used is the RSA asymmetric key algorithm which can use upto 3072-bit keys. Given current computing power, it takes years to break a 3072-bit key. Q. Is is possible for a hacker to develop a keygen for my software? A. Impossible. The cryptographic algorithm used by CryptoLicensing consists of a pair of keys called as the generation key and the validation key. Data encrypted with one key can only be decrypted by the other key and vice versa. Licenses are generated using the generation key and validated using the validation key. Without the generation key, it is impossible to generate valid licenses. Q. What is the difference between validation key and generation key? Generation Key This key is used by CryptoLicensing Generator to generate encrypted license codes. This key is stored in the license project file, so the license project file must be kept secure and confidential and must be accorded the same care as any other critical asset such as source code. Validation Key This key is used for validating generated license codes. It is the same key displayed in the 'Get Validation Key And Code' dialog (Ctrl+K) and is used by your software when validating license codes (using LogicNP.CryptoLicensing.dll). Unlike the generation key, it is not necessary to keep this key secure and confidential. Q. Do I have to include the license project file (.licproj) with my software? A. No!!! This goes against the very essence of the security of the asymmetric cryptographic scheme because the project file contains both the validation and generation key. With your software, you only need to include the validation key which will be used to validate licenses generated by CryptoLicensing using the generation key. The license project file should be treated as any other valuable and confidential asset such as your source code. Q. Does the license service need the license project file? A. Yes. The license project file is needed whenever new licenses are generated (via the UI, via the API or via the license service). As just one example, the license service generates new machine-locked licenses when activated licenses are presented to it for activation, therefore the license service needs the license project file. Q. Is it possible to embed my own data in the generated licenses? A. Yes. You can embed any amount of additional data in the licenses. This data will have the same amount of security as the license code itself and will be tamper-proof. The embedded user data can be retrieved from your software. Q. What additional steps can I take to ensure that my software does not get cracked? A. There are many methods and techniques which can make it extremely difficult for a hacker to crack your software. See Writing Effective License Checking Code And Designing Effective Licenses for more information. Q. Why is the license service not working? A. The most common cause is not setting the CryptoLicense.LicenseServiceURL property before trying to validate a license. Make sure that this property is set to the correct URL where your license service is hosted. The most common cause after this is that the license project file on the web server where your license service is hosted is not the latest. This happens if you make changes to the license project (for example, set the 'Enable With Serials' setting for a profile), but don't upload the updated project file to your web server. Q. Why are my serials not working? Serial codes require the user of a license service. See Using Serial Codes for more details. Also see the earlier question 'Why is the license service not working?' Q. Is the same validation key used to validate license codes generated from different profiles. A. Yes. Profiles are just pre specified license settings for quickly generating licenses having those settings. The actual license code is still generated using the license project's cryptographic generation key and thus, can be validated using the project's validation key. Q. Why are changes made to a profile not getting saved? A. Simply changing license settings via UI and saving the license project does not save those license settings to the active profile. You must first save the license settings to a profile using the Save/Save As command from the Profiles menu (see above). Q. Why is validation of activated licenses failing from CryptoLicensing Generator, but works from my software? A. Make sure that you have specified the URL of the license service using the Project Properties Dialog. Also see the earlier question 'Why is the license service not working?' Q. How can I extend the trial period of my customer? A. To extend the evaluation period of the customer, simply send him a new license code specifying the desired evaluation limits. Evaluation information such as the current used days, executions, etc are stored in garbled form in a registry location which is derived from the license code. Therefore, when a new license code is used, the old evaluation information will not be used and a new evaluation period will be started.

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• In FLEX, How can you stop ENTER Key from my Alert being caught by the control that initiated the Al

  - by WeeJavaDude

  I am having an issue where I show an AlertBox message when the user hits ENTER and the focus is in a text area. The pop up works fine, but when the user hits enter the Alert closes as expected, but the TextArea listener receives the ENTER event from the Alert and pops the dialog up again. I have tried a number of ways to catch and eat the event but so far I have not been lucky. Is there way to accomplish this? public function init():void { myTextInput.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_UP, handleKeyStrokes); } public function handleKeyStrokes(evt:KeyboardEvent):void { if(evt.keyCode == Keyboard.ENTER) { myAlert = Alert.show("This is a test and only a test", "Title", 4, null, alertCallBack); } } <mx:TextInput id="myTextInput" left="600" top="10"> </mx:TextInput>

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• How to identify composite primary key in any Mysql Database table?

  - by OM The Eternity

  How to identify composite primary key in any Mysql Database table?

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• Event ID 9331 MSExchangeSA & Event ID 9335 MSExchangeSA

  - by George

  I get this two Exchange 2010 Global Address book related event IDs: Event ID 9331 MSExchangeSA OABGen encountered error 80004005 (internal ID 50101f1) accessing the public folder database while generating the offline address list for address list '/'. -\Default Offline Address List and Event ID 9335 MSExchangeSA OABGen encountered error 80004005 while cleaning the offline address list public folders under /o=xxxxx xxxx/cn=addrlists/cn=oabs/cn=Default Offline Address List. Please make sure the public folder database is mounted and replicas exist of the offline address list folders. No offline address lists have been generated. Please check the event log for more information. -\Default Offline Address List It is Exchange 2010 SP2 sitting on Windows 2008 enterprise edition. Essentially the issue is that the global address book is not being updated on Outlook clients. We are using Outlook 2007 and 2010. So far I have tried running the following command: Update-FileDistributionService -Identity ExchangeServer -Type "OAB" And I tried this solution as well: 1) Make sure the Microsoft Exchange System Attendant is running. It will be set to start automatically by default, but it doesn't. This is a known issue. Start this service manually. When running, you will not get an error when trying to update the GAL. 2) "Apply" any changes made to any address lists before the GAL will update Outlook properly. In Organization Configuration - Mailbox in EMC, view the properties of the Default Global Address Book in the Offline Address Book tab. In the properties window, select the Address Lists tab. This shows which address lists makes up the GAL. 3) Close the properties window and select the Address Lists tab in the Organization Configuration - Mailbox. Right-click each address list used by the Def GAL and click "Apply" (make sure the "Immediately" radio button is checked). 4) Last, go back to the Offline Address Book tab, right-click the GAL and select "Update". After a few send/receives in the Outlook clients, their Glogal Address List should update to show the latest changes. Neither one of those solutions helped. So I am not really sure what to do here. Also, I am aware of changing registry on each local computers, but it would be close to impossible as we have 8 offices in 3 different countries. Any suggestions? EDIT 7.XII.2012 @ 10.35 I forgot to mention that we did rebuild the address book and that didn't help.

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• keyboard layout: change super key (windows key) to behave differently [WINDOWS]

  - by Xiuhtecuhtli

  How does one Map the Super/Windows Key to a diffrent key or Disable it all together. Xmodemap -e does it in Linux. How do you edit these keys in windows?

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• Try a sample: Using the counter predicate for event sampling

  - by extended_events

  Extended Events offers a rich filtering mechanism, called predicates, that allows you to reduce the number of events you collect by specifying criteria that will be applied during event collection. (You can find more information about predicates in Using SQL Server 2008 Extended Events (by Jonathan Kehayias)) By evaluating predicates early in the event firing sequence we can reduce the performance impact of collecting events by stopping event collection when the criteria are not met. You can specify predicates on both event fields and on a special object called a predicate source. Predicate sources are similar to action in that they typically are related to some type of global information available from the server. You will find that many of the actions available in Extended Events have equivalent predicate sources, but actions and predicates sources are not the same thing. Applying predicates, whether on a field or predicate source, is very similar to what you are used to in T-SQL in terms of how they work; you pick some field/source and compare it to a value, for example, session_id = 52. There is one predicate source that merits special attention though, not just for its special use, but for how the order of predicate evaluation impacts the behavior you see. I’m referring to the counter predicate source. The counter predicate source gives you a way to sample a subset of events that otherwise meet the criteria of the predicate; for example you could collect every other event, or only every tenth event. Simple CountingThe counter predicate source works by creating an in memory counter that increments every time the predicate statement is evaluated. Here is a simple example with my favorite event, sql_statement_completed, that only collects the second statement that is run. (OK, that’s not much of a sample, but this is for demonstration purposes. Here is the session definition: CREATE EVENT SESSION counter_test ON SERVERADD EVENT sqlserver.sql_statement_completed    (ACTION (sqlserver.sql_text)    WHERE package0.counter = 2)ADD TARGET package0.ring_bufferWITH (MAX_DISPATCH_LATENCY = 1 SECONDS) You can find general information about the session DDL syntax in BOL and from Pedro’s post Introduction to Extended Events. The important part here is the WHERE statement that defines that I only what the event where package0.count = 2; in other words, only the second instance of the event. Notice that I need to provide the package name along with the predicate source. You don’t need to provide the package name if you’re using event fields, only for predicate sources. Let’s say I run the following test queries: -- Run three statements to test the sessionSELECT 'This is the first statement'GOSELECT 'This is the second statement'GOSELECT 'This is the third statement';GO Once you return the event data from the ring buffer and parse the XML (see my earlier post on reading event data) you should see something like this: event_name sql_text sql_statement_completed SELECT ‘This is the second statement’ You can see that only the second statement from the test was actually collected. (Feel free to try this yourself. Check out what happens if you remove the WHERE statement from your session. Go ahead, I’ll wait.) Percentage Sampling OK, so that wasn’t particularly interesting, but you can probably see that this could be interesting, for example, lets say I need a 25% sample of the statements executed on my server for some type of QA analysis, that might be more interesting than just the second statement. All comparisons of predicates are handled using an object called a predicate comparator; the simple comparisons such as equals, greater than, etc. are mapped to the common mathematical symbols you know and love (eg. = and >), but to do the less common comparisons you will need to use the predicate comparators directly. You would probably look to the MOD operation to do this type sampling; we would too, but we don’t call it MOD, we call it divides_by_uint64. This comparator evaluates whether one number is divisible by another with no remainder. The general syntax for using a predicate comparator is pred_comp(field, value), field is always first and value is always second. So lets take a look at how the session changes to answer our new question of 25% sampling: CREATE EVENT SESSION counter_test_25 ON SERVERADD EVENT sqlserver.sql_statement_completed    (ACTION (sqlserver.sql_text)    WHERE package0.divides_by_uint64(package0.counter,4))ADD TARGET package0.ring_bufferWITH (MAX_DISPATCH_LATENCY = 1 SECONDS)GO Here I’ve replaced the simple equivalency check with the divides_by_uint64 comparator to check if the counter is evenly divisible by 4, which gives us back every fourth record. I’ll leave it as an exercise for the reader to test this session. Why order matters I indicated at the start of this post that order matters when it comes to the counter predicate – it does. Like most other predicate systems, Extended Events evaluates the predicate statement from left to right; as soon as the predicate statement is proven false we abandon evaluation of the remainder of the statement. The counter predicate source is only incremented when it is evaluated so whether or not the counter is incremented will depend on where it is in the predicate statement and whether a previous criteria made the predicate false or not. Here is a generic example: Pred1: (WHERE statement_1 AND package0.counter = 2)Pred2: (WHERE package0.counter = 2 AND statement_1) Let’s say I cause a number of events as follows and examine what happens to the counter predicate source. Iteration Statement Pred1 Counter Pred2 Counter A Not statement_1 0 1 B statement_1 1 2 C Not statement_1 1 3 D statement_1 2 4 As you can see, in the case of Pred1, statement_1 is evaluated first, when it fails (A & C) predicate evaluation is stopped and the counter is not incremented. With Pred2 the counter is evaluated first, so it is incremented on every iteration of the event and the remaining parts of the predicate are then evaluated. In this example, Pred1 would return an event for D while Pred2 would return an event for B. But wait, there is an interesting side-effect here; consider Pred2 if I had run my statements in the following order: Not statement_1 Not statement_1 statement_1 statement_1 In this case I would never get an event back from the system because the point at which counter=2, the rest of the predicate evaluates as false so the event is not returned. If you’re using the counter target for sampling and you’re not getting the expected events, or any events, check the order of the predicate criteria. As a general rule I’d suggest that the counter criteria should be the last element of your predicate statement since that will assure that your sampling rate will apply to the set of event records defined by the rest of your predicate. Aside: I’m interested in hearing about uses for putting the counter predicate criteria earlier in the predicate statement. If you have one, post it in a comment to share with the class. - Mike Share this post: email it! | bookmark it! | digg it! | reddit! | kick it! | live it!

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• referencing part of the composite primary key

  - by Zavael

  I have problems with setting the reference on database table. I have following structure: CREATE TABLE club( id INTEGER NOT NULL, name_short VARCHAR(30), name_full VARCHAR(70) NOT NULL ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX club_uix ON club(id); ALTER TABLE club ADD CONSTRAINT club_pk PRIMARY KEY (id); CREATE TABLE team( id INTEGER NOT NULL, club_id INTEGER NOT NULL, team_name VARCHAR(30) ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX team_uix ON team(id, club_id); ALTER TABLE team ADD CONSTRAINT team_pk PRIMARY KEY (id, club_id); ALTER TABLE team ADD FOREIGN KEY (club_id) REFERENCES club(id); CREATE TABLE person( id INTEGER NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR(20), last_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_uix ON person(id); ALTER TABLE person ADD PRIMARY KEY (id); CREATE TABLE contract( person_id INTEGER NOT NULL, club_id INTEGER NOT NULL, wage INTEGER ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX contract_uix on contract(person_id); ALTER TABLE contract ADD CONSTRAINT contract_pk PRIMARY KEY (person_id); ALTER TABLE contract ADD FOREIGN KEY (club_id) REFERENCES club(id); ALTER TABLE contract ADD FOREIGN KEY (person_id) REFERENCES person(id); CREATE TABLE player( person_id INTEGER NOT NULL, team_id INTEGER, height SMALLINT, weight SMALLINT ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX player_uix on player(person_id); ALTER TABLE player ADD CONSTRAINT player_pk PRIMARY KEY (person_id); ALTER TABLE player ADD FOREIGN KEY (person_id) REFERENCES person(id); -- ALTER TABLE player ADD FOREIGN KEY (team_id) REFERENCES team(id); --this is not working It gives me this error: Error code -5529, SQL state 42529: a UNIQUE constraint does not exist on referenced columns: TEAM in statement [ALTER TABLE player ADD FOREIGN KEY (team_id) REFERENCES team(id)] As you can see, team table has composite primary key (club_id + id), the person references club through contract. Person has some common attributes for player and other staff types. One club can have multiple teams. Employed person has to have a contract with a club. Player (is the specification of person) - if emplyed - can be assigned to one of the club's teams. Is there better way to design my structure? I thought about excluding the club_id from team's primary key, but I would like to know if this is the only way. Thanks. UPDATE 1 I would like to have the id as team identification only within the club, so multiple teams can have equal id as long as they belong to different clubs. Is it possible? UPDATE 2 updated the naming convention as adviced by philip Some business rules to better understand the structure: One club can have 1..n teams (Main squad, Reserve squad, Youth squad or Team A, Team B... only team can play match, not club) One team belongs to one club only A player is type of person (other types (staff) are scouts, coaches etc so they do not need to belong to specific team, just to the club, if employed) Person can have 0..1 contract with 1 club (that means he is employed or unemployed) Player (if employed) belongs to one team of the club Now thinking about it - moving team_id from player to contract would solve my problem, and it could hold the condition "Player (if employed) belongs to one team of the club", but it would be redundant for other staff types. What do you think?

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• apt-get update error after removing apt-key

  - by Caterpillar

  After Running apt-get update on ubuntu 10.04 server, I found this issue, Can any help me to solve this issue. Before this I had remove apt-key. Where can I get this apt-key to add it again. apt-get update Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com lucid-security Release.gpg [198B] Ign http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security/main Translation-en_IN Ign http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security/restricted Translation-en_IN Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid Release.gpg [189B] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/main Translation-en_IN Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/restricted Translation-en_IN Ign http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security/universe Translation-en_IN Ign http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security/multiverse Translation-en_IN Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com lucid-security Release [44.7kB] Err http://security.ubuntu.com lucid-security Release Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/universe Translation-en_IN Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid/multiverse Translation-en_IN Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid-updates Release.gpg [198B] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates/main Translation-en_IN Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates/restricted Translation-en_IN Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates/universe Translation-en_IN Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates/multiverse Translation-en_IN Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid Release Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid Release Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid-updates Release [44.7kB] Err http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid-updates Release Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/main Packages Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/restricted Packages Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/main Sources Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/restricted Sources Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/universe Packages Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/universe Sources Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/multiverse Packages Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid/multiverse Sources Fetched 587B in 1s (465B/s) Reading package lists... Done W: A error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used.GPG error: http://security.ubuntu.com lucid-security Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 W: GPG error: http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 W: A error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used.GPG error: http://in.archive.ubuntu.com lucid-updates Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 W: Failed to fetch http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Release W: Failed to fetch http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Release W: Some index files failed to download, they have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

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• Key-Based SSH Permission denied (publickey) Ubuntu 12-04

  - by user125176

  I have configured sshd to accept key-based ssh logins with LogLevel on DEBUG, and uploaded my public key to ~/.ssh.authorized_keys, where permissions are set as: 700 ~/.ssh 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys From root, I can su - USERNAME. From the client I get Permission denied (publicly). From the server Here's how it is telling me that it "Could not open authorized keys '/home/USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys': Permission denied". Client protocol version 2.0; client software version OpenSSH_5.2 match: OpenSSH_5.2 pat OpenSSH* Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 permanently_set_uid: 105/65534 [preauth] list_hostkey_types: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 [preauth] SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent [preauth] SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received [preauth] kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none [preauth] kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none [preauth] SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST received [preauth] SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP sent [preauth] expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT [preauth] SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY sent [preauth] SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent [preauth] expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS [preauth] SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received [preauth] KEX done [preauth] userauth-request for user USERNAME service ssh-connection method none [preauth] attempt 0 failures 0 [preauth] PAM: initializing for "USERNAME" PAM: setting PAM_RHOST to "USERHOSTNAME" PAM: setting PAM_TTY to "ssh" userauth_send_banner: sent [preauth] userauth-request for user USERNAME service ssh-connection method publickey [preauth] attempt 1 failures 0 [preauth] test whether pkalg/pkblob are acceptable [preauth] Checking blacklist file /usr/share/ssh/blacklist.RSA-4096 Checking blacklist file /etc/ssh/blacklist.RSA-4096 temporarily_use_uid: 1001/1002 (e=0/0) trying public key file /home/USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys Could not open authorized keys '/home/USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys': Permission denied restore_uid: 0/0 temporarily_use_uid: 1001/1002 (e=0/0) trying public key file /home/USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 Could not open authorized keys '/home/USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys2': Permission denied restore_uid: 0/0 Failed publickey for USERNAME from IPADDRESS port 57523 ssh2 Connection closed by IPADDRESS [preauth] do_cleanup [preauth] monitor_read_log: child log fd closed do_cleanup PAM: cleanup

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• How should I define a composite foreign key for domain constraints in the presence of surrogate keys

  - by Samuel Danielson

  I am writing a new app with Rails so I have an id column on every table. What is the best practice for enforcing domain constraints using foreign keys? I'll outline my thoughts and frustration. Here's what I would imagine as "The Rails Way". It's what I started with. Companies: id: integer, serial company_code: char, unique, not null Invoices: id: integer, serial company_id: integer, not null Products: id: integer, serial sku: char, unique, not null company_id: integer, not null LineItems: id: integer, serial invoice_id: integer, not null, references Invoices (id) product_id: integer, not null, references Products (id) The problem with this is that a product from one company might appear on an invoice for a different company. I added a (company_id: integer, not null) to LineItems, sort of like I'd do if only using natural keys and serials, then added a composite foreign key. LineItems (product_id, company_id) references Products (id, company_id) LineItems (invoice_id, company_id) references Invoices (id, company_id) This properly constrains LineItems to a single company but it seems over-engineered and wrong. company_id in LineItems is extraneous because the surrogate foreign keys are already unique in the foreign table. Postgres requires that I add a unique index for the referenced attributes so I am creating a unique index on (id, company_id) in Products and Invoices, even though id is simply unique. The following table with natural keys and a serial invoice number would not have these issues. LineItems: company_code: char, not null sku: char, not null invoice_id: integer, not null I can ignore the surrogate keys in the LineItems table but this also seems wrong. Why make the database join on char when it has an integer already there to use? Also, doing it exactly like the above would require me to add company_code, a natural foreign key, to Products and Invoices. The compromise... LineItems: company_id: integer, not null sku: integer, not null invoice_id: integer, not null does not require natural foreign keys in other tables but it is still joining on char when there is a integer available. Is there a clean way to enforce domain constraints with foreign keys like God intended, but in the presence of surrogates, without turning the schema and indexes into a complicated mess?

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• Primary key/foreign Key naming convention

  - by Jeremy

  In our dev group we have a raging debate regarding the naming convention for Primary and Foreign Keys. There's basically two schools of thought in our group: 1) Primary Table (Employee) Primary Key is called ID Foreign table (Event) Foreign key is called EmployeeID 2) Primary Table (Employee) Primary Key is called EmployeeID Foreign table (Event) Foreign key is called EmployeeID I prefer not to duplicate the name of the table in any of the columns (So I prefer option 1 above). Conceptually, it is consisted with a lot of the recommended practices in other languages, where you don't use the name of the object in its property names. I think that naming the foreign key EmployeeID (or Employee_ID might be better) tells the reader that it is the ID column of the Employee Table. Some others prefer option 2 where you name the primary key prefixed with the table name so that the column name is the same throughout the database. I see that point, but you now can not visually distinguish a primary key from a foreign key. Also, I think it's redundant to have the table name in the column name, because if you think of the table as an entity and a column as a property or attribute of that entity, you think of it as the ID attribute of the Employee, not the EmployeeID attribute of an employee. I don't go an ask my coworker what his PersonAge or PersonGender is. I ask him what his Age is. So like I said, it's a raging debate and we go on and on and on about it. I'm interested to get some new perspective.

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• Are Promises/A a good event design pattern to implement even in synchronous languages like PHP?

  - by Xeoncross

  I have always kept an eye out for event systems when writing code in scripting languages. Web applications have a history of allowing the user to add plugins and modules whenever needed. In most PHP systems you have a global/singleton event object which all interested parties tie into and wait to be alerted to changes. Event::on('event_name', $callback); Recently more patterns like the observer have been used for things like jQuery. $(el).on('event', callback); Even PHP now has built in classes for it. class Blog extends SplSubject { public function save() { $this->notify(); } } Anyway, the Promises/A proposal has caught my eye. It is designed for asynchronous systems, but I'm wondering if it is also a good design to implement now that even synchronous languages like PHP are changing. Combining Dependency Injection with Promises/A seems it might be the best combination for handling events currently.

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• How to pass event to method?

  - by tomaszs

  I would like to create a method that takes as a argument an event an adds eventHandler to it to handle it properly. Like this: I have 2 events: public event EventHandler Click; public event EventHandler Click2; Now i would like to pass particular event to my method like this (pseudocode): public AttachToHandleEvent(EventHandler MyEvent) { MyEvent += Item_Click; } private void Item_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { MessageBox.Show("lalala"); } ToolStripMenuItem tool = new ToolStripMenuItem(); AttachToHandleEvent(tool.Click); Is it possible or do I not understand it good? Edit: I've noticed with help of you that this code worked fine, and returned to my project and noticed that when I pass event declared in my class it works, but when I pass event from other class id still does not work. Updated above example to reflect this issue. What I get is this error: The event 'System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem.Click' can only appear on the left hand side of += or -=

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