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• What is "Structured" in Structured Query Language?

  - by Pavan

  Hi, What does the "Structured" word means in SQL? Is it because this(SQL) language statements are organized into Clauses, expressions and predicates? Because of this organization, is it called "Structured" ? Kind Regards, Pavan.

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• finding shortest valid path in a colored-edge graphs

  - by user1067083

  Given a directed graph G, with edges colored either green or purple, and a vertex S in G, I must find an algorithm that finds the shortest path from s to each vertex in G so the path includes at most two purple edges (and green as much as needed). I thought of BFS on G after removing all the purple edges, and for every vertex that the shortest path is still infinity, do something to try to find it, but I'm kinda stuck, and it takes alot of the running time as well... Any other suggestions? Thanks in advance

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• Find optimal/good-enough strategy and AI for the game 'Proximity'?

  - by smci

  'Proximity' is a strategy game of territorial domination similar to Othello, Go and Risk. Two players, uses a 10x12 hex grid. Game invented by Brian Cable in 2007. Seems to be a worthy game for discussing a) optimal algorithm then b) how to build an AI. Strategies are going to be probabilistic or heuristic-based, due to the randomness factor, and the insane branching factor (20^120). So it will be kind of hard to compare objectively. A compute time limit of 5s per turn seems reasonable. Game: Flash version here and many copies elsewhere on the web Rules: here Object: to have control of the most armies after all tiles have been placed. Each turn you received a randomly numbered tile (value between 1 and 20 armies) to place on any vacant board space. If this tile is adjacent to any ally tiles, it will strengthen each tile's defenses +1 (up to a max value of 20). If it is adjacent to any enemy tiles, it will take control over them if its number is higher than the number on the enemy tile. Thoughts on strategy: Here are some initial thoughts; setting the computer AI to Expert will probably teach a lot: minimizing your perimeter seems to be a good strategy, to prevent flips and minimize worst-case damage like in Go, leaving holes inside your formation is lethal, only more so with the hex grid because you can lose armies on up to 6 squares in one move low-numbered tiles are a liability, so place them away from your main territory, near the board edges and scattered. You can also use low-numbered tiles to plug holes in your formation, or make small gains along the perimeter which the opponent will not tend to bother attacking. a triangle formation of three pieces is strong since they mutually reinforce, and also reduce the perimeter Each tile can be flipped at most 6 times, i.e. when its neighbor tiles are occupied. Control of a formation can flow back and forth. Sometimes you lose part of a formation and plug any holes to render that part of the board 'dead' and lock in your territory/ prevent further losses. Low-numbered tiles are obvious-but-low-valued liabilities, but high-numbered tiles can be bigger liabilities if they get flipped (which is harder). One lucky play with a 20-army tile can cause a swing of 200 (from +100 to -100 armies). So tile placement will have both offensive and defensive considerations. Comment 1,2,4 seem to resemble a minimax strategy where we minimize the maximum expected possible loss (modified by some probabilistic consideration of the value ß the opponent can get from 1..20 i.e. a structure which can only be flipped by a ß=20 tile is 'nearly impregnable'.) I'm not clear what the implications of comments 3,5,6 are for optimal strategy. Interested in comments from Go, Chess or Othello players. (The sequel ProximityHD for XBox Live, allows 4-player -cooperative or -competitive local multiplayer increases the branching factor since you now have 5 tiles in your hand at any given time, of which you can only play one. Reinforcement of ally tiles is increased to +2 per ally.)

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• Coding in Other (Spoken) Languages

  - by contagious

  Something i've always wondered, and I can't find any mention of it anywhere online. When a shop from, say Japan, writes code, would I be able to read it in english? Or do languages, like C, php, anything, have Japanese translations that they write? I guess what i'm asking is does every single coder in the world know enough english to use the exact same reserved words I do? Would this code: If (i < size){ switch case 1: print "hi there" default: print "no, thank you" } else { print "yes, thank you" } display the exact same as I'm seeing it right now in english, or would some other non-english-speaking person see the words "if", "switch", "case", "default", "print", and "else" in their native language? EDIT - yes, this is serious. I didn't know if different localiztions of a language have different keywords. or if there are even different localizations at all.

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• Quick top level server language question.

  - by Shane

  Right, so if you have to decide on a server-side language for a distributed Linux-based server backend, would you choose: PHP Mono ASP.net Java As a C++ programmer, I'm thinking Java+Tomcat, but I'd love to hear experienced thoughts here, especially relating to debugging and IDE (likely Eclipse). Also, please, it's not a flame question. I'm seeing excellent sites written in all, I'm just thinking about the compile/debug/release cycle. Cheers, Shane

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• Finding all cycles in graph

  - by nexeww

  How can I find (iterate over) ALL the cycles in a directed graph from/to a given node? For example, I want something like this: A->B->A A->B->C->A but not: B-C-B

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• Big O complexity of simple for not always linear?

  - by i30817

  I'm sure most of you know that a nested loop has O(n^2) complexity if the function input size is n for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){ for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){ ... } } I think that this is similar, by a analogous argument, but i'm not sure can anyone confirm? for(int i = 0, max = n*n; i < max; i++{ ... } If so i guess that there is some kinds of code whose big O mapping is not immediately obvious besides recursion and subroutines.

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• Calculate shortest path through a grocery store

  - by Bart

  Hi, I'm trying to find a way to find the shortest path through a grocery store, visiting a list of locations (shopping list). The path should start at a specified startposition and can end at multiple endpositions (there are multiple checkout counters). Also, I have some predefined constraints on the path, such as "item x on the shopping list needs to be the last, second last, or third last item on the path". There is a function that will return true or false for a given path. Finally, this needs to be calculated with limited cpu power (on a smartphone) and within a second or so. If this isn't possible, then an approximation to the optimal path is also ok. Is this possible? So far I think I need to start by calculating the distance between every item on the list using something like A* or Dijkstra's. After that, should I treat it like the travelling salesman problem? Because in my problem there is a specified startnode, specified endnodes, and some constraints, which are not in the travelling salesman problem. Any help would be appreciated :)

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• Subroutine & GoTo design

  - by sub

  I have a strange question concerning subroutines: As I'm creating a minimal language and I don't want to add high-level loops like while or for I was planning on just adding gotos to keep it Turing-Complete. Now I thought, eww - gotos - I wouldn't want to program in that language if I had to use gotos so often. So I thought about adding subroutines instead. I see the difference as the following: gotos Go to (captain obvious) a previously defined point and continue executing the program from there. Leads to hardly understandable and buggy code, I think that's a fact. subroutines Similiar: You define their starting point somewhere, as you call them the program jumps there - but the subroutine can go back to the point it was called from with return. Okay. Why didn't I just add the more function-like, nice looking subroutines? Because: In order to make return work if I call subroutines from within subroutines from within other subroutines, I'd have to use a stack containing the point where the currently running subroutine came from at top. That would then mean that I would, if I create loops using the subroutines, end up with an extremely memory-eating, overflowing stack with return locations. Not good. Don't think of my subroutines as functions. They are just gotos that return to the point they were called from, they don't actually give back values like the return x; statement in nearly all today's languages. Now to my actual questions: How can I solve the above problem with the stack overflow on loops with subroutines? Do I have to add a separate goto language construct without the return option? Assembler doesn't have loops but as I have seen myJumpPoint:, jnz, jz, retn. That means to me that there must also be a stack containing all the return locations. Am I right with that? What about long running loops then? Don't they overflow the stack/eat memory then? Am I getting the retn symbol in assembler totally wrong? If yes, please explain it to me.

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• Changing the UI of a webform when the browser language changes

  - by Nadeem

  I need to change the location of some controls of a webform when the page is opened in a different language. That is I simply need to Localize the GUI of the Webform too along with the text of the webform.

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• Finding the Reachability Count for all vertices of a DAG

  - by ChrisH

  I am trying to find a fast algorithm with modest space requirements to solve the following problem. For each vertex of a DAG find the sum of its in-degree and out-degree in the DAG's transitive closure. Given this DAG: I expect the following result: Vertex # Reacability Count Reachable Vertices in closure 7 5 (11, 8, 2, 9, 10) 5 4 (11, 2, 9, 10) 3 3 (8, 9, 10) 11 5 (7, 5, 2, 9, 10) 8 3 (7, 3, 9) 2 3 (7, 5, 11) 9 5 (7, 5, 11, 8, 3) 10 4 (7, 5, 11, 3) It seems to me that this should be possible without actually constructing the transitive closure. I haven't been able to find anything on the net that exactly describes this problem. I've got some ideas about how to do this, but I wanted to see what the SO crowd could come up with.

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• Complementary language to learn after Python?

  - by BobDobbs

  As a reasonable proficient Python programmer, I'm wondering what a good second language to learn would be. More specifically, something that does well the things that Python doesn't in general do as well. My first guess would be C/C++ since it's got easy extensibility with Python and because it offers generally better performance, but I'm wondering if Java or C# might be a better or at least equivalently good option with different up/downsides compared to C/C++.

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• Can you find a pattern to sync files knowing only dates and filenames?

  - by Robert MacLean

  Imagine if you will a operating system that had the following methods for files Create File: Creates (writes) a new file to disk. Calling this if a file exists causes a fault. Update File: Updates an existing file. Call this if a file doesn't exist causes a fault. Read File: Reads data from a file. Enumerate files: Gets all files in a folder. Files themselves in this operating system only have the following meta data: Created Time: The original date and time the file was created, by the Create File method. Modified Time: The date and time the file was last modified by the Update File method. If the file has never been modified, this will equal the Create Time. You have been given the task of writing an application which will sync the files between two directories (lets call them bill and ted) on a machine. However it is not that simple, the client has required that The application never faults (see methods above). That while the application is running the users can add and update files and those will be sync'd next time the application runs. Files can be added to either the ted or bill directories. File names cannot be altered. The application will perform one sync per time it is run. The application must be almost entirely in memory, in other words you cannot create a log of filenames and write that to disk and then check that the next time. The exception to point 6 is that you can store date and times between runs. Each date/time is associated with a key labeled A through J (so you have 10 to use) so you can compare keys between runs. There is no way to catch exceptions in the application. Answer will be accepted based on the following conditions: First answer to meet all requirements will be accepted. If there is no way to meet all requirements, the answer which ensures the smallest amount of missed changes per sync will be accepted. A bounty will be created (100 points) as soon as possible for the prize. The winner will be selected one day before the bounty ends. Please ask questions in the comments and I will gladly update and refine the question on those.

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• Setting User language for Localization/Globalization

  - by Nadeem

  I need to select the language based on the user choice and set it for the entire session. Can anybody suggest where do i need to do these settings and how can i do this?

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• Is UML a programming language?

  - by WeNeedAnswers

  Could UML be used to program a computer system on its own, without a supporting implementation language, e.g. diagrams straight to machine code (maybe via C or C++ etc), without human coding intervention.

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• client-server syncing methodology [theoretical]

  - by Kenneth Ballenegger

  I'm in the progress of building an web-app that syncs with an iOS client. I'm currently tackling trying to figure out how to go about about syncing. I've come up with following two directions: I've got a fairly simple server web-app with a list of items. They are ordered by date modified and as such syncing the order does not matter. One direction I'm considering is to let the client deal with syncing. I've already got an API that lets the client get the data, as well as do certain actions on it, such as update, add or remove single items. I was considering: 1) on each sync asking the server for all items modified since the last successful sync and updating the local records based on what's returned by the server, and 2) building a persistent queue of create / remove / update requests on the client, and keeping them until confirmation by the server. The risk with this approach is that I'm basically asking each side to send changes to the other side, hoping it works smoothly, but risking a diversion at some point. This would probably be more bandwidth-efficient, though. The other direction I was considering was a more traditional model. I would have a "sync" process in which the client would send its whole list to the server (or a subset since last modified sync), the server would update the data on the server (by fixing conflicts by keeping the last modified item, and keeping deleted items with a deleted = 1 field), and the server would return an updated list of items (since last successful sync) which the client would then replace its data with. Thoughts?

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• 3d symmetry search algorithm

  - by aaa

  this may be more appropriate for math overflow, but nevertheless: Given 3d structure (for example molecule), what is a good approach/algorithm to find symmetry (rotational/reflection/inversion/etc.)? I came up with brute force naive algorithm, but it seems there should be better approach. I am not so much interested in genetic algorithms as I would like best symmetry rather then almost the best symmetry link to website/paper would be great. thanks

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• Programming challenge: can you code a hello world program as a Palindrome?

  - by Assaf Lavie

  So the puzzle is to write a hello world program in your language of choice, where the program's source file as a string has to be a palindrome. To be clear, the output has to be exactly "Hello, World". Edit: Well, with comments it seems trivial (not that I thought of it myself of course [sigh].. hat tip to cobbal). So new rule: no comments. Edit: I feel kind of bad editing someone else's question to say this, but it will eliminate a lot of non-palindromes that keep popping up, and I'm tired of seeing the same simple mistake over and over. The following is NOT a palindrome: ()() The following IS a palindrome: ())( Brackets, parenthesis, and anything else that must match are a major barrier to palindrome-ing, yes, but that doesn't mean you can ignore them and post non-palindrome answers. Languages represented thus far: C, C++, Bash, elisp, C#, Perl, sh, Windows shell, Java, Common Lisp, Awk, Ruby, Brainfuck, Funge, Python, Machine Language, HQ9+, Assembly, TCL, J, php, Haskell, io, TeX, APL, Javascript, mIRC Script, Basic, Orc, Fortran, Unlambda, Pseudo-code, Befunge, CFML, Lua, INTERCAL, VBScript, HTML, sed, PostScript, GolfScript, REBOL, SQL

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• How to draw a graph in LaTeX?

  - by Amir Rachum

  First of all, let me say I'm using LyX, though I have no problem using ERT. Secondly, what is the most simplest way to draw a simple graph like this in Latex? I've seen some documents with graphs and I've seen some examples, but I couldn't figure out how to just draw a simple graph - what packages do I need, etc?

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• how/resources to compile a procedural language into [sql]

  - by Philip

  I am looking into the possibility/feasibility/resources for building a cross compiler which takes a procedural or Object Oriented language like C, or Java and compiling it into SQL. I understand that the advantage of SQL code is performing set operations which is fundamentally different from procedural languages which generally process 1 at a time. If anyone has done this before, or if it is thought of as too complicated to do or any other ideas/concerns/suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance Philip

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• Complex behavior generated by simple computation

  - by Yuval A

  Stephen Wolfram gave a fascinating talk at TED about his work with Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha. Amongst other things, he pointed out how very simple computations can yield extremely complex behaviors. (He goes on to discuss his ambition for computing the entire physical universe. Say what you will, you gotta give the guy some credit for his wild ideas...) As an example he showed several cellular automata. What other examples of simple computations do you know of that yield fascinating results?

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• Why are lists useful?

  - by David

  What would you use a list for that you couldn't use an array of objects for?

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• What's the best functional language to learn/experience the power of functional language?

  - by prosseek

  I see a lot of functional programming languages nowadays compared to a decade ago. ML/Occaml Erlang F# Clojure Scala Lisp/Scheme Out of these plethora of functional languages, what do you think is the best language that can teach the power of functional programming?

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• primitives of a programming language

  - by Tim

  Hi, Which do the concepts control flow, data type, statement, expression and operation belong to? Syntax or semantics? What is the relation between control flow, data type, statement, expression, operation, function, ...? How a program is built from these primitives level by level? I would like to understand these primitive concepts and their relations in order to figure out what aspects of a new language should one learn. Thanks and regards!

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• Provable planarity of flowcharts

  - by Nikolaos Kavvadias

  Hi all I have a question: is there any reference (e.g. paper) with a proof of the planarity of flowchart layouts? Can anyone suggest an algorithm for generating flowchart (planar) layouts? I know that there are some code-to-flowchart tools out there, but i'm unaware of their internals. Thanks in advance -kavi

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