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• Remove Kernel Lock from Unmounted Mass Storage USB Device from the Command Line in Linux

  - by Casey

  I've searched high and low, and can't figure this one out. I have a older Olympus Camera (2001 or so). When I plug in the USB connection, I get the following log output: $ dmesg | grep sd [20047.625076] sd 21:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg7 type 0 [20047.627922] sd 21:0:0:0: [sdg] Attached SCSI removable disk Secondly, the drive is not mounted in the FS, but when I run gphoto2 I get the following error: $ gphoto2 --list-config *** Error *** An error occurred in the io-library ('Could not lock the device'): Camera is already in use. *** Error (-60: 'Could not lock the device') *** What command will unmount the drive. For example in Nautilus, I can right click and select "Safely Remove Device". After doing that, the /dev/sg7 and /dev/sdg devices are removed. The output of gphoto2 is then: # gphoto2 --list-config /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/resolution /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/shutter /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/aperture /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/color /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/flash /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/whitebalance /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/focus-mode /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/focus-pos /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/exp /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/exp-meter /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/zoom /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/dzoom /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/iso /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/date-time /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-mode /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-brightness /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-auto-shutoff /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/camera-power-save /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/host-power-save /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/timefmt Some things I've tried already are sdparm and sg3_utils, however I am unfamiliar with them, so it's possible I just didn't find the right command. Update 1: # mount | grep sdg # mount | grep sg7 # umount /dev/sg7 umount: /dev/sg7: not mounted # umount /dev/sdg umount: /dev/sdg: not mounted # gphoto2 --list-config *** Error *** An error occurred in the io-library ('Could not lock the device'): Camera is already in use. *** Error (-60: 'Could not lock the device') ***

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• How to update-grub on a system running overlayroot?

  - by mikepurvis

  We ship boxes configured with overlayroot, using the following overlayroot.conf: overlayroot=device:dev=/dev/sda6,timeout=20,recurse=0 Which produces the following mount configuration: $ mount overlayroot on / type overlayfs (rw,errors=remount-ro) /dev/sda5 on /media/root-ro type ext3 (ro,relatime,errors=continue,user_xattr,acl,barrier=1,data=ordered) /dev/sda6 on /media/root-rw type ext3 (rw,relatime,errors=continue,user_xattr,acl,barrier=1,data=ordered) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw) As you can see, three key physical partitions: sda1 is /boot, sda5 is a read-only "factory" root, and sda6 is a "user" root which can be wiped at any point to restore the machine to its original factory state. Now, the problem arises when update-grub is run for any reason: $ sudo update-grub [sudo] password for administrator: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a device for / (is /dev mounted?). Understandable, since / is an overlayfs. The contents of /usr/sbin/update-grub are: #!/bin/sh set -e exec grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg "$@" With /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig being the business part of things. But the actual problem is in /usr/sbin/grub-probe, called by grub-mkconfig, and grub-probe is a binary. So my question is, is there a parameter or whatever which can make grub-probe do the right thing in the face of / being an overlayfs? And secondly, is there a way to hack/patch that in so that the update-grub script just does the right thing? Thanks.

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• Remove Kernel Lock from Unmounted Mass Storage USB Device from the Command Line in Linux

  - by Casey

  I've searched high and low, and can't figure this one out. I have a older Olympus Camera (2001 or so). When I plug in the USB connection, I get the following log output: $ dmesg | grep sd [20047.625076] sd 21:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg7 type 0 [20047.627922] sd 21:0:0:0: [sdg] Attached SCSI removable disk Secondly, the drive is not mounted in the FS, but when I run gphoto2 I get the following error: $ gphoto2 --list-config *** Error *** An error occurred in the io-library ('Could not lock the device'): Camera is already in use. *** Error (-60: 'Could not lock the device') *** What command will unmount the drive. For example in Nautilus, I can right click and select "Safely Remove Device". After doing that, the /dev/sg7 and /dev/sdg devices are removed. The output of gphoto2 is then: # gphoto2 --list-config /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/resolution /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/shutter /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/aperture /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/color /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/flash /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/whitebalance /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/focus-mode /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/focus-pos /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/exp /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/exp-meter /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/zoom /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/dzoom /Camera Configuration/Picture Settings/iso /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/date-time /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-mode /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-brightness /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/lcd-auto-shutoff /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/camera-power-save /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/host-power-save /Camera Configuration/Camera Settings/timefmt Some things I've tried already are sdparm and sg3_utils, however I am unfamiliar with them, so it's possible I just didn't find the right command. Update 1: # mount | grep sdg # mount | grep sg7 # umount /dev/sg7 umount: /dev/sg7: not mounted # umount /dev/sdg umount: /dev/sdg: not mounted # gphoto2 --list-config *** Error *** An error occurred in the io-library ('Could not lock the device'): Camera is already in use. *** Error (-60: 'Could not lock the device') ***

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• HP Storageworks 448 tape drive input/output error with Ubuntu

  - by Dan D

  I'm trying to set a backup to tape of a machine using flexbackup. However any attempt to write to the tape drive (via either flexbackup or just tar) results in "/dev/st0: Input/output error" The machine seems to recognise the drive (HP Storageworks Ultrium 448) and that there's a tape in it and "mt status" seems to work... "mt -f /dev/st0 rewind" or "erase" throw no errors... root@stor001:/# mt status SCSI 2 tape drive: File number=0, block number=0, partition=0. Tape block size 0 bytes. Density code 0x42 (LTO-2). Soft error count since last status=0 General status bits on (41010000): BOT ONLINE IM_REP_EN root@stor001:/# cat /proc/scsi/scsi Attached devices: Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: HL-DT-ST Model: DVDRAM GSA-4084N Rev: KS02 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 03 Lun: 00 Vendor: HP Model: Ultrium 2-SCSI Rev: S65D Type: Sequential-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03 "tell" does however root@stor001:/# mt -f /dev/st0 tell /dev/st0: Input/output error Based on a forum post I found, I tried: root@stor001:/# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/nst0 bs=1024 count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10240 bytes (10 kB) copied, 5.0815 s, 2.0 kB/s which gave the person on the forum an error but seems to work for me. If anyone has any suggestions, I'm all ears...

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• Bash Script - Traffic Shaping

  - by Craig-Aaron

  hey all, I was wondering if you could have a look at my script and help me add a few things to it, How do I get it to find how many active ethernet ports I have? and how do I filter more than 1 ethernet port How I get this to do a range of IP address? Once I have a few ethenet ports I need to add traffic control to each one #!/bin/bash # Name of the traffic control command. TC=/sbin/tc # The network interface we're planning on limiting bandwidth. IF=eth0 # Network card interface # Download limit (in mega bits) DNLD=10mbit # DOWNLOAD Limit # Upload limit (in mega bits) UPLD=1mbit # UPLOAD Limit # IP address range of the machine we are controlling IP=192.168.0.1 # Host IP # Filter options for limiting the intended interface. U32="$TC filter add dev $IF protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32" start() { # Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) to shape bandwidth $TC qdisc add dev $IF root handle 1: htb default 30 #Creates the root schedlar $TC class add dev $IF parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate $DNLD #Creates a child schedlar to shape download $TC class add dev $IF parent 1: classid 1:2 htb rate $UPLD #Creates a child schedlar to shape upload $U32 match ip dst $IP/24 flowid 1:1 #Filter to match the interface, limit download speed $U32 match ip src $IP/24 flowid 1:2 #Filter to match the interface, limit upload speed } stop() { # Stop the bandwidth shaping. $TC qdisc del dev $IF root } restart() { # Self-explanatory. stop sleep 1 start } show() { # Display status of traffic control status. $TC -s qdisc ls dev $IF } case "$1" in start) echo -n "Starting bandwidth shaping: " start echo "done" ;; stop) echo -n "Stopping bandwidth shaping: " stop echo "done" ;; restart) echo -n "Restarting bandwidth shaping: " restart echo "done" ;; show) echo "Bandwidth shaping status for $IF:" show echo "" ;; *) pwd=$(pwd) echo "Usage: tc.bash {start|stop|restart|show}" ;; esac exit 0 thanks

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• Backing up VMs to a tape drive

  - by Aljoscha Vollmerhaus

  I've got myself one of these fancy tape drives, HP LTO2 with 200/400 GB cartridges. The st driver reports it like this: scsi 1:0:0:0: Sequential-Access HP Ultrium 2-SCSI T65D I can store and retrieve files like a charm using tar, both tar cf /dev/st0 somedirectory and tar xf /dev/st0 work flawless. However, what I really would like to backup are LVM LVs. They contain entire virtual machines with varying partition layouts, so using mount and tar is not an option. I've tried using something like dd if=/dev/VG/LV bs=64k of=/dev/st0 to achieve this, but there seem to be various problems associated with this approach. Firstly, I would like to be able to store more than 1 LV on a single tape. Now I guess I could seek to concatenate the data on the tape, but I think this would not work very well in an automated scenario with many different LVs of various sizes. Secondly, I would like to store a small XML file along with the raw data that contains some information about the VM contained in the LV. I could dump everything to a directory and tar it up - not very desirable, I would have to set aside huge amounts of scratch space. Is there an easier way to achieve this? Thirdly, from googling around it seems like it would be wise to use something like mbuffer when writing to the tape, to prevent what wikipedia calls "shoe-shining" the tape. However, I can't get anything useful done with mbuffer. The mbuffer man page suggests this for writing to a tape device: mbuffer -t -m 10M -p 80 -f -o $TAPE So I've tried this: dd if=/dev/VG/LV | mbuffer -t -m 10M -p 80 -f -d 64k -o /dev/st0 Note the added "-d 64k" to account for the 64k block size of the tape. However, reading data back from a tape written in this way never seems to yield any useful results - dd has been running for ages now, and managed to transfer only 361M of data from the tape. What's wrong here?

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• Bash mine script, please

  - by HomelyPoet

  The script, in and of its self, is fairly self-explanatory. Use if You so desire; any and all criticism wouldst be appreciated, as wouldst any suggestions for improvement. First iteration was writ upon OS X 10.5.8 Leopard, current iteration was run upon OS X 10.6.4 Snow Leopard with Safari 5.0.2 (6533.18.5). Also, any illumination as to why the first line ' if [ -f ] ' works, but ' if [ -f ~/Library/Safari/LocalStorage/*.localstorage ] ' generates an error? [yes, I am a bit of a Noob] Code: #! /bin/bash # SafariClear0.0.6 if [ -f ] then cat /dev/null > ~/Library/Safari/LocalStorage/*.localstorage rm -f ~/Library/Safari/LocalStorage/*.localstorage fi if [ -f ~/Library/Safari/LocalStorage/*.localstorage ] then echo "Oy vey!" fi cd ~/Library/Safari/ cat /dev/null > WebpageIcons.db cat /dev/null > TopSites.plist cat /dev/null > LocationPermissions.plist cat /dev/null > LastSession.plist cat /dev/null > History.plist echo "Clear" exit

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• How do I SSH tunnel using PuTTY or SecureCRT through gateway/proxy to development server?

  - by DAE51D

  We have some unix boxes setup in a way that to get to the development box via ssh, you have to ssh into a 'user@jumpoff' box first. There is no direct connection allowed on 'dev' via ssh from anywhere but 'jumpoff'. Furthermore, only key exchange is allowed on both servers. And you always login to the development box as 'build@dev'. It's painful to always do that hopping. I know this can be done with SOCKS or a Tunnel or something... I have setup a FreeBSD VM and I can get things to work awesome using unix ssh tools. Basically all I do is make sure my vm's ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub key is on both jumpoff and dev and use this ~/.ssh/config file: # Development Server Host ext-dev # this must be a resolvable name for "dev" from Jumpoff Hostname 1.2.3.4 User build IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa # The Jumpoff Server Host ext Hostname 1.1.1.1 User daevid Port 22 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa # This must come below all of the above Host ext-* ProxyCommand ssh ext nc $(echo '%h'|cut -d- -f2-) 22 Then I just simply type "ssh ext-dev" and I'm in like Flynn. The problem is I can't get this same thing to work using either PuTTY or SecureCRT -- and to be honest I've not found any tutorials that really walk me through it. I see many on setting up some kind of proxy tunnel for Firefox, but it doesn't seem to be the same concept. I've been messing with various trial and error most all day and nothing has worked (obviously) and I'm at the end of my ssh knowledge and Google searching. I found this link which seemed to be perfect, but it doesn't work for me. The "Master" connects fine, but the "client" portion doesn't connect. It tells me, the remote system refused the connection. http://www.vandyke.com/support/tips/socksproxy.html I've got the VM, PuTTY and SecureCRT all using the same public/private key pairs to make things consistent and easier to debug. Does anyone have a straight up example of how to do this in Windows?

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• How do I apply multiple subnets to a server with one NIC?

  - by Cosban

  I am trying to route multiple IPs through one physical NIC on my dedicated server for use with Proxmox KVM VMs. I have a dedicated server which is currently running Debian 4.4.5-8 with 3 available ip addresses for use, which will be displayed as 176.xxx.xxx.196 (main), 176.xxx.xxx.198 (on same subnet as main) and 5.xxx.xxx.166 (different subnet). I am currently trying to route the third IP address with the dedi for use with a vps that I have set up using proxmox v2.x but am having a really, really hard time doing so. Virtual interfaces binding the additional IP addresses work as expected, ruling out external routing problems. The provider has given the following information for the IP addresses on the main subnet: gateway: 176.xxx.xxx.193 netmask: 255.255.255.224 broadcast: 176.xxx.xxx.223 As well as the following information for the IP address on the second subnet: gateway: 5.xxx.xxx.161 netmask: 255.255.255.248 broadcast: 5.xxx.xxx.167 Everything I've tried with /etc/network/interfaces has either not worked, or has rendered the network completely useless. This is the current state of the file, which has the secondary IP address working on the same subnet as well as IPv6 working, but not the second subnet. # Nativen IPv6 Schnittstelle iface eth0 inet6 manual # Bridge IPv4 Schnittstelle (176.xxx.xxx.193/27) auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 176.xxx.xxx.196 netmask 255.255.255.224 gateway 176.xxx.xxx.193 broadcast 176.xxx.xxx.223 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 bridge_maxwait 0 post-up ip addr add 176.xxx.xxx.198/27 dev vmbr0 auto vmbr1 iface vmbr1 inet static address 5.xxx.xxx.166 netmask 255.255.255.248 gateway 5.xxx.xxx.161 broadcast 5.xxx.xxx.167 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 bridge_maxwait 0 post-up ip addr add 5.xxx.xxx.166/27 dev vmbr1 # Bridge IPv6 Schnittstelle (Reichweite: xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx::/64) iface vmbr0 inet6 static address xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx netmask 64 up ip -6 route add xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 down ip -6 route del xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 up ip -6 route add default via xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 down ip -6 route del default via xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0

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• Debian software raid 1: boot from both disk

  - by bsreekanth

  I newly installed debian squeeze with software raid.The way I did was, as also given in this thread. I have 2 HDD with 500 GB each. For each of them, I created 3 partitions (/boot, / and swap) I selected the hard drive and created a new partition table I created a new partition that was 1GB. I then specified to use the partition as a Physical Volume for RAID. and used for /boot and enabled bootable. Created another partition, which is of 480 GB, and then specified to use the partition as a Physical Volume for RAID. and used for /. Created another partion and used for swap Then RAID configuration: Through Configure RAID menu - create MD device - (2 for the number of drives, 0 for spare devices) Next select the partitions you want to be members of /dev/MD0. I selected /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 (for /boot) Next select the partitions you want to be members of /dev/MD1. I selected /dev/sda6 and /dev/sdb6 (for /) And no RAID for swap partitions 'Finish Partitioning and write changes to disk' -- Finish the rest of the install like normal Everything is ok now, except I am not sure how to test my raid config. When I pull the power of the HDD, it only boots from one disk. I read in some forum that I may have to install GRUB manually on the other. In Debian Squeeze, there is no grub command. Not sure how to make my software raid bootable from both disk. Also, please comment on my steps above. Anything unusual. I configured /boot partitions of both disks to be boot=yes. Not sure whether that is ok. Thanks, Bsr

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• Force spin-down of external hard-drive on linux (raspberry pi)

  - by user258346

  I'm currently setting up a home-server using a Raspberry Pi with an external hard-disk connected via usb. However, my hard-drive will never spin down when being idle. I tried already the hints provided at raspberrypi.org ... without any success. 1.) sudo hdparm -S5 /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: setting standby to 5 (25 seconds) SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 04 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 44 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.) sudo hdparm -y /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: issuing standby command SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 04 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 44 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...and 3.) sudo sdparm --flexible --command=stop /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: HDD 1234 ... without spin-down of the drive. I use the following hardware: Inateck FDU3C-2 dual Ports USB 3.0 HDD docking station Western Digital WD10EZRX Green 1TB Is it possible, that the sent spin-down-signals are somewhere overwritten/lost/ignored?

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• sg_map & lsscsi showing old storage version

  - by PratapSingh

  I am using SUN storage and recently upgraded/refreshed my ISCSI LUN storage. We have replicated old storage to new storage and attached to our servers. I can see at SUN storage side that storage is attached to server and also from server when I run the below command it prints the following output : iscsiadm -m session tcp: [1] 10.1.1.10:3260,2 iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd The above storage is SUN STORAGE 7420 But when I run sg_map or lsscsi command it prints different version: lsscsi disk SUN Sun Storage 7410 1.0 /dev/sda disk SUN Sun Storage 7410 1.0 /dev/sdb disk SUN Sun Storage 7410 1.0 /dev/sdc disk SUN Sun Storage 7410 1.0 /dev/sdd Output of ls on "/dev/disk/by-path/" ls -1 /dev/disk/by-path/ ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-0 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-0-part1 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-18 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-18-part1 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-2 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-2-part1 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-4 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-4-part1 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-6 ip-10.1.1.10:3260-iscsi-iqn.86-03.com.sun:02:afsfsf58-c56a-6ba8-a944-addd258687cd-lun-6-part1 I have rebooted server twice but still I am getting the same output as given above.

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• Why do I get a DegradedArray event with mdadm

  - by azera

  Hello Just so we're clear on what's happening: I bought 4 new sata 2 drives, with the intent of using them in a raid5 all drive are fully recognised by both my bios and my linux box (gentoo) I created a raid5 array, fiddled a bit with it to understand how it works, how to monitor ect At some point, this triggered a degradedarray event, even though the array is brand new. I tried to stopping the array and recreating a new array with the same drive but the new array starts degraded too. here is what I used to create it mdadm --create -l5 -n4 /dev/md/md0-r5 /dev/sdb /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf here are the output from my /proc/mdstat and mdadm --detail --scan **mdstat** Personalities : [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md127 : active raid5 sdf[4] sde[2] sdd[1] sdb[0] 4395415488 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_] [>....................] recovery = 2.8% (41689732/1465138496) finish=890.3min speed=26645K/sec unused devices: <none> **detail** ARRAY /dev/md/md0-r5 metadata=0.90 spares=1 UUID=453e2833:81f22a74:64188b84:66721085 As such I have a couple questions: does a raid5 array always start in degraded mode at first ? why does sdf have the number 4 between bracket instead of 3, why does it see a spare disk and why is the 4th drive marked with _ instead of U ? (bad configuration ?) How can I recreate the array from scratch, do i have to format each drive on its own before recreating it ? Thanks for any help, I'm not sure about what I should do at the moment

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• ubuntu - Best way of repartitioning a (running) production server

  - by egarcia

  I've got an (externally hosted) production server running Ubuntu LTS. It serves webpages (rails) and has an svn repository accesible through Apache, and a PostgreSQL db. I've got ssh access to the server and root privileges. Most of the "interesting" stuff is located in /var/ : svn repositories are inside /var/svn, web pages under /var/www, etc. Yesterday I was curious about how much disk space had it left, so I did the following: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 950M 402M 500M 45% / varrun 990M 64K 990M 1% /var/run varlock 990M 0 990M 0% /var/lock udev 990M 76K 989M 1% /dev devshm 990M 0 990M 0% /dev/shm /dev/md5 4.7G 668M 4.1G 15% /usr /dev/md6 4.7G 1.4G 3.4G 29% /var /dev/md7 221G 28M 221G 1% /home none 990M 4.0K 990M 1% /tmp My 'var' partition, which holds most of the interesting part, is only 4.7G big. The /home/ partition, on the other hand, is 221G, but it is mostly unused. I should have checked the disk layout before starting installing stuff. Ideally I would need /var/ and /home/ to be "switched" - /home/ should be the one with 4.7G, and /var/ the one with 221G. Is there a way to solve this without having to reinstall the whole thing?

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• Ubuntu 13.04 to 13.10: Filesystem check or mount failed [migrated]

  - by SamHuckaby

  I attempted to upgrade from Ubuntu 13.04 to 13.10 today, and mid upgrade the system started flaking out, and eventually locked up entirely. I was forced to restart the computer, and am now unable to get the computer to boot up at all. When I boot currently, it takes me to the GRUB menu, and I can choose to boot normally, or boot in an older version. I have tried several things, which I list below, but no matter what, when I try to finish booting into Ubuntu, I receive the following error: Filesystem check or mount failed. A maintenance shell will now be started. CONTROL-D will terminate this shell and continue booting after re-trying filesystems. Any further errors will be ignored root@ubuntu-computername:~# I have fun fsck -f and everything appears correct, no errors are reported. and it passes all 5 checks. If I run fdisk -l then I get the following information: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010824 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 608456703 304227328 83 Linux /dev/sda2 608458750 625141759 8341505 5 Extended Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 608458752 625141759 8341504 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0fb4b7e8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 8192 625139711 312565760 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT I am considering just installing a new OS on the other disk, that currently has nothing on it, and then just attempting to scrape my data off the old disk (thankfully I didn't encrypt the files). Really my question is this: Can I salvage this Ubuntu install, or should I give up and just reinstall?

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• Bad network performance on KVM guest

  - by Devator

  I have a dedicated server connected to a 1000 Mbit port. However, the Debian guest is only getting half to a 1/4 the speeds: On the node itself (Linux node 2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Sep 25 21:43:11 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux): wget http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin -O /dev/null --2012-11-11 23:10:11-- http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin Resolving www.bbned.nl... 62.177.144.181 Connecting to www.bbned.nl|62.177.144.181|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1048576000 (1000M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: â/dev/nullâ 100%[====================================>] 1,048,576,000 100M/s in 10s 2012-11-11 23:10:21 (100 MB/s) - â/dev/nullâ On the guest (Debian 6.0.5, x64: Linux debian 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Sep 23 10:07:46 UTC 2012 x86_64 GNU/Linux): wget http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin -O /dev/null --2012-11-11 23:10:41-- http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin Resolving www.bbned.nl... 62.177.144.181 Connecting to www.bbned.nl|62.177.144.181|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1048576000 (1000M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: â/dev/nullâ 100%[=================================================================================================================================================================================================>] 1,048,576,000 16.5M/s in 42s 2012-11-11 23:11:23 (23.8 MB/s) - â/dev/nullâ I use the virtio NIC. I tried some more NICs: e1000 and the Realtek 8139 but those yield even worse results. Anyone has an idea how to improve these speeds?

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• Why are SMART error rates going down?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  I have a hard drive that's part of a Linux software raid5 array. SMART has reported that its multi_zone_error_rate was 0, then 1, then 3. So I figured I better start backing up more frequently and prepare to replace the drive. Now, today, the multi_zone_error_rate of that very same drive is back down to 1. It seems that 2 errors unhappened while I wasn't looking. I've also seen simliar behaviour by inspecting the syslog on the server. Jun 7 21:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdc, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 7 21:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sde, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 7 21:01:18 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdg, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 8 02:31:18 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdg, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 Jun 8 03:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdc, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 Jun 8 03:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sde, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 These are raw values, not the human-useful values that smartctl -a produces, but the behaviour is similar: error rates changing, then undoing the change. None of these are the drive that had the multi_zone weirdness. I haven't seen any problems from the RAID; its most recent scrub ( < 24 hours ago) came back totally clean. The only thing I can think of is that the SMART reporting circuitry on the drive isn't working properly all the time. The cables are in tight on the drive and board. What's going on here?

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• JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer

  - by Jake Mach

  Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146942] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 267). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146956] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 1). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146967] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 353). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147121] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 353). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147133] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 1). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147143] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 267). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. [7817859.850517] EXT4-fs error (device loop0): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 1: 28618 blocks in bitmap, 29028 in gd what does this mean? how did this happen?

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• CentOS - mdadm raid1 drive won't mount to default location

  - by danny

  I'm running CentOS 5.5, the system, boot, swap, etc. is all on /dev/sda and I have two identical single-partition drives /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 that are configured in RAID1 (using mdadm). It was working fine (configured to mount to /mnt/data in the fstab file) and I recently let yum install a couple of automatic updates without paying attention to what they were, and now it doesn't work. Raid is working fine (dmesg shows it gets loaded correctly). mdstat shows: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdc1[1] sdb1[0] XXXX blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> Additionally, I can mount it anywhere other than its default directory (i.e. the following works, and I can read data off the drives). # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/data2 EXT3-fs warning: mounting fs with errors, running e2fsck is recommended But when I run the following I get: # mount -a mount: /dev/sdb1 already mounted or /mnt/data busy It says nothing is mounted when I try to umount /dev/sdb1 or umount /mnt/data, so I assume it's the second of those errors. However, lsof | grep mnt shows nothing. The weird thing is that I can save files in /mnt/data. So something is obviously mounted there, but when I try to umount it I get the error that nothing is mounted. /etc/mtab doesn't mention any of the partitions or files I am trying to work with, and fstab just has that one line I mentioned above that is supposed to mount my raid partition. Again, it was all working fine until I On Google I've found a few things about dmraid interfering with mdadm after an update, but I yum remove'd dmraid and rebooted and it didn't help. I'm really confused and need to get this working to get on with my work!

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• cloning a kvm guest os to a vmdk file

  - by Bond

  I have a production environment where I am having 4 Guest OS running on a Ubuntu server which uses kvm. These OS are in an LVM based setup.I want these Virtual Machines to be in a vmdk format also.Where people would do experiments with these Virtual Machines so this in a vmware environment (or it can be Xen too) would be different from the kvm server.I would not have any control on that other environment so I want to give people vmdk images of these virtual machines. The production Virtual Machines will still keep running on kvm server but the VMs on which experiments would be done would be of type vmdk.(vmdk is a constraint) Here is output of lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm1' [100.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm2' [150.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm3' [50.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm4' [100.00 GiB] inherit I was reading man page of qemu-img and what I understand is I need to first create a qcow image file which I need to populate and then convert that to a vmdk file. Is that understanding correct? Now suppose /dev/abcd/lvm4 is the virtual machine with which I am going to start this experiment.I can shutdown the production VMs for some time to do this. So is the following way correct to go on server 1 (where kvm is running) qemu-img convert -c -f raw -O vmdk /dev/abcd/lvm4 /backup/lvm4.img or it will affect the lvm4 on kvm server 1. I do not want the VM running on original server to at all loose its any of the content but also have a vmdk file for each of the Guest OS on kvm. Before I proceed with any of the above things on the production machine I just want to make sure that I am doing the correct thing so I asking here.

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• Traffic shaping on Linux with HTB: weird results

  - by DADGAD

  I'm trying to have some simple bandwidth throttling set up on a Linux server and I'm running into what seems to be very weird stuff despite a seemingly trivial config. I want to shape traffic coming to a specific client IP (10.41.240.240) to a hard maximum of 75Kbit/s. Here's how I set up the shaping: # tc qdisc add dev eth1 root handle 1: htb default 1 r2q 1 # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 75Kbit # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 75kbit # tc filter add dev eth1 parent 1:0 protocol ip prio 1 u32 match ip dst 10.41.240.240 flowid 1:10 To test, I start a file download over HTTP from the said client machine and measure the resulting speed by looking at Kb/s in Firefox. Now, the behaviour is rather puzzling: the DL starts at about 10Kbyte/s and proceeds to pick up speed until it stabilizes at about 75Kbytes/s (Kilobytes, not Kilobits as configured!). Then, If I start several parallel downloads of that very same file, each download stabilizes at about 45Kbytes/s; the combined speed of those downloads thus greatly exceeds the configured maximum. Here's what I get when probing tc for debug info [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s qdisc show dev eth1 qdisc htb 1: r2q 1 default 1 direct_packets_stat 1 Sent 17475717 bytes 1334 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 2782 requeues 0) rate 0bit 0pps backlog 0b 12p requeues 0 [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s class show dev eth1 class htb 1:1 root rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14369397 bytes 1124 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) rate 577896bit 5pps backlog 0b 0p requeues 0 lended: 1 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 class htb 1:10 parent 1:1 prio 0 **rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit** burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14529077 bytes 1134 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) **rate 589888bit** 5pps backlog 0b 11p requeues 0 lended: 1123 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 What I can't for the life of me understand is this: how come I get a "rate 589888bit 5pps" with a config of "rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit"? Why does the effective rate get so much higher than the configured rate? What am I doing wrong? Why is it behaving the way it is? Please help, I'm stumped. Thanks guys.

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• IPv6 Routing / Subnetting

  - by nappo

  Recently I have installed Citrix Xen Server 6.2 on a machine. My Provider (Hetzner) gave me the IPv6 Subnet 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/64. Followed an article in the providers wiki (1) i got it working and can assign IPs to my guests (CentOS). However i can't assign a second IP to a single guest - it will result in a timeout. I'm not very familiar with IPv6 routing / subnetting - any help or tips for further troubleshooting is welcome! My Setup: XenServer 6.2 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::2/112 ip -6 route: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/112 dev xenbr0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 fe80::1 dev xenbr0 metric 1024 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 default via fe80::1 dev xenbr0 metric 1024 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 Guest 1 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::3/64 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::4/64 ip -6 route: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 default via fe80::1 dev eth0 metric 1 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 Guest 2 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::5/64 Guest 1 IPv6 is working fine, Guest 2 too. As suggested by the wiki article (1) i split my /64 network into a /112. Is it right to set the host /112 and the guests /64? Why is that?

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• sudo fdisk in a live session does not show all hard drives

  - by cornbread

  I am having Grub2 issues in my Ubuntu 10.04 dual boot, 2 hard drive system. So I am attempting to follow the standard grub2 reinstallation guide (cant post link because of spam filters allowing only one... ?_?) Don't know if this is the root of my problem, but my speedy internal HD with my OS on it is not showing up anywhere in a live session. Not in nautilus, behind fdisk.... no where. When I can get the main system to boot, there is no issue seeing all available partitions. But the live session sees only the 1TB internal media/backup hard drive. I need access to the other hard drive and it's partitions to finish the grub2 re-installation but I am not sure anymore that is the underlying issue. Anyone have experience with this? The issue I have identified as a grub2 issue is fully described here. SandPvvr describes it exactly. Some notes: I do not see the grub2 menu for my os's holding down the shift key after my bios screen works maybe 10% of the time Not related to reinstalling a windows os. havent been touched in a year do some web development. issue may have started when I was playing with ruby and django. not sure on this. Could a dev environment do this? fdisk in live session ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001d518 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb2 1 121601 976759939 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 487 110765 885816036 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 110766 121601 87040138+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sdb7 1 486 3903700+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order

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• Why dd finishes instantly when pipelining to cat?

  - by agsamek

  I start bash on Cygwin and type: dd if=/dev/zero | cat /dev/null It finishes instantly. When I type: dd if=/dev/zero > /dev/null it runs as expected and I can issue killall -USR1 dd to see the progress. Why does the former invocation finishes instantly? Is it the same on a Linux box? * Explanation why I asked such stupid question and possibly not so stupid question I was compressing hdd images and some were compressed incorrectly. I ended up with the following script showing the problem: while sleep 1 ; do killall -v -USR1 dd ; done & dd if=/dev/zero bs=5000000 count=200 | gzip -c | gzip -cd | wc -c Wc should write 1000000000 at the end. The problem is that it does not on my machine: bash-3.2$ dd if=/dev/zero bs=5000000 count=200 | gzip -c | gzip -cd | wc -c 13+0 records in 12+0 records out 60000000 bytes (60 MB) copied, 0.834 s, 71.9 MB/s 27+0 records in 26+0 records out 130000000 bytes (130 MB) copied, 1.822 s, 71.4 MB/s 200+0 records in 200+0 records out 1000000000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 13.231 s, 75.6 MB/s 1005856128 Is it a bug or am I doing something wrong once again?

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• Issue with kernel boot [OVH SERVER]

  - by Conner Stephen McCabe

  Trying to install OpenVZ kernel on Centos 6.3, Yes my kernel is installed i can see it in the /boot folder, yes it is Rhel6 and yes it is all up to date, i checked this with yum update. My issue comes when i reboot my server with that kernel set as the default, it doesn't load, below i shall put a copy of my grub.conf file and my menu.lst file. Grub.conf: default=0 timeout=5 title vzkernel (2.6.32-042stab057.1) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1 ro root=/dev/sda1 initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-042stab057.1.img title linux centos6_64 kernel /boot/bzImage-3.2.13-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 root=/dev/sda1 ro root (hd0,0) Now i shall paste in Menu.lst; # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Linux OpenVZ (vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=l$ initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-042stab057.1.img title CentOS (2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/bzImage-3.2.13-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFO$ initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img # dummy text Somebody mentioned something about OVH having added a script which changes the kernel settings or something, and suggested that we either remove the script or reinstall using a VNC, but we don't know how to go about doing either of these? Really would be great if you guys could help. Thanks in advance.

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