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• No Windows Option on Boot

  - by Okoning

  I've installed Ubuntu alongside Windows but at first didn't have a boot option menu. So, I installed bootrepair and ran it. This succeeded in granting me a GRUB boot option menu, but Windows isn't on it. Here is the bootrepair report: http://paste.ubuntu.com/8098527 Can anyone tell me what might be wrong? EDIT: I ran sudo fdisk -l and this is the output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00023fe0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 960096255 480047104 83 Linux /dev/sda2 960098302 976771071 8336385 5 Extended /dev/sda5 960098304 976771071 8336384 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32015679488 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3892 cylinders, total 62530624 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 62530623 31265296 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

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• Huge 2d pixelized world

  - by aspcartman

  I would like to make a game field in a indie-strategic 2d game to be some a-like this popular picture. http://0.static.wix.com/media/6a83ae_cd307e45ffd9c6b145237263ac1a86be.jpg_1024 So every "pixel"(blocks) changes it's color slowly, sometimes a bright color wave happens, etc, but the spaces beetwen this pixels should stay dark (not to count shades, lightning and other 3rd party stuff going on). Units are going to be same "pixelized" and should position them-selfs according those blocks. I have some experience in game-developing, but this task seems not trivial for me. What approaches (shader, tons of sprites or code-render, i don't now) would you recommend me to follow? (I'm thinking of making this game using Unity Engine) Thanks everyone! :)

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• Avoid Code Repetition in Condition Statements

  - by Ethosik

  I have been programming for over 15 years now. I consider myself a very good programmer, but I understand (like all of us) there are things that I need to work on. One of these things is code repetition when dealing with conditions. I will give a generic sample: if(condition1) { //perform some logic if(condition2) { //perform some logic if(condition3) { //Perform logic } else { //MethodA(param) } } else { //MethodA(param) } } else { //MethodA() } Now, I cannot make it easy by doing the following: if(condition1 && condition2) { } else { } I cannot do this since I need to perform some logic if condition1 is true and before I test condition2. Is there a way to structure if...else blocks to where if you need to call a method in each else blocks, you are not repeating yourself?

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• calling calloc - memory leak valgrind

  - by Mike

  The following code is an example from the NCURSES menu library. I'm not sure what could be wrong with the code, but valgrind reports some problems. Any ideas... ==4803== 1,049 (72 direct, 977 indirect) bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 25 of 36 ==4803== at 0x4C24477: calloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:418) ==4803== by 0x400E93: main (in /home/gerardoj/a.out) ==4803== ==4803== LEAK SUMMARY: ==4803== definitely lost: 72 bytes in 1 blocks ==4803== indirectly lost: 977 bytes in 10 blocks ==4803== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==4803== still reachable: 64,942 bytes in 262 blocks Source code: #include <curses.h> #include <menu.h> #define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])) #define CTRLD 4 char *choices[] = { "Choice 1", "Choice 2", "Choice 3", "Choice 4", "Choice 5", "Choice 6", "Choice 7", "Exit", } ; int main() { ITEM **my_items; int c; MENU *my_menu; int n_choices, i; ITEM *cur_item; /* Initialize curses */ initscr(); cbreak(); noecho(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* Initialize items */ n_choices = ARRAY_SIZE(choices); my_items = (ITEM **)calloc(n_choices + 1, sizeof(ITEM *)); for (i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i) { my_items[i] = new_item(choices[i], choices[i]); } my_items[n_choices] = (ITEM *)NULL; my_menu = new_menu((ITEM **)my_items); /* Make the menu multi valued */ menu_opts_off(my_menu, O_ONEVALUE); mvprintw(LINES - 3, 0, "Use <SPACE> to select or unselect an item."); mvprintw(LINES - 2, 0, "<ENTER> to see presently selected items(F1 to Exit)"); post_menu(my_menu); refresh(); while ((c = getch()) != KEY_F(1)) { switch (c) { case KEY_DOWN: menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_DOWN_ITEM); break; case KEY_UP: menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_UP_ITEM); break; case ' ': menu_driver(my_menu, REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM); break; case 10: { char temp[200]; ITEM **items; items = menu_items(my_menu); temp[0] = '\0'; for (i = 0; i < item_count(my_menu); ++i) if(item_value(items[i]) == TRUE) { strcat(temp, item_name(items[i])); strcat(temp, " "); } move(20, 0); clrtoeol(); mvprintw(20, 0, temp); refresh(); } break; } } free_item(my_items[0]); free_item(my_items[1]); free_menu(my_menu); endwin(); }

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• How to write a bison grammer for WDI?

  - by Rizo

  I need some help in bison grammar construction. From my another question: I'm trying to make a meta-language for writing markup code (such as xml and html) wich can be directly embedded into C/C++ code. Here is a simple sample written in this language, I call it WDI (Web Development Interface): /* * Simple wdi/html sample source code */ #include <mySite> string name = "myName"; string toCapital(string str); html { head { title { mySiteTitle; } link(rel="stylesheet", href="style.css"); } body(id="default") { // Page content wrapper div(id="wrapper", class="some_class") { h1 { "Hello, " + toCapital(name) + "!"; } // Lists post ul(id="post_list") { for(post in posts) { li { a(href=post.getID()) { post.tilte; } } } } } } } Basically it is a C source with a user-friendly interface for html. As you can see the traditional tag-based style is substituted by C-like, with blocks delimited by curly braces. I need to build an interpreter to translate this code to html and posteriorly insert it into C, so that it can be compiled. The C part stays intact. Inside the wdi source it is not necessary to use prints, every return statement will be used for output (in printf function). The program's output will be clean html code. So, for example a heading 1 tag would be transformed like this: h1 { "Hello, " + toCapital(name) + "!"; } // would become: printf("<h1>Hello, %s!</h1>", toCapital(name)); My main goal is to create an interpreter to translate wdi source to html like this: tag(attributes) {content} = <tag attributes>content</tag> Secondly, html code returned by the interpreter has to be inserted into C code with printfs. Variables and functions that occur inside wdi should also be sorted in order to use them as printf parameters (the case of toCapital(name) in sample source). Here are my flex/bison files: id [a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_])* number [0-9]+ string \".*\" %% {id} { yylval.string = strdup(yytext); return(ID); } {number} { yylval.number = atoi(yytext); return(NUMBER); } {string} { yylval.string = strdup(yytext); return(STRING); } "(" { return(LPAREN); } ")" { return(RPAREN); } "{" { return(LBRACE); } "}" { return(RBRACE); } "=" { return(ASSIGN); } "," { return(COMMA); } ";" { return(SEMICOLON); } \n|\r|\f { /* ignore EOL */ } [ \t]+ { /* ignore whitespace */ } . { /* return(CCODE); Find C source */ } %% %start wdi %token LPAREN RPAREN LBRACE RBRACE ASSIGN COMMA SEMICOLON CCODE QUOTE %union { int number; char *string; } %token <string> ID STRING %token <number> NUMBER %% wdi : /* empty */ | blocks ; blocks : block | blocks block ; block : head SEMICOLON | head body ; head : ID | ID attributes ; attributes : LPAREN RPAREN | LPAREN attribute_list RPAREN ; attribute_list : attribute | attribute COMMA attribute_list ; attribute : key ASSIGN value ; key : ID {$$=$1} ; value : STRING {$$=$1} /*| NUMBER*/ /*| CCODE*/ ; body : LBRACE content RBRACE ; content : /* */ | blocks | STRING SEMICOLON | NUMBER SEMICOLON | CCODE ; %% I am having difficulties on defining a proper grammar for the language, specially in splitting WDI and C code . I just started learning language processing techniques so I need some orientation. Could someone correct my code or give some examples of what is the right way to solve this problem?

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• Subversion gives Error 500 until authenticating with a web browser

  - by Farseeker

  We used to use Collabnet SVN/Apache combo on a Windows server with LDAP authentication, and whilst the performance wasn't brilliant it used to work perfectly. After switching to a fresh Ubuntu 10 install, and setting up an Apache/SVN/LDAP configuration, we have HTTPS access to our repositories, using Active Directory authentication via LDAP. We're now having a very peculiar issue. Whenever a new user accesses a repository, our SVN clients (we have a few depending on the tool, but for arguments sake, let's stick to Tortoise SVN) report "Error 500 - Unknown Response". To get around this, we have to log into the repo using a web browser and navigate 'backwards' until it works E.G: SVN Checkout https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/MyModule/ - Error 500 (bad) Webbrowse to https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/MyModule/ - Error 500 (bad) Webbrowse to https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/ - Error 500 (bad) Webbrowse to https://svn.example.local/SVN/ - Forbidden 403 (correct) Webbrowse to https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/ - OK 200 (correct) SVN Checkout https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/MyModule/ - Error 500 (bad) Webbrowse to https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/MyModule/ - OK 200 (correct) SVN Checkout https://svn.example.local/SVN/MyRepo/MyModule/ - OK 200 (correct) It seems to require authentication up the tree, starting from the svnparentpath up through to the module required. Has anyone seen anything like this before? Any ideas on where to start before I ditch it back to Collabnet's SVN server?

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• How can I fix my corrupted RAID1 ext4 partition on a Synology DS212 NAS?

  - by Neil

  I have two identical 3 TB disks that were in a RAID1 array, where one disk crashed. I replaced the failed disk, but not after the RAID partitions got messed up. I need to figure out how to restore the RAID array and get at my ext4 partition. Here are the properties of the surviving disk: # fdisk -l /dev/sda fdisk: device has more than 2^32 sectors, can't use all of them Disk /dev/sda: 2199.0 GB, 2199023255040 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 267349 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 267350 2147483647+ ee EFI GPT # parted /dev/sda print Model: ATA ST3000DM001-9YN1 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 3001GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 131kB 2550MB 2550MB ext4 raid 2 2550MB 4698MB 2147MB linux-swap(v1) raid 5 4840MB 3001GB 2996GB raid I replaced the failed drive, and cloned the surviving drive to it so I have something to work with. I cloned the drives with dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sda conv=noerror bs=64M, and now /dev/sda and /dev/sdb are identical. Here is the RAID information: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md1 : active raid1 sdb2[1] 2097088 blocks [2/1] [_U] md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] 2490176 blocks [2/1] [_U] unused devices: <none> It seems that md2 is missing. Here is what testdisk 6.14-WIP finds: Disk /dev/sda - 3000 GB / 2794 GiB - CHS 364801 255 63 Current partition structure: Partition Start End Size in sectors 1 P Linux Raid 256 4980735 4980480 [md0] 2 P Linux Raid 4980736 9175039 4194304 [md1] Invalid RAID superblock 5 P Linux Raid 9453280 5860519007 5851065728 5 P Linux Raid 9453280 5860519007 5851065728 # After a quick search Disk /dev/sda - 3000 GB / 2794 GiB - CHS 364801 255 63 Partition Start End Size in sectors D MS Data 256 4980607 4980352 [1.41.12-2197] D Linux Raid 256 4980735 4980480 [md0] D Linux Swap 4980736 9174895 4194160 D Linux Raid 4980736 9175039 4194304 [md1] >P MS Data 9481056 5858437983 5848956928 [1.41.12-2228] And listing the files on the last partition in the list shows all of my files intact. What should I do?

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• "Windows detected a hard drive" issue in Windows 7 x64

  - by Jasiu

  I upgraded to the OCZ-Agility3 120GB from a 60 OCZ Vertex2 SSD. I cloned the drive from the Vertex to the new Agility. Everything seemed to have gone well and have not had any problems. Recently in the passed month I have gotten this error: I downloaded teh OCZToolboxMP and ran the SMART utility and don't see anything wrong: SMART READ DATA ModelNumber : OCZ-AGILITY3 Serial Number : OCZ-Y1945X77438P4NU6 WWN : 5-e8-3a-97 ebea5ba76 Revision: 10 Attributes List 1: SSD Raw Read Error Rate Normalized Rate: 70 total ECC and RAISE errors 5: SSD Retired Block Count Reserve blocks remaining: 100% 9: SSD Power-On Hours Total hours power on: 968 12: SSD Power Cycle Count Count of power on/off cycles: 28 171: SSD Program Fail Count Total number of Flash program operation failures: 0 172: SSD Erase Fail Count Total number of Flash erase operation failures: 0 174: SSD Unexpected power loss count Total number of unexpected power loss: 11 177: SSD Wear Range Delta Delta between most-worn and least-worn Flash blocks: 0 181: SSD Program Fail Count Total number of Flash program operation failures: 0 182: SSD Erase Fail Count Total number of Flash erase operation failures: 0 187: SSD Reported Uncorrectable Errors Uncorrectable RAISE errors reported to the host for all data access: 4145 194: SSD Temperature Monitoring Current: 30 High: 30 Low: 30 195: SSD ECC On-the-fly Count Normalized Rate: 120 196: SSD Reallocation Event Count Total number of reallocated Flash blocks: 100 201: SSD Uncorrectable Soft Read Error Rate Normalized Rate: 120 204: SSD Soft ECC Correction Rate (RAISE) Normalized Rate: 120 230: SSD Life Curve Status Current state of drive operation based upon the Life Curve: 100 231: SSD Life Left Approximate SDD life Remaining: 100% 241: SSD Lifetime writes from host lifetime writes 893 GB 242: SSD Lifetime reads from host lifetime reads 968 GB Does anyone have any ideas of what might be wrong and or how I can go about fixing this? Please let me know if there is other information I can provide. Thanks for your help Windows 7 x64 SP1 AMD Phenom II X4 940 8GB RAM

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• Getting around url block for game

  - by Josh T

  So I play a game called Battlefield Play4Free (www.battlefield.play4free.com). Its essentially a giant browser plugin. The admin on my computer used to have the url battlefield.play4free.com/en/playnow.html blocked which only blocked the page that launches the game (i found a way to launch the game without going to that page and the game worked fine). Now it blocks battlefield.play4free.com which thus blocks all subpages. However, I have found that if I change it to an https and go to https://battlefield.play4free.com/en/login.html to login and then https://battlefield.play4free.com/en/playnow.html I can launch the game. However, when the game launches the borders and everything show but the window content is just a giant blockpage (the same one that shows up when I go to battlefield.play4free.com in the browser) and the blocked page is battlefield.play4free.com (main page). Is there any way I can get around this? I need a way to make the game access the server without going through the browser i.e. make the game use a proxy to get the data or somehow get past the besafe block. I was thinking perhaps you could get around it if you could get the game to make a direct request to the server and not through the url/browser, I know this works because I have a torrenting app that even tho torrent sites are blocked in the browser, the app makes a direct request and thus is not blocked. By the way, the program that blocks everything is besafe or besecure something like that. I do have access to an admin account (on the computer not the besafe program) as well as router access and pretty much anything else. Thanks so much!

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• ext4 filesystem corruption -- maybe hardware error?

  - by pts

  I'm getting these errors in dmesg after about half an hour after I turn on the computer: [ 1355.677957] EXT4-fs error (device sda2): htree_dirblock_to_tree: inode #1318420: (comm updatedb.mlocat) bad entry in directory: directory entry across blocks - block=5251700offset=0(0), inode=1802725748, rec_len=179136, name_len=32 [ 1355.677973] Aborting journal on device sda2-8. [ 1355.678101] EXT4-fs (sda2): Remounting filesystem read-only [ 1355.690144] EXT4-fs error (device sda2): htree_dirblock_to_tree: inode #1318416: (comm updatedb.mlocat) bad entry in directory: directory entry across blocks - block=5251699offset=0(0), inode=2194783952, rec_len=53280, name_len=152 [ 1356.864720] EXT4-fs error (device sda2): htree_dirblock_to_tree: inode #1312795: (comm updatedb.mlocat) bad entry in directory: directory entry across blocks - block=5251176offset=1460(13748), inode=1432317541, rec_len=208208, name_len=119 /dev/sda is an SSD, and it's using the noop scheduler. /etc/fstab entry: UUID=acb4eefa-48ff-4ee1-bb5f-2dccce7d011f / ext4 errors=remount-ro,noatime,discard,user_xattr 0 1 System information: $ cat /proc/mounts | grep /dev/sd /dev/sda1 /boot ext2 rw,noatime,errors=continue 0 0 $ cat /etc/lsb-release DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_RELEASE=10.04 DISTRIB_CODENAME=lucid DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 10.04.3 LTS" $ uname -a Linux leetpad 2.6.35-30-generic-pae #61~lucid1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 13 21:14:29 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux I've run memtest for 7 hours, it didn't found any memory errors. Any obvious ideas what can go wrong in this case? The most reasonable thing I can imagine is that the SSD is silently dropping some write requests, which eventually leads to an EXT4 filesystem inconsistency (but no disk I/O errors). How can this happen? Is there a relevant configuration option I should ensure to be set correctly? What tools should I use to diagnose the hardware failures? Would it be possible to diagnose the SSD failure without overwriting data?

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• Using smartctl to get vendor specific Attributes from ssd drive behind a SmartArray P410 controller

  - by Lairsdragon

  Recently I have deployed some HP server with SSD's behind a SmartArray P410 controller. While not official supported from HP the server work well sofar. Now I like to get wear level info's, error statistics etc from the drive. While the SA P410 supports a passthru of the SMART Command to a single drive in the array the output I was not able to the the interesting things from the drive. In this case especially the value the Wear level indicator is from interest for me (Attr.ID 233), but this is ony present if the drive is directly attanched to a SATA Controller. smartctl on directly connected ssd: # smartctl -A /dev/sda smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 5 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0000 100 000 000 Old_age Offline In_the_past 0 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0000 100 000 000 Old_age Offline In_the_past 0 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 8561 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 55 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 29 232 Unknown_Attribute 0x0003 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0 233 Unknown_Attribute 0x0002 088 088 000 Old_age Always - 0 225 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0000 198 198 000 Old_age Offline - 508509 226 Load-in_Time 0x0002 255 000 000 Old_age Always In_the_past 0 227 Torq-amp_Count 0x0002 000 000 000 Old_age Always FAILING_NOW 0 228 Power-off_Retract_Count 0x0002 000 000 000 Old_age Always FAILING_NOW 0 smartctl on P410 connected ssd: # ./smartctl -A -d cciss,0 /dev/cciss/c1d0 smartctl 5.39.1 2010-01-28 r3054 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net (Right, it is complety empty) smartctl on P410 connected hdd: # ./smartctl -A -d cciss,0 /dev/cciss/c0d0 smartctl 5.39.1 2010-01-28 r3054 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net Current Drive Temperature: 27 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 1871654030 Blocks received from initiator = 1360012929 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 2178203797 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 46052239 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 0 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 3363.25 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 12 Do I hunt here a bug, or is this a limitation of the p410 SMART cmd Passthru?

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• LSI MegaRAID LINUX got Optimal after degradation but strange POST message

  - by kesrut

  Linux server box with LSI MegaRAID controller got degraded. But after some time RAID status changed to Optimal. Adapter 0 -- Virtual Drive Information: Virtual Drive: 0 (Target Id: 0) Name : RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0 Size : 2.727 TB Mirror Data : 2.727 TB State : Optimal Strip Size : 256 KB Number Of Drives per span:2 Span Depth : 3 Default Cache Policy: WriteBack, ReadAdaptive, Cached, No Write Cache if Bad BBU Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAdaptive, Cached, No Write Cache if Bad BBU Default Access Policy: Read/Write Current Access Policy: Read/Write Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default Encryption Type : None Is VD Cached: No But now I'm getting RAID BIOS POST message: Your battery is either charging, bad or missing, and you have VDs configured for write-back mode. Because the battery is not currently usable, these VDs willl actually run in write-through mode until the battery is fully charged or replaced if it is bad or missing. (Image: http://cl.ly/image/1h1O093b1i2d) So may it be battery issue caused problem ? I get information about battery: BatteryType: iBBU Voltage: 4001 mV Current: 0 mA Temperature: 22 C Battery State : Operational BBU Firmware Status: Charging Status : None Voltage : OK Temperature : OK Learn Cycle Requested : No Learn Cycle Active : No Learn Cycle Status : OK Learn Cycle Timeout : No I2c Errors Detected : No Battery Pack Missing : No Battery Replacement required : No Remaining Capacity Low : No Periodic Learn Required : No Transparent Learn : No No space to cache offload : No Pack is about to fail & should be replaced : No Cache Offload premium feature required : No Module microcode update required : No Where can be problem ? I'm disabled alarms, but get them if enabled. But don't know how find root of problem.

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• copying an lvm partition to a smaller disk, and renaming volume groups.

  - by dlamblin

  I was trying to shrink a vmdk (VMWare disk image) file to be as small as possible, and found two recommendations. The first is to cat /dev/zero into the fs then delete it, and run VMWare tools' shrink. This works okay. The second is to copy everything into a new vmdk. I went the second route. I did not use dd because I actaully want to use as few blocks as possible, instead of having a block-by-clok copy. Any unlinked files will still have blocks that aren't zeroed out. Secondly the centos image was mostly lvm, except for the boot partition, and my target was going to be 4gb instead of 8gb. I did use dd for the first 40mb to get the boot blocks and partition copied. I then used parted to create an identical primary boot, and smaller primary lvm. Then I used pvcreate on that device sdb2, vgcreate, and lvcreate to create a root and swap. I used mkfs.ext3fs on the root partition and then rsync -av / /2root excluding /proc /sys /2root /dev. So far everything went fine. My problem is that: The result is 2.7 GB while the source was 2.1 GB. This is weird to me. The second vgroup is called VolGroup01, while the original was called VolGroup00. How can I rename the VolGroup01 to VolGroup00 and swap it out after all this?

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• Re-sizing disk partition linux/vm

  - by Tiffany Walker

  I VM Player running a linux guest and I was wanting to know how do I expand the disk? In the VM player I gave more disk space but I am not sure how to mount/expand/connect the new disk space to the system. My old disk space was 14GB [root@localhost ~]# df -h / Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 14G 4.5G 8.2G 36% / Then I expanded it and now I see sda2 which is the new space? [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000cd44d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 14.5 GB, 14537457664 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1767 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 6408 MB, 6408896512 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 779 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Do I need to mount the new space first? resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 108849018880 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The containing partition (or device) is only 3549184 (4k) blocks. You requested a new size of 1474836480 blocks. resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 128849018880 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) resize2fs: Invalid new size: 128849018880 [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L+90GB /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root Extending logical volume lv_root to 103.54 GiB Insufficient free space: 23040 extents needed, but only 0 available [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L90GB /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root Extending logical volume lv_root to 90.00 GiB Insufficient free space: 19574 extents needed, but only 0 available EDIT: So after trying pvcreate/vgextend nothing has so far worked. I'm guessing the new disk space added from VM Player is not showing up? pvscan PV /dev/sda2 VG VolGroup lvm2 [19.51 GiB / 0 free] Total: 1 [19.51 GiB] / in use: 1 [19.51 GiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]

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• Trouble cloning a Macbook Pro hard drive

  - by Mirko Froehlich

  I am trying to upgrade the 250GB hard drive in my MacBook Pro (early 2008 model) to a 750GB drive. I have connected the new drive via an external USB enclosure. The drive is recognized fine, I can format it, etc. However, every time I try to clone the drive, I am getting Input/Output errors. Before the clone operation, I have verified both the internal and the external drive using Disk Utility, and they both check out fine. After the clone operation, the external drive shows multiple "Invalid node structure" errors: I have tried two approaches for cloning the drive: Using Disk Utility, by starting from the OSX install DVD Using Carbon Copy Cloner The outcome is the same in both cases. The Carbon Copy Cloner logs show a handful of the following types of errors: rsync: mkstemp "<... an external filename ...>" failed: Input/output error (5) rsync: stat "<... an external filename ...>" failed: Input/output error (5) The actual files affected seem to be different across different runs of the application. Before the last run, I used Disk Utility to (once more) reformat the external drive and explicitly overwrite it with zeros, but this made no difference. I also tried running a surface scan in Tech Tool Pro overnight. It got about 2/3 of the way through before I had to disconnect the drive (had to take my MacBook Pro to work), but so far it didn't report any bad blocks. Assuming it scans the drive in the same order in which blocks would be allocated during actual use, it seems like if bad blocks were to blame for the clone failures, they should have been found already (given that the source drive is only 250GB). As a last attempt, I may try SuperDuper as well, although my understanding is that it uses the same underlying rsync approach as Carbon Copy Cloner, so it's unlikely to perform any better. Are there any other things I should try before I send the drive in for a replacement? Could these problems be caused by my internal drive, even though it works fine and checks out fine in Disk Utility?

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• VMWare Raw Device Mapping Not Working

  - by George H. Lenzer

  While I'm waiting for VMWare support to get back to me, I thought I'd ask here. I have a 400 gig LUN presented from a fiber channel SAN to my VMWare host. It's legacy from another virtualization platform and I need to keep it as is to avoid a long period of downtime. I formatted my VMFS3 datastore with 4 meg blocks to allow up to 1 TB disks. Then I tried adding my 400 gig disk as a raw device in physical compatibility mode. I get the error: "File is larger than the maximum size supported by datastore 'Base Test'. [Base Test]VMTEST01/VMTEST01_2.vmdk Originally I had the VMFS datastore formatted with 1 meg blocks which was the cause of this problem since the largest disk allowed would be 256 gigs. But I deleted the data store and then reformatted with 4 megs blocks. I've also tried using virtual compatibility mode for the raw device but it still fails. Does anyone have any suggestions? I've been waiting for a little over a week for VMWare, but that's fine because I'm not yet a paying customer. I'm still in the eval phase.

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• Why does this loopback device creation malfunction?

  - by user50118

  The stackoverflow people thought this was more appropriate here, I put it there as it is part of a program but I can see their POV, so here it is: At the bottom of the code you can see it failing. In fact, I'll put it here at the start too because it is the problem I need to solve: [350591.924819] EXT4-fs (loop0): bad geometry: block count 9750806 exceeds size of device (9750168 blocks) I don't understand why the device is supposedly too small. I made this partition two days ago with normal fdisk, it was created and formatted with ext4 supplying no options other than the partition (/dev/sdb2) to format. The only explaination I can think of is that ext4 has the size of the partition wrong somehow but that seems very unlikely. What is wrong with my math? The offset is correct, you can see that with the file command, and the size should be correct too because End - Start comes to the same number of sectors minus 1, just like it should (A disk starting on sector 1 and ending on sector 2 would be 2 - 1 = 1 and have two sectors). # sfdisk -luS /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 9729 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track Units = sectors of 512 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End #sectors Id System /dev/sdb2 78295040 156296384 78001345 83 Linux # losetup -r -f --show -o $((78295040 * 512)) --sizelimit $((78001345 * 512)) /dev/sdb /dev/loop0 # file -s /dev/loop0 /dev/loop0: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data (needs journal recovery) (extents) (large files) (huge files) # mount -o ro -t ext4 /dev/loop0 /mnt mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so # dmesg | tail -n 1 [350591.924819] EXT4-fs (loop0): bad geometry: block count 9750806 exceeds size of device (9750168 blocks)

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• Creating an ec2 image on amazon fails at mkfs.ext3

  - by Dave Orr

  I'm trying to create an image of my ec2 instance in Amazon's cloud. It's been a bit of an adventure so far. I did manage to install Amazon's ec2-api-tools, which was harder than it seemed like it should have been. Then I ran: ec2-bundle-vol -d /mnt -k pk-{key}.pem -c cert-{cert}.pem -u {uid} -s 1536 Which returned: Copying / into the image file /mnt/image... Excluding: /sys/kernel/debug /sys/kernel/security /sys /proc /dev/pts /dev /dev /media /mnt /proc /sys /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/z25_persistent-net.rules /mnt/image /mnt/img-mnt 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.00677357 s, 155 MB/s mkfs.ext3: option requires an argument -- 'L' Usage: mkfs.ext3 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-f fragment-size] [-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] [-J journal-options] [-G meta group size] [-N number-of-inodes] [-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os] [-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-directory] [-O feature[,...]] [-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]] [-T fs-type] [-U UUID] [-jnqvFKSV] device [blocks-count] ERROR: execution failed: "mkfs.ext3 -F /mnt/image -U 1c001580-9118-4a50-9a25-dcf02be6d25f -L " So mkfs.ext3 wants -L, which is a volume name. But ec2-bundle-vol doesn't seem to take in a volume name as an argument, and the docs (http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonEC2/gsg/2006-06-26/creating-an-image.html) don't seem to think one should be needed. Certainly their sample command: # ec2-bundle-vol -d /mnt -k ~root/pk-HKZYKTAIG2ECMXYIBH3HXV4ZBZQ55CLO.pem -u 495219933132 -s 1536 doesn't specify anything. So... any help? What am I missing?

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• Is my webserver being abused for banking fraud?

  - by koffie

  Since a few weeks i'm getting a lot of 403 errors from apache in my log files that seem to be related to a bank frauding scheme. The relevant log entries look like this (The ip 1.2.3.4 is one I made up, I did not modify the rest of each line) www.bradesco.com.br:80 / 1.2.3.4 - - [01/Dec/2012:07:20:32 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 427 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11" www.bb.com.br:80 / 1.2.3.4 - - [01/Dec/2012:07:20:32 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 370 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11" www.santander.com.br:80 / 1.2.3.4 - - [01/Dec/2012:07:20:33 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 370 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11" www.banese.com.br:80 / 1.2.3.4 - - [01/Dec/2012:07:20:33 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 370 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11" the logformat I use is: LogFormat "%V:%p %U %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" The strange thing is that all these domains are domains of banks and 3 out of the 4 domains are also in the list of the bank frauding scheme described on: http://www.abuse.ch/?p=2925 I would really like to know if my server is being abused for bank frauding or not. I suspect not, because it's giving 403 to all requests. But any extra checks that I can do to ensure that my server is not being abused are welcome. I'm also curious on how the "bad guys" expected my server to behave. I.e. are they just expecting my server to act as a proxy to hide the ip of the fake site, or are they expecting that my server will actually serve the fake banking website? Is the ip 1.2.3.4 more likely to be the ip of a victim or the ip of a bad guy. I suspect a bad guy, because it's quite unlikely that a real person would visit 4 bank sites in a second. If it's from a bad guy I'm very curious at what he is trying to do.

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• Network speed between a VM and another machine which is not residing on the same host, is 11MB/s at most

  - by Henno

  Problem Network speed between a VM and another machine which is not residing on the same host, is 11MB/s at most. Topology Facts ESXi5 version is 5.0.0.504890 VM has the latest Vmware Tools installed VM is using E1000 network driver Physical box has Win Srv 2008 R2 as the OS CrystalDiskMark says the drive on physical box can read/write 100MB/s vCenter is another vm on esx both vm and physical box are showing 1Gbps link speed Configuration Networking shows vmnic0 as 1000 Full NTttcp is a client/server tool from Microsoft for measuring pure network throughput Here's what I've done so far: Test1: VM is running Filezilla FTP Server (default settings, one user account made) Physical box is running Filezilla FTP Client (default settings) Physical box is uploading a big file to FTP server Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on both machines): ~11MB/s (bad) Physical box is downloading that file from FTP server Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on both machines): still ~11MB/s (bad) Could it be disk performance issue? Test2: Physical box is running ntttcpr.exe -a 6 -m 6,0,VM_IP_ADDRESS VM is running ntttcps.exe -a 6 -m 6,0,PHY_BOX_IP_ADDRESS Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on both machines): ~11MB/s (bad) Could it be switch performance issue? Test3: physical box is running vSphere Client I open Summary Storage datastore Browse Datastore... from physical box and upload a file to datastore Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on physical box): ~26-36MB/s (good) Could it be a vm specific issue? Test4: Installed ntttcp to another vm on the same esx server Measured network performance between vms on the same esx server with NTttcp Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on physical box): ~90-120MB/s (excellent :) Test5: I have another esx server on the same site, connecting to the same datastore and same switch. Those two ESX servers have both 2 NICs. One NIC goes to switch while the other goes directly to the other ESX server. vMotioned one of the testing vms off to the other ESX host Measured network performance between vms on different esx servers with NTttcp Transfer speed (as observed by Windows Task Manager on physical box): ~11MB/s (bad) While I'm aware of these: ESXi 4.1 slow file transfer ESXi 5 network performance is slow Debian Etch and ESXi slow network speeds VMWare ESXi slow file copy to guest they did not help (or I must have been missed something)

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• How to re-add a RAID-10 failed drive on Ubuntu?

  - by thiesdiggity

  I have a problem that I can't seem to solve. We have a Ubuntu server setup with RAID-10 and two of the drives dropped out of the array. When I try to re-add them using the following command: mdadm --manage --re-add /dev/md2 /dev/sdc1 I get the following error message: mdadm: Cannot open /dev/sdc1: Device or resource busy When I do a "cat /proc/mdstat" I get the following: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [r$ md2 : active raid10 sdb1[0] sdd1[3] 1953519872 blocks 64K chunks 2 near-copies [4/2] [U__U] md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdc2[1] 468853696 blocks [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdc1[1] 19530688 blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> When I run "/sbin/mdadm --detail /dev/md2" I get the following: /dev/md2: Version : 00.90 Creation Time : Mon Sep 5 23:41:13 2011 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 1953519872 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Used Dev Size : 976759936 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Oct 25 09:25:08 2012 State : active, degraded Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2, far=1 Chunk Size : 64K UUID : c6d87d27:aeefcb2e:d4453e2e:0b7266cb Events : 0.6688691 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 0 0 1 removed 2 0 0 2 removed 3 8 49 3 active sync /dev/sdd1 Output of df -h is: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 441G 2.0G 416G 1% / none 32G 236K 32G 1% /dev tmpfs 32G 0 32G 0% /dev/shm none 32G 112K 32G 1% /var/run none 32G 0 32G 0% /var/lock none 32G 0 32G 0% /lib/init/rw tmpfs 64G 215M 63G 1% /mnt/vmware none 441G 2.0G 416G 1% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/mapper/RAID10VG-RAID10LV 1.8T 139G 1.6T 8% /mnt/RAID10 When I do a "fdisk -l" I can see all the drives needed for the RAID-10. The RAID-10 is part of the /dev/mapper, could that be the reason why the device is coming back as busy? Anyone have any suggestions on what I can try to get the drives back into the array? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

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• Filesystem fragmentation on the level of set of files

  - by trismarck

  The file is stored in blocks by the file system. The block is the smallest amount of data the file system can assign to store a file. The classical definition of a fragmented file is that the file is stored in blocks that are 'scattered' (that are physically non-contiguous) around the hard drive. What I want to ask about is this second type of fragmentation I've came up with. Lets suppose we install a program. This program has very many files. When the program starts, the program always loads the contents of those files sequentially. Now, even if the hard disk is defragmented, there is still a possibility that the files (but not the blocks building up to files) will be scattered on the disk and thus the program launch time will be longer. Actually, this time could be longer due to defragmentation of the disk, as the defragmentation process not only glues fragmented files but also moves some files to optimize free space chunks. The questions: is the type of fragmentation I mentioned relevant for the file system? is it possible to remedy this kind of fragmentation and if yes, how would you do it? Also, I'm not sure if this question should belong to superuser or to serverfault (as I guess the filesystem fragmentation is more important in the server environment).

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• How to log kernel panics without KVM

  - by Spacedust

  My server is crashing and I can't find an answer why. It all started after my datacenter upgrade RAM from 16 GB to 32 GB. I also found such logs in dmesg - they've started to show itself just before the first kernel panic: EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_find_extent: bad header/extent in inode #97911179: invalid magic - magic 5f69, entries 28769, max 26988(0), depth 24939(0) EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_remove_space: bad header/extent in inode #97911179: invalid magic - magic 5f69, entries 28769, max 26988(0), depth 24939(0) EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 20974: 8589 blocks in bitmap, 54896 in gd JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = md2, blocknr = 0). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_split: inode #97911179: (comm pdflush) eh_entries 28769 != eh_max 26988! EXT4-fs (md2): delayed block allocation failed for inode 97911179 at logical offset 1039 with max blocks 1 with error -5 This should not happen!! Data will be lost EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 21731: 5 blocks in bitmap, 60762 in gd JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = md2, blocknr = 0). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. My system is CentOS 5.8 64-bit with latest kernel 2.6.18-308.20.1.el5. How can I check what is the reason of kernel panic without having an access to the KVM ? I have told my datacenter admins to check the memory in the server.

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• Configure IIS to pass-through CGI output without any conditioning

  - by Daniel Watrous

  I'm building a web service on Windows 2008 R2 with IIS 7.5 and Python 2.5. Right now I have the Handler Mappings and everything else setup just fine, Except that IIS is modifying what it gets back from the CGI script before sending it along the the client. Here's an example: I wrote the following CGI script: # hello.py print "Status: 400 Bad Request" print "Content-Type: text/html" print print "Error Message" According to the HTTP spec this should be fine and a Status of 400 should allow for a description of the error message in the body of the response. When the server response actually comes back to me I get the following: Status: 400 Bad Request Date: Fri, 11 Feb 2011 17:58:30 GMT X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Connection: close Content-Length: 11 Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5 Content-Type: text/html Bad Request I've seen on this forum and others where I can change or eliminate the X-Powered-By header element, but I would like IIS to leave it alone altogether. I'm not sure why it takes my response, deletes "Error Message" from the body and replaces it with "Bad Request" and then adds all that other junk in. Is there some way to tell IIS to just send the response along without making any changes at all?

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• Partition is missing in /dev

  - by haimg

  I'm having a strange problem since I moved from Centos5 to Centos6. I have three disks, first two are used as a RAID1, and third one is a stand-alone backup disk that is not listed in /etc/fstab (it is mounded when needed and then unmounted). My problem: After a boot, /dev/sdc exists but /dev/sdc1 does not. Also, the links in /dev/disks are also absent for the first partition of sdc. Disk itself is fine, and if I hot-remove it and plug it back in, /dev/sdc1 appears ok and everything is working. My question: What subsystem manages auto-discovery of disks, partitions, etc. during the boot process (e.g. what creates /dev/disks/by-label)? How do I configure it to scan /dev/sdc too and create all relevant files and links in /dev ? Edit: Here's the relevant part of dmesg output (the only place sdc appears). It does list sdc1, but it's not in /dev! sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB) sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] 976773168 512-byte logical blocks: (500 GB/465 GiB) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sdb: sdc: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB) sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sda: DMAR:[DMA Read] Request device [00:1e.0] fault addr 361bc000 DMAR:[fault reason 06] PTE Read access is not set sdb1 sdb2 sdb3 sdc1 sda1 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk sda2 sda3 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk

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