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• What is an appropriate language for expressing initial stages of algorithm refinement?

  - by hydroparadise

  First, this is not a homework assignment, but you can treat it as such ;). I found the following question in the published paper The Camel Has Two Humps. I was not a CS major going to college (I majored in MIS/Management), but I have a job where I find myself coding quite often. For a non-trivial programming problem, which one of the following is an appropriate language for expressing the initial stages of algorithm refinement? (a) A high-level programming language. (b) English. (c) Byte code. (d) The native machine code for the processor on which the program will run. (e) Structured English (pseudocode). What I do know is that you usually want to start your design implementation by writing down pseuducode and then moving/writing in the desired technology (because we all do that, right?) But I never thought about it in terms of refinement. I mean, if you were the original designer, then you might have access to the original pseudocode. But realisticly, when I have to maintain/refactor/refine somebody elses code, I just keep trucking with the language it currently resides in. Anybody have a definitive answer to this? As a side note, I did a quick scan of the paper as I havn't read every single detail. It presents various score statistics, can't find where the answers are with the paper.

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• As a programmer, what's the most valuable non-English (human) language to learn?

  - by Andrew M

  I was thinking that with my developer skills, learning new languages like French, German etc. might be easier for me now. I could setup the verbs as objects in Python and use dir(verb) to find its methods, tenses and stuff ;-) But seriously, if you're a professional developer, in my case in the UK, what's the best foreign language to learn from an employment perspective? I'm thinking, like Hindi - if all our programming jobs are getting outsourced to India, might as well position yourself to be the on-site, go-between guy. Mandarin - if the Chinese become the pre-eminent economy, the new USA, in ten or twenty years, then speaking their language would open up a huge market to you. Russian - maybe another major up-and-comer, but already closer to Western standards. More IT-sector growth here than anywhere else in the coming years? Japanese - drivers of global technology, being able to speak their language could give you a big competitive advantage over other Westerners But I'm just guessing/musing with all these points. If you have an opinion, or even better, some evidence, I'd like to hear it. If the programming things falls through then at least it'll make for more interesting holidays.

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• What is the best objective way to measure language popularity trends? (What's better than TIOBE?)

  - by Eric Wilson

  The best way to get data on computer language popularity that I know is the TIOBE index. But everyone knows that TIOBE is hopelessly flawed. (If someone provides a link to support this, I'll add it here.) So is there any data on programming language popularity that is generally considered meaningful? The only other option I know is to look at the trends at indeed.com, which is inherently flawed, being based on job postings. It isn't like I would make a future language decision solely based on an index, but it might provide a useful balance to the skewed perspective one obtains by talking to ones friends and colleagues. To illustrate that bias, I'll point out that based on the experience of those I personally know, the only languages used professionally today (in order of popularity) are Java, C#, Groovy, JavaScript, Ruby, Objective C, and Perl. (Though it is evident that C, C++ and PHP were used in the past.) So my question is, everyone bashes TIOBE, but is there anything else? If so, can anyone explain how we know the alternative has better methodology? Thanks.

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• Converting EBNF to BNF

  - by Vivin Paliath

  It's been a few years since my computer-language class and so I've forgotten the finer points of BNF's and EBNF's and I don't have a textbook next to me. Specifically, I've forgotten how to convert an EBNF into BNF. From what little I remember, I know that one of the main points is to convert { term } into <term> | <many-terms>. But I don't remember the other rules. I've tried to look this up online but I can only find links to either homework questions, or a small comment about converting terms with curly braces. I can't find an exhaustive list of rules that define the translation.

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• How to use google translate to translate website automatically using geoip

  - by AK

  I have been looking around the internet for a script which would use google translate api to translate a website automatically through a geoip script without the need of clicking translate button. Since google does provide a small div snippet which you can add to your website and then through a drop down menu you can choose the language and click translate and it translates the whole website. the snippet is here http://translate.google.com/translate_tools?hl=en&layout=1&eotf=1&sl=ru&tl=en How can i integrate a geoip script along with the above snippet or there are also a couple of google translate scripts available on the internet.

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• Code Golf: Triforce

  - by chpwn

  This is inspired by/taken from this thread: http://www.allegro.cc/forums/thread/603383 The Problem Assume the user gives you a numeric input ranging from 1 to 7. Input should be taken from the console, arguments are less desirable. When the input is 1, print the following: *********** ********* ******* ***** *** * Values greater than one should generate multiples of the pattern, ending with the one above, but stacked symmetrically. For example, 3 should print the following: *********** *********** *********** ********* ********* ********* ******* ******* ******* ***** ***** ***** *** *** *** * * * *********** *********** ********* ********* ******* ******* ***** ***** *** *** * * *********** ********* ******* ***** *** * Bonus points if you print the reverse as well. *********** *********** ********* ********* ******* ******* ***** ***** *** *** * * *********** ********* ******* ***** *** * * *** ***** ******* ********* *********** * * *** *** ***** ***** ******* ******* ********* ********* *********** *********** Can we try and keep it to one answer per language, that we all improve on?

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• Which programming languages aren't considered high-level?

  - by hilo

  In informatics theory I hear and read about high-level and low-level languages all time. Yet I don't understand why this is still relevant as there aren't any (relevant) low-level languages except assembler in use today. So you get: Low-level Assembler Definitely not low-level C BASIC FORTRAN COBOL ... High-level C++ Ruby Python PHP ... And if assembler is low-level, how could you put for example C into the same list. I mean: C is extremely high-level compared to assembler. Same even for COBOL, Fortran, etc. So why does everybody keep mentioning high and low-level languages if assembler is really the only low-level language.

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• Method signature Vs function prototype

  - by Maroloccio

  A formal definition of the two? Current Wiki articles denote their different contexts and applications, such as internal type signature "strings" in Java VMs (1) and C/C++ function prototypes informing compilers of upcoming method definitions (2) but... 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_signature 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_prototype ... where to look for a definition which clearly and formally distinguished one from the other? There is literature using the words prototype and signature almost interchangeably yet other uses appear strict and consistent, if language-specific. Background: I am writing documentation for a sample compiler written for a University project.

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• Which programming languages have helped you to understand programming better?

  - by Xaisoft

  Which programming languages not only make you more proficient in the particular language your are learning, but also have a direct impact on the way you think and understand programming in general; therefore, making you a better programmer in other languages. Basically, which languages have the biggest impact on understanding the how and why of different programming concepts? What about Scheme? I have heard good things about that. I thought about taking the simplest of problems and implementing them in various languages. Has anyone done this?

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• Decision Tree code golf

  - by Chris Jester-Young

  In Google Code Jam 2009, Round 1B, there is a problem called Decision Tree that lent itself to rather creative solutions. Post your shortest solution; I'll update the Accepted Answer to the current shortest entry on a semi-frequent basis, assuming you didn't just create a new language just to solve this problem. :-P Current rankings: 107 Perl 121 PostScript (binary) 136 Ruby 154 Arc 160 PostScript (ASCII85) 170 PostScript 192 Python 199 Common Lisp 214 LilyPond 222 JavaScript 273 Scheme 280 R 312 Haskell 314 PHP 339 m4 346 C 406 Fortran 462 Java 476 Java (well, kind of) 718 OCaml 759 F# 1741 sed C++ not qualified for now

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• Helper Casting Functions -- Is it a code smell?

  - by Earlz

  I recently began to start using functions to make casting easier on my fingers for one instance I had something like this ((Dictionary<string,string>)value).Add(foo); and converted it to a tiny little helper function so I can do this ToDictionary(value).Add(foo); Is this a code smell? Also, what about simpler examples? For example in my scripting engine I've considered making things like this ((StringVariable)arg).Value="foo"; be ToStringVar(arg).Value="foo"; I really just dislike how inorder to cast a value and instantly get a property from it you must enclose it in double parentheses. I have a feeling the last one is much worse than the first one though (also I've marked this language agnostic even though my example is C#)

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• Embedded Prolog Interpreter/Compiler for Java

  - by Sami

  I'm working on an application in Java, that needs to do some complex logic rule deductions as part of its functionality. I'd like to code my logic deductions in Prolog or some other logic/constraint programming language, instead of Java, as I believe the resulting code will be significantly simpler and more maintainable. I Googled for embedded Java implementations on Prolog, and found number of them, each with very little documentation. My (modest) selection criteria are: should be embeddable in Java (e.g. can be bundled up with my java package instead of requiring any native installations on external programs) simple interface to use from Java (for initiating deductions, inspecting results, and adding rules) come with at least a few examples on how to use it doesn't necessarely have to be Prolog, but other logic/constraint programming languages with the above criteria would suit my needs, too. What choices do I have and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

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• Code Golf: Zigzag pattern scanning

  - by fbrereto

  The Challenge The shortest code by character count that takes a single input integer N (N = 3) and returns an array of indices that when iterated would traverse an NxN matrix according to the JPEG "zigzag" scan pattern. The following is an example traversal over an 8x8 matrix (referenced from here:) Examples (The middle matrix is not part of the input or output, just a representation of the NxN matrix the input represents.) 1 2 3 (Input) 3 --> 4 5 6 --> 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9 (Output) 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 (Input) 4 --> 5 6 7 8 --> 1 2 5 9 6 3 4 7 10 13 14 11 8 12 15 16 (Output) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Notes: The resulting array's base should be appropriate for your language (e.g., Matlab arrays are 1-based, C++ arrays are 0-based). This is related to this question.

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• What every web developer should know?

  - by arikfr

  Let's say you got a new intern, who's a third-year CS student. He has firm knowledge of the basics, has some experience with C/Java from the courses he took and a lot of desire to learn more. What would you teach him in order to become a good web developer? What I had in mind is: HTML/CSS and the importance of writing semantic markup Javascript, some JS framework (jQuery), JSON Basics of Git/Subversion (whatever you use) The language we use (Ruby, Python, PHP, C#, whatever) Introduction the web framework we use (Rails, Django, ASP.NET MVC...) MVC - what/why/who RESTful web services - how to consume them and how to create one What's on your list?

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• Code Golf Christmas Edition: How to print out a Christmas tree of height N

  - by TheSoftwareJedi

  Given a number N, how can I print out a Christmas tree of height N using the least number of code characters? N is assumed constrained to a min val of 3, and a max val of 30 (bounds and error checking are not necessary). N is given as the one and only command line argument to your program or script. All languages appreciated, if you see a language already implemented and you can make it shorter, edit if possible - comment otherwise and hope someone cleans up the mess. Include newlines and whitespace for clarity, but don't include them in the character count. A Christmas tree is generated as such, with its "trunk" consisting of only a centered "*" N = 3: * *** ***** * N = 4: * *** ***** ******* * N = 5: * *** ***** ******* ********* * N defines the height of the branches not including the one line trunk. Merry Christmas SO!

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• Naive Bayesian for Topic detection using "Bag of Words" approach

  - by AlgoMan

  I am trying to implement a naive bayseian approach to find the topic of a given document or stream of words. Is there are Naive Bayesian approach that i might be able to look up for this ? Also, i am trying to improve my dictionary as i go along. Initially, i have a bunch of words that map to a topics (hard-coded). Depending on the occurrence of the words other than the ones that are already mapped. And depending on the occurrences of these words i want to add them to the mappings, hence improving and learning about new words that map to topic. And also changing the probabilities of words. How should i go about doing this ? Is my approach the right one ? Which programming language would be best suited for the implementation ?

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• Need an algorithm to group several parameters of a person under the persons name

  - by QuickMist

  Hi. I have a bunch of names in alphabetical order with multiple instances of the same name all in alphabetical order so that the names are all grouped together. Beside each name, after a coma, I have a role that has been assigned to them, one name-role pair per line, something like whats shown below name1,role1 name1,role2 name1,role3 name1,role8 name2,role8 name2,role2 name2,role4 name3,role1 name4,role5 name4,role1 ... .. . I am looking for an algorithm to take the above .csv file as input create an output .csv file in the following format name1,role1,role2,role3,role8 name2,role8,role2,role4 name3,role1 name4,role5,role1 ... .. . So basically I want each name to appear only once and then the roles to be printed in csv format next to the names for all names and roles in the input file. The algorithm should be language independent. I would appreciate it if it does NOT use OOP principles :-) I am a newbie.

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• Shorthand for nested null checking C#

  - by Myster

  As far as I know there is not a significantly more elegant way to write the following.... string src; if((ParentContent!= null) &&(ParentContent.Image("thumbnail") != null) &&(ParentContent.Image("thumbnail").Property("src") != null)) src = ParentContent.Image("thumbnail").Property("src").Value Do you think there should be a C# language feature to make this shorter? And if so, what should it look like? for example, something like extending the ?? operator string src = ParentContent??.Image("thumbnail")??.Property("width")??.Value; Apologies for the rather contrived example, and my over-simplified solution.

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• How to start recognizing design patterns as you are programming?

  - by Jon Erickson

  I have general academic knowledge of the various design patterns that are discussed in GoF and Head First Design Patterns, but I have a difficult time applying them to the code that I am writing. A goal for me this year is to be able to recognize design patterns that are emerging from the code that I write. Obviously this comes with experience (I have about 2 years in the field), but my question is how can I jumpstart my ability to recognize design patterns as I am coding, maybe a suggestion as to what patterns are easiest to start applying in client-server applications (in my case mainly c# webforms with ms sql db's, but this could definitely be language agnostic).

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• How much of the "Objective-C" I'm learning is universal Objective-C, and not Apple's frameworks?

  - by Chris Cooper

  This question is related to one of my others about C: What can you do in C without “std” includes? Are they part of “C,” or just libraries? I've become curious lately as to what is really contained the the core Objective-C language, and what parts of the Objective-C I've done for iPhone/OS X development is specific to Apple platforms. I know that things like syntax are the same, but for instance, is NSObject and its torrent of NS-subclasses actually part of "standard" Objective-C? Could I use them in, say, Windows? What parts are universal for the most part, and what parts would I only find on an Apple platform? If you want, giving an example of Objective-C used elsewhere as an example of what is more "universal" would help me as well. Thanks! =)

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• Shortest way of determining a name ends with an `s`, `x` or `z`, and then use the `I18n.t` method wi

  - by Koning Baard XIV

  I'm creating a Rails application where users can have a first and last name. Since I'm a perfectionist, the application may not show something like Dennis's profile or Xianx's profile, but rather Dennis' profile and Xianx' profile. I use L18n, so I wanted to ask what is the shortest way of implementing this? This grammar is the same for both English and Dutch, where the application will be translated to. Oh, some important things: I am not afraid of using helpers and the application controller My language files are in Ruby, not YAML Thanks!

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• Semantic Diff Utilities

  - by rubancache

  I'm trying to find some good examples of semantic diff/merge utilities. The traditional paradigm of comparing source code files works by comparing lines and characters.. but are there any utilities out there (for any language) that actually consider the structure of code when comparing files? For example, existing diff programs will report "difference found at character 2 of line 125. File x contains v-o-i-d, where file y contains b-o-o-l". A specialized tool should be able to report "Return type of method doSomething() changed from void to bool". I would argue that this type of semantic information is actually what the user is looking for when comparing code, and should be the goal of next-generation progamming tools. Are there any examples of this in available tools?

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• Detecting syllables in a word

  - by user50705

  I need to find a fairly efficient way to detect syllables in a word. E.g., invisible - in-vi-sib-le There are some syllabification rules that could be used: V CV VC CVC CCV CCCV CVCC *where V is a vowel and C is a consonant. e.g., pronunciation (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CV-CVC-CV-V-CVC) I've tried few methods, among which were using regex (which helps only if you want to count syllables) or hard coded rule definition (a brute force approach which proves to be very inefficient) and finally using a finite state automata (which did not result with anything useful). The purpose of my application is to create a dictionary of all syllables in a given language. This dictionary will later be used for spell checking applications (using Bayesian classifiers) and text to speech synthesis. I would appreciate if one could give me tips on an alternate way to solve this problem besides my previous approaches. I work in Java, but any tip in C/C++, C#, Python, Perl... would work for me.

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• What's the reason for leaving an extra blank line at the end of a code file?

  - by Lord Torgamus

  Eclipse and MyEclipse create new Java files with an extra blank line after the last closing brace by default. I think CodeWarrior did the same thing a few years back, and that some people leave such blank lines in their code either by intention or laziness. So, this seems to be at least a moderately widespread behavior. As a former human language editor -- copy editing newspapers, mostly -- I find that those lines look like sloppiness or accidents, and I can't think of a reason to leave them in source files. I know they don't affect compilation in C-style languages, including Java. Are there benefits to having those lines, and if so, what are they?

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• how to read an address in multiple formats like google maps

  - by ratan

  notice that on google maps you can input the address any way you like. as long as it is a valid address...google maps will read it. In some ruby book I had seen code snippet for something like this, but with phone numbers. Any ideas how this could be done for addresses? in language of your choice. EDIT: i dont care about a "valid" address. I just want to parse an address. so that 123 fake street, WA, 34223 would be an address and so will 123 fake street WA 34223

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