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  • How do I understand the partition table? (I want to start over.)

    - by Sammy Black
    I have Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid installed through wubi on my laptop (it came with Windows 7 preinstalled). This was my first foray into Linux, and I'm here to stay. I have no use for Windows, and yet I must manually choose not to boot into it! Should I shrink the Windows partition to something negligible and grow the Linux one using something like gparted or fdisk, and just be content that everything runs? In that case, I need to understand the filesystems. Which is which? Here's the output of $ df -h: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/loop0 17G 11G 4.5G 71% / none 1.8G 300K 1.8G 1% /dev none 1.8G 376K 1.8G 1% /dev/shm none 1.8G 316K 1.8G 1% /var/run none 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /var/lock none 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda3 290G 50G 240G 18% /host I would prefer to start over with a clean install of 10.10 Maverick, but I fear what I may lose. Certainly, I will backup my home directory tree (gzip?), but what about various pieces of software that I've acquired from the repositories? Can I keep a record of them? By the way, I asked a similar question over on Ubuntu forums.

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  • javadoc and overloaded methods

    - by skrebbel
    Hi all, I'm developing an API with many identically named methods that just differ by signature, which I guess is fairly common. They all do the same thing, except that they initialize various values by defaults if the user does not want to specify. As a digestible example, consider public interface Forest { public Tree addTree(); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, Fruit fruitType); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, int height); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, Fruit fruitType, int height); } The essential action performed by all of these methods is the same; a tree is planted in the forest. Many important things users of my API need to know about adding trees hold for all these methods. Ideally, I would like to write one Javadoc block that is used by all methods: /** * Plants a new tree in the forest. Please note that it may take * up to 30 years for the tree to be fully grown. * * @param amountOfLeaves desired amount of leaves. Actual amount of * leaves at maturity may differ by up to 10%. * @param fruitType the desired type of fruit to be grown. No warranties * are given with respect to flavour. * @param height desired hight in centimeters. Actual hight may differ by * up to 15%. */ In my imagination, a tool could magically choose which of the @params apply to each of the methods, and thus generate good docs for all methods at once. With Javadoc, if I understand it correctly, all I can do is essentially copy&paste the same javadoc block five times, with only a slightly differing parameter list for each method. This sounds cumbersome to me, and is also difficult to maintain. Is there any way around that? Some extension to javadoc that has this kind of support? Or is there a good reason why this is not supported that I missed?

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  • Dynamically loading sub-trees into YUI Treeview

    - by user319399
    When you create a YUI TreeView instance, you can pass in an object that represents an entire tree, and it will automatically build up the TextNodes for you. I'd like to send in a partial tree, such that the tree only goes, say, 2 levels deep, and anything deeper than that will invoke dynamic loading. I've got that much working. Now for the interesting part. In the dynamic loading callback I give to my tree instance, I want to again be able to just give YUI a big object representing more of the tree. I want to do something like this: // data is a array of objects organized into a tree, with some nodes requiring dynamic loading when they are navigated to tree = new YAHOO.widget.TreeView("treeDiv1", data); tree.setDynamicLoad(loadDataForNode); function loadDataForNode(node, onCompleteCallback) { if(node.children.length==0) { var subTree = { "label":"Cars", isLeaf:false, children:[ { "label":"Chevy", isLeaf:true }, { "label":"Ford", isLeaf:true }, ] }; // doesn't work, even though it has the required "label" field var tempNode = new YAHOO.widget.TextNode(subTree, node, true); } onCompleteCallback(); } Is this possible? Or do I have to iterate over all the nodes in my subtree and construct individual TextNodes for each one? Thanks much...

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  • nth child selector in jquery

    - by Praveen Prasad
    <table width="600px" id='testTable'> <tr class="red"><td>this</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr class="red"><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr class="red"><td>this</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr class="red"><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td></tr> </table> .gray { background-color:#dddddd; } .red { color:Red; } $(function () { $('#testTable tr.red:nth-child(odd)').addClass('gray'); //this should select tr's with text=this, but its not happening }); i want to select all odds inside table which have class=red , but its not happening. please help

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  • How to define trees with more than one type in ML programing language

    - by user550413
    Well, I am asked to do the next thing: To define a binary tree which can contain 2 different types: ('a,'b) abtree and these are the requirements: Any inner vertex (not a leaf) must be of the type 'a or 'b and the leafs have no value. For every path in the tree all 'a values must appear before the 'b value: examples of paths: 'a->'a->'a-'b (legal) 'a->'b->'b (legal) 'a->'a->'a (legal) 'b->'b->'b (legal) 'a->'b->'a (ILLEGAL) and also I need to define another tree which is like the one described above but now I have got also 'c and in the second requirement it says that for every path I 'a values appear before the 'b values and all the 'b values appear before the 'c values. First, I am not sure how to define binary trees to have more than 1 type in them. I mean the simplest binary tree is: datatype 'a tree = leaf | br of 'a * 'a tree * 'a tree; And also how I can define a tree to have these requirements. Any help will be appreciated. Thanks.

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  • Array, change color, as3

    - by pixelGreaser
    Hi Thanks for the help Yesterday, but I have on more question. How can I change color of text on certain words? My animation plays the text animation of THIS SALE IS RED HOT!!! I want RED HOT it to be red. It seems the array can be indexed in such a way to switch the color from Blue to Red. MY BANNER ADD var myArray:Array = ["THIS","SALE","IS","RED HOT!!!",]; var tm:Timer = new Timer(500); tm.addEventListener(TimerEvent.TIMER, countdown); function countdown(event:TimerEvent) { tx.text = myArray[(tm.currentCount-1)%myArray.length]; } tm.start(); tx.textColor = 0x0000FF; Cont...PSEUDO CODE //var myArray:Array = ["This","Sale","is","RED HOT!!!",]; var spliceRedhot = myArray.splice(-1); //trace(myArray[2]); trace(spliceRedhot); function mySplice(e:Event):void{ if (spliceRedhot = 4){ //Make RED HOT!!! red tx.textColor = 0xFF0000; } else{ //Text is Blue again tx.textColor = 0x0000FF; } }

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  • Applying a function to a custom type in F#

    - by Frederik Wordenskjold
    On my journey to learning F#, I've run into a problem I cant solve. I have defined a custom type: type BinTree = | Node of int * BinTree * BinTree | Empty I have made a function which takes a tree, traverses it, and adds the elements it visits to a list, and returns it: let rec inOrder tree = seq{ match tree with | Node (data, left, right) -> yield! inOrder left yield data; yield! inOrder right | Empty -> () } |> Seq.to_list; Now I want to create a function, similar to this, which takes a tree and a function, traverses it and applies a function to each node, then returns the tree: mapInOrder : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a BinTree -> 'b BinTree This seems easy, and it probably is! But I'm not sure how to return the tree. I've tried this: let rec mapInOrder f tree = match tree with | Node(data, left, right) -> mapInOrder f left Node(f(data), left, right) mapInOrder f right | Empty -> () but this returns a unit. I havent worked with custom types before, so I'm probably missing something there!

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  • How does Haskell do pattern matching without us defining an Eq on our data types?

    - by devoured elysium
    I have defined a binary tree: data Tree = Null | Node Tree Int Tree and have implemented a function that'll yield the sum of the values of all its nodes: sumOfValues :: Tree -> Int sumOfValues Null = 0 sumOfValues (Node Null v Null) = v sumOfValues (Node Null v t2) = v + (sumOfValues t2) sumOfValues (Node t1 v Null) = v + (sumOfValues t1) sumOfValues (Node t1 v t2) = v + (sumOfValues t1) + (sumOfValues t2) It works as expected. I had the idea of also trying to implement it using guards: sumOfValues2 :: Tree -> Int sumOfValues2 Null = 0 sumOfValues2 (Node t1 v t2) | t1 == Null && t2 == Null = v | t1 == Null = v + (sumOfValues2 t2) | t2 == Null = v + (sumOfValues2 t1) | otherwise = v + (sumOfValues2 t1) + (sumOfValues2 t2) but this one doesn't work because I haven't implemented Eq, I believe: No instance for (Eq Tree) arising from a use of `==' at zzz3.hs:13:3-12 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Eq Tree) In the first argument of `(&&)', namely `t1 == Null' In the expression: t1 == Null && t2 == Null In a stmt of a pattern guard for the definition of `sumOfValues2': t1 == Null && t2 == Null The question that has to be made, then, is how can Haskell make pattern matching without knowing when a passed argument matches, without resorting to Eq?

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  • Java ORM related question - SQL Vs Google DB (Big Table?) GAE

    - by StackerFlow
    I was wondering about the following two options when one is not using SQL tables but ORM based DBs (Example - when you are using GAE) Would the second option be less efficient? Requirement: There is an object. The object has a collection of similar items. I need to store this object. Example, say the object is a tree and it has a collection of leaves. Option 1: Traditional SQL type structure: Table for the Tree (with TreeId as the identifier for a row in the Table.) Table for the Leaves (where each leaf has a TreeId and to show the leaves of a tree, I query all leaves where the TreeId is the Id of the tree.) Here, the Tree structure DOES NOT have a field with leaves. Option 2: ORM / GAE Tables: Using the same example above, I have an object for Tree where the object has a collection (Set/List in Java/C++) of leaves. I store and retrieve the Tree together with the leaves (as the leaves are implemented as a Set in the Tree object) My question is, will the second one be less efficient that the first option? If so, why? Are there other alternatives? Thank you!

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  • how to change a while sql query loop into an array loop

    - by Mac Taylor
    hey guys i record number of queries of my website and in page the below script runs , 40 extra queries added to page . how can I change this sql connection into a propper and light one function tree_set($index) { //global $menu; Remove this. $q=mysql_query("select id,name,parent from cats where parent='$index'"); if(mysql_num_rows($q) === 0) { return; } // User $tree instead of the $menu global as this way there shouldn't be any data duplication $tree = $index > 0 ? '<ul>' : ''; // If we are on index 0 then we don't need the enclosing ul while($arr=mysql_fetch_assoc($q)) { $subFileCount=mysql_query("select id,name,parent from cats where parent='{$arr['id']}'"); if(mysql_num_rows($subFileCount) > 0) { $class = 'folder'; } else { $class = 'file'; } $tree .= '<li>'; $tree .= '<span class="'.$class.'">'.$arr['name'].'</span>'; $tree .=tree_set("".$arr['id'].""); $tree .= '</li>'."\n"; } $tree .= $index > 0 ? '</ul>' : ''; // If we are on index 0 then we don't need the enclosing ul return $tree; } i heard , this can be done by changing it into an array , but i don't know how to do so thanks in advance

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  • Subdomains not working with virtual hosts on apache2 ubuntu

    - by cy834sh4rk
    I'm trying to set up a subdomain on my ec2 account but can't figure out what's going on. I've looked for a few hours and haven't been able to find an answer :-/ I'm trying to set up a subdomain using virtual hosts but no matter what I try the browser can't find the subdomain :-( I have the following vhosts files set up: apache2/sites-available/mysite (this site currently works) <VirtualHost *:80 ServerName mysite.com ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost DocumentRoot /home/sites/mysite <Directory /home/sites/mysite Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride All Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/mysite-error.log LogLevel warn CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/mysite-access.log combined </VirtualHost apache2/sites-available/red (this is the subdomain I'm trying to set up) <VirtualHost *:80 ServerName red.mysite.com ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost DocumentRoot /var/www/red <Directory /var/www/red Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride All Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/red-error.log LogLevel warn CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/red-access.log combined </VirtualHost Apache mod_rewrite is enabled. I've enabled both sites using a2ensite and I make sure I restart apache every time I make a change. /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.0.1 mysite.com 127.0.0.1 red.mysite.com Any help would be appreciated. Thanks!

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  • How to get OCI lib to work on red hat machine to work with R Oracle?

    - by Matt Bannert
    I need to get OCI lib working on my rhel 6.3 machine and I am experiencing some trouble with OCI headers files that can't be found. I have installed (using yum install) oracle-instantclient11.2-basic-11.2.0.3.0-1.x86_64.rpm because this official page it's all I need to run OCI. To test the whole thing in general I've installed sqplus64, which worked after I set export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/lib. Unfortunately the headers files couldn't be found after setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH. Actually I am not surprised because there is no include directory in any of these oracle paths. So the question is: Where do I get these missing header files from? Are they actually already there and I just can find them? Btw: I am doing this whole exercise because I want to use ROracle on my R Studio server and this R package depends on the OCI library. Once I am back in R territory the road gets much less bumpier for me. EDIT: this documentation helped me a little further. However, I guess I found some header files now in: "/usr/include/oracle/11.2/client64". But which variable do I have to set to this location?

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  • Doing XML extracts with XSLT without having to read the whole DOM tree into memory?

    - by Thorbjørn Ravn Andersen
    I have a situation where I want to extract some information from some very large but regular XML files (just had to do it with a 500 Mb file), and where XSLT would be perfect. Unfortunately those XSLT implementations I am aware of (except the most expensive version of Saxon) does not support only having the necessary part of the DOM read in but reads in the whole tree. This cause the computer to swap to death. The XPath in question is //m/e[contains(.,'foobar') so it is essentially just a grep. Is there an XSLT implementation which can do this? Or an XSLT implementation which given suitable "advice" can do this trick of pruning away the parts in memory which will not be needed again? I'd prefer a Java implementation but both Windows and Linux are viable native platforms. EDIT: The input XML looks like: <log> <!-- Fri Jun 26 12:09:27 CEST 2009 --> <e h='12:09:27,284' l='org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase' z='1246010967284' t='ContainerBackgroundProcessor[StandardEngine[Catalina]]' v='10000'> <m>Registering Catalina:type=Manager,path=/axsWHSweb-20090626,host=localhost</m></e> <e h='12:09:27,284' l='org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase' z='1246010967284' t='ContainerBackgroundProcessor[StandardEngine[Catalina]]' v='10000'> <m>Force random number initialization starting</m></e> <e h='12:09:27,284' l='org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase' z='1246010967284' t='ContainerBackgroundProcessor[StandardEngine[Catalina]]' v='10000'> <m>Getting message digest component for algorithm MD5</m></e> <e h='12:09:27,284' l='org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase' z='1246010967284' t='ContainerBackgroundProcessor[StandardEngine[Catalina]]' v='10000'> <m>Completed getting message digest component</m></e> <e h='12:09:27,284' l='org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase' z='1246010967284' t='ContainerBackgroundProcessor[StandardEngine[Catalina]]' v='10000'> <m>getDigest() 0</m></e> ...... </log> Essentialy I want to select some m-nodes (and I know the XPath is wrong for that, it was just a quick hack), but maintain the XML layout. EDIT: It appears that STX may be what I am looking for (I can live with another transformation language), and that Joost is an implementation hereof. Any experiences? EDIT: I found that Saxon 6.5.4 with -Xmx1500m could load my XML, so this allowed me to use my XPaths right now. This is just a lucky stroke so I'd still like to solve this generically - this means scriptable which in turn means no handcrafted Java filtering first. EDIT: Oh, by the way. This is a log file very similar to what is generated by the log4j XMLLayout. The reason for XML is to be able to do exactly this, namely do queries on the log. This is the initial try, hence the simple question. Later I'd like to be able to ask more complex questions - therefore I'd like the query language to be able to handle the input file.

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  • WPF TreeView MouseDown

    - by imekon
    I've got something like this in a TreeView: <DataTemplate x:Key="myTemplate"> <StackPanel MouseDown="OnItemMouseDown"> ... </StackPanel> </DataTemplate> Using this I get the mouse down events if I click on items in the stack panel. However... there seems to be another item behind the stack panel that is the TreeViewItem - it's very hard to hit, but not impossible, and that's when the problems start to occur. I had a go at handling PreviewMouseDown on TreeViewItem, however that seems to require e.Handled = false otherwise standard tree view behaviour stops working. Ok, Here's the source code... MainWindow.xaml <Window x:Class="WPFMultiSelectTree.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WPFMultiSelectTree" Title="Multiple Selection Tree" Height="300" Width="300"> <Window.Resources> <!-- Declare the classes that convert bool to Visibility --> <local:VisibilityConverter x:Key="visibilityConverter"/> <local:VisibilityInverter x:Key="visibilityInverter"/> <!-- Set the style for any tree view item --> <Style TargetType="TreeViewItem"> <Style.Triggers> <DataTrigger Binding="{Binding Selected}" Value="True"> <Setter Property="Background" Value="DarkBlue"/> <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="White"/> </DataTrigger> </Style.Triggers> <EventSetter Event="PreviewMouseDown" Handler="OnTreePreviewMouseDown"/> </Style> <!-- Declare a hierarchical data template for the tree view items --> <HierarchicalDataTemplate x:Key="RecursiveTemplate" ItemsSource="{Binding Children}"> <StackPanel Margin="2" Orientation="Horizontal" MouseDown="OnTreeMouseDown"> <Ellipse Width="12" Height="12" Fill="Green"/> <TextBlock Margin="2" Text="{Binding Name}" Visibility="{Binding Editing, Converter={StaticResource visibilityInverter}}"/> <TextBox Margin="2" Text="{Binding Name}" KeyDown="OnTextBoxKeyDown" IsVisibleChanged="OnTextBoxIsVisibleChanged" Visibility="{Binding Editing, Converter={StaticResource visibilityConverter}}"/> <TextBlock Margin="2" Text="{Binding Index, StringFormat=({0})}"/> </StackPanel> </HierarchicalDataTemplate> <!-- Declare a simple template for a list box --> <DataTemplate x:Key="ListTemplate"> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}"/> </DataTemplate> </Window.Resources> <Grid> <!-- Declare the rows in this grid --> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="Auto"/> <RowDefinition/> <RowDefinition Height="Auto"/> <RowDefinition/> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <!-- The first header --> <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Margin="5" Background="PowderBlue">Multiple selection tree view</TextBlock> <!-- The tree view --> <TreeView Name="m_tree" Margin="2" Grid.Row="1" ItemsSource="{Binding Children}" ItemTemplate="{StaticResource RecursiveTemplate}"/> <!-- The second header --> <TextBlock Grid.Row="2" Margin="5" Background="PowderBlue">The currently selected items in the tree</TextBlock> <!-- The list box --> <ListBox Name="m_list" Margin="2" Grid.Row="3" ItemsSource="{Binding .}" ItemTemplate="{StaticResource ListTemplate}"/> </Grid> </Window> MainWindow.xaml.cs /// <summary> /// Interaction logic for MainWindow.xaml /// </summary> public partial class MainWindow : Window { private Container m_root; private Container m_first; private ObservableCollection<Container> m_selection; private string m_current; /// <summary> /// Constructor /// </summary> public MainWindow() { InitializeComponent(); m_selection = new ObservableCollection<Container>(); m_root = new Container("root"); for (int parents = 0; parents < 50; parents++) { Container parent = new Container(String.Format("parent{0}", parents + 1)); for (int children = 0; children < 1000; children++) { parent.Add(new Container(String.Format("child{0}", children + 1))); } m_root.Add(parent); } m_tree.DataContext = m_root; m_list.DataContext = m_selection; m_first = null; } /// <summary> /// Has the shift key been pressed? /// </summary> private bool ShiftPressed { get { return Keyboard.IsKeyDown(Key.LeftShift) || Keyboard.IsKeyDown(Key.RightShift); } } /// <summary> /// Has the control key been pressed? /// </summary> private bool CtrlPressed { get { return Keyboard.IsKeyDown(Key.LeftCtrl) || Keyboard.IsKeyDown(Key.RightCtrl); } } /// <summary> /// Clear down the selection list /// </summary> private void DeselectAndClear() { foreach(Container container in m_selection) { container.Selected = false; } m_selection.Clear(); } /// <summary> /// Add the container to the list (if not already present), /// mark as selected /// </summary> /// <param name="container"></param> private void AddToSelection(Container container) { if (container == null) { return; } foreach (Container child in m_selection) { if (child == container) { return; } } container.Selected = true; m_selection.Add(container); } /// <summary> /// Remove container from list, mark as not selected /// </summary> /// <param name="container"></param> private void RemoveFromSelection(Container container) { m_selection.Remove(container); container.Selected = false; } /// <summary> /// Process single click on a tree item /// /// Normally just select an item /// /// SHIFT-Click extends selection /// CTRL-Click toggles a selection /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> private void OnTreeSingleClick(object sender) { FrameworkElement element = sender as FrameworkElement; if (element != null) { Container container = element.DataContext as Container; if (container != null) { if (CtrlPressed) { if (container.Selected) { RemoveFromSelection(container); } else { AddToSelection(container); } } else if (ShiftPressed) { if (container.Parent == m_first.Parent) { if (container.Index < m_first.Index) { Container item = container; for (int i = container.Index; i < m_first.Index; i++) { AddToSelection(item); item = item.Next; if (item == null) { break; } } } else if (container.Index > m_first.Index) { Container item = m_first; for (int i = m_first.Index; i <= container.Index; i++) { AddToSelection(item); item = item.Next; if (item == null) { break; } } } } } else { DeselectAndClear(); m_first = container; AddToSelection(container); } } } } /// <summary> /// Process double click on tree item /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> private void OnTreeDoubleClick(object sender) { FrameworkElement element = sender as FrameworkElement; if (element != null) { Container container = element.DataContext as Container; if (container != null) { container.Editing = true; m_current = container.Name; } } } /// <summary> /// Clicked on the stack panel in the tree view /// /// Double left click: /// /// Switch to editing mode (flips visibility of textblock and textbox) /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> /// <param name="e"></param> private void OnTreeMouseDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { Debug.WriteLine("StackPanel mouse down"); switch(e.ChangedButton) { case MouseButton.Left: switch (e.ClickCount) { case 2: OnTreeDoubleClick(sender); e.Handled = true; break; } break; } } /// <summary> /// Clicked on tree view item in tree /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> /// <param name="e"></param> private void OnTreePreviewMouseDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { Debug.WriteLine("TreeViewItem preview mouse down"); switch (e.ChangedButton) { case MouseButton.Left: switch (e.ClickCount) { case 1: { // We've had a single click on a tree view item // Unfortunately this is the WHOLE tree item, including the +/- // symbol to the left. The tree doesn't do a selection, so we // have to filter this out... MouseDevice device = e.Device as MouseDevice; Debug.WriteLine(String.Format("Tree item clicked on: {0}", device.DirectlyOver.GetType().ToString())); // This is bad. The whole point of WPF is for the code // not to know what the UI has - yet here we are testing for // it as a workaround. Sigh... if (device.DirectlyOver.GetType() != typeof(Path)) { OnTreeSingleClick(sender); } // Cannot say handled - if we do it stops the tree working! //e.Handled = true; } break; } break; } } /// <summary> /// Key press in text box /// /// Return key finishes editing /// Escape key finishes editing, restores original value (this doesn't work!) /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> /// <param name="e"></param> private void OnTextBoxKeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e) { switch(e.Key) { case Key.Return: { TextBox box = sender as TextBox; if (box != null) { Container container = box.DataContext as Container; if (container != null) { container.Editing = false; e.Handled = true; } } } break; case Key.Escape: { TextBox box = sender as TextBox; if (box != null) { Container container = box.DataContext as Container; if (container != null) { container.Editing = false; container.Name = m_current; e.Handled = true; } } } break; } } /// <summary> /// When text box becomes visible, grab focus and select all text in it. /// </summary> /// <param name="sender"></param> /// <param name="e"></param> private void OnTextBoxIsVisibleChanged(object sender, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e) { bool visible = (bool)e.NewValue; if (visible) { TextBox box = sender as TextBox; if (box != null) { box.Focus(); box.SelectAll(); } } } } Here's the Container class public class Container : INotifyPropertyChanged { private string m_name; private ObservableCollection<Container> m_children; private Container m_parent; private bool m_selected; private bool m_editing; /// <summary> /// Constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="name">name of object</param> public Container(string name) { m_name = name; m_children = new ObservableCollection<Container>(); m_parent = null; m_selected = false; m_editing = false; } /// <summary> /// Name of object /// </summary> public string Name { get { return m_name; } set { if (m_name != value) { m_name = value; OnPropertyChanged("Name"); } } } /// <summary> /// Index of object in parent's children /// /// If there's no parent, the index is -1 /// </summary> public int Index { get { if (m_parent != null) { return m_parent.Children.IndexOf(this); } return -1; } } /// <summary> /// Get the next item, assuming this is parented /// /// Returns null if end of list reached, or no parent /// </summary> public Container Next { get { if (m_parent != null) { int index = Index + 1; if (index < m_parent.Children.Count) { return m_parent.Children[index]; } } return null; } } /// <summary> /// List of children /// </summary> public ObservableCollection<Container> Children { get { return m_children; } } /// <summary> /// Selected status /// </summary> public bool Selected { get { return m_selected; } set { if (m_selected != value) { m_selected = value; OnPropertyChanged("Selected"); } } } /// <summary> /// Editing status /// </summary> public bool Editing { get { return m_editing; } set { if (m_editing != value) { m_editing = value; OnPropertyChanged("Editing"); } } } /// <summary> /// Parent of this object /// </summary> public Container Parent { get { return m_parent; } set { m_parent = value; } } /// <summary> /// WPF Property Changed event /// </summary> public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged; /// <summary> /// Handler to inform WPF that a property has changed /// </summary> /// <param name="name"></param> private void OnPropertyChanged(string name) { if (PropertyChanged != null) { PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name)); } } /// <summary> /// Add a child to this container /// </summary> /// <param name="child"></param> public void Add(Container child) { m_children.Add(child); child.m_parent = this; } /// <summary> /// Remove a child from this container /// </summary> /// <param name="child"></param> public void Remove(Container child) { m_children.Remove(child); child.m_parent = null; } } The two classes VisibilityConverter and VisibilityInverter are implementations of IValueConverter that translates bool to Visibility. They make sure the TextBlock is displayed when not editing, and the TextBox is displayed when editing.

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  • ASP.NET Web API Exception Handling

    - by Fredrik N
    When I talk about exceptions in my product team I often talk about two kind of exceptions, business and critical exceptions. Business exceptions are exceptions thrown based on “business rules”, for example if you aren’t allowed to do a purchase. Business exceptions in most case aren’t important to log into a log file, they can directly be shown to the user. An example of a business exception could be "DeniedToPurchaseException”, or some validation exceptions such as “FirstNameIsMissingException” etc. Critical Exceptions are all other kind of exceptions such as the SQL server is down etc. Those kind of exception message need to be logged and should not reach the user, because they can contain information that can be harmful if it reach out to wrong kind of users. I often distinguish business exceptions from critical exceptions by creating a base class called BusinessException, then in my error handling code I catch on the type BusinessException and all other exceptions will be handled as critical exceptions. This blog post will be about different ways to handle exceptions and how Business and Critical Exceptions could be handled. Web API and Exceptions the basics When an exception is thrown in a ApiController a response message will be returned with a status code set to 500 and a response formatted by the formatters based on the “Accept” or “Content-Type” HTTP header, for example JSON or XML. Here is an example:   public IEnumerable<string> Get() { throw new ApplicationException("Error!!!!!"); return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The response message will be: HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Content-Length: 860 Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 { "ExceptionType":"System.ApplicationException","Message":"Error!!!!!","StackTrace":" at ..."} .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The stack trace will be returned to the client, this is because of making it easier to debug. Be careful so you don’t leak out some sensitive information to the client. So as long as you are developing your API, this is not harmful. In a production environment it can be better to log exceptions and return a user friendly exception instead of the original exception. There is a specific exception shipped with ASP.NET Web API that will not use the formatters based on the “Accept” or “Content-Type” HTTP header, it is the exception is the HttpResponseException class. Here is an example where the HttpReponseExcetpion is used: // GET api/values [ExceptionHandling] public IEnumerable<string> Get() { throw new HttpResponseException(new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError)); return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The response will not contain any content, only header information and the status code based on the HttpStatusCode passed as an argument to the HttpResponseMessage. Because the HttpResponsException takes a HttpResponseMessage as an argument, we can give the response a content: public IEnumerable<string> Get() { throw new HttpResponseException(new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent("My Error Message"), ReasonPhrase = "Critical Exception" }); return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The code above will have the following response:   HTTP/1.1 500 Critical Exception Content-Length: 5 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 My Error Message .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The Content property of the HttpResponseMessage doesn’t need to be just plain text, it can also be other formats, for example JSON, XML etc. By using the HttpResponseException we can for example catch an exception and throw a user friendly exception instead: public IEnumerable<string> Get() { try { DoSomething(); return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; } catch (Exception e) { throw new HttpResponseException(new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent("An error occurred, please try again or contact the administrator."), ReasonPhrase = "Critical Exception" }); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Adding a try catch to every ApiController methods will only end in duplication of code, by using a custom ExceptionFilterAttribute or our own custom ApiController base class we can reduce code duplicationof code and also have a more general exception handler for our ApiControllers . By creating a custom ApiController’s and override the ExecuteAsync method, we can add a try catch around the base.ExecuteAsync method, but I prefer to skip the creation of a own custom ApiController, better to use a solution that require few files to be modified. The ExceptionFilterAttribute has a OnException method that we can override and add our exception handling. Here is an example: using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using System.Web.Http.Filters; public class ExceptionHandlingAttribute : ExceptionFilterAttribute { public override void OnException(HttpActionExecutedContext context) { if (context.Exception is BusinessException) { throw new HttpResponseException(new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent(context.Exception.Message), ReasonPhrase = "Exception" }); } //Log Critical errors Debug.WriteLine(context.Exception); throw new HttpResponseException(new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent("An error occurred, please try again or contact the administrator."), ReasonPhrase = "Critical Exception" }); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Note: Something to have in mind is that the ExceptionFilterAttribute will be ignored if the ApiController action method throws a HttpResponseException. The code above will always make sure a HttpResponseExceptions will be returned, it will also make sure the critical exceptions will show a more user friendly message. The OnException method can also be used to log exceptions. By using a ExceptionFilterAttribute the Get() method in the previous example can now look like this: public IEnumerable<string> Get() { DoSomething(); return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } To use the an ExceptionFilterAttribute, we can for example add the ExceptionFilterAttribute to our ApiControllers methods or to the ApiController class definition, or register it globally for all ApiControllers. You can read more about is here. Note: If something goes wrong in the ExceptionFilterAttribute and an exception is thrown that is not of type HttpResponseException, a formatted exception will be thrown with stack trace etc to the client. How about using a custom IHttpActionInvoker? We can create our own IHTTPActionInvoker and add Exception handling to the invoker. The IHttpActionInvoker will be used to invoke the ApiController’s ExecuteAsync method. Here is an example where the default IHttpActionInvoker, ApiControllerActionInvoker, is used to add exception handling: public class MyApiControllerActionInvoker : ApiControllerActionInvoker { public override Task<HttpResponseMessage> InvokeActionAsync(HttpActionContext actionContext, System.Threading.CancellationToken cancellationToken) { var result = base.InvokeActionAsync(actionContext, cancellationToken); if (result.Exception != null && result.Exception.GetBaseException() != null) { var baseException = result.Exception.GetBaseException(); if (baseException is BusinessException) { return Task.Run<HttpResponseMessage>(() => new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent(baseException.Message), ReasonPhrase = "Error" }); } else { //Log critical error Debug.WriteLine(baseException); return Task.Run<HttpResponseMessage>(() => new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError) { Content = new StringContent(baseException.Message), ReasonPhrase = "Critical Error" }); } } return result; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } You can register the IHttpActionInvoker with your own IoC to resolve the MyApiContollerActionInvoker, or add it in the Global.asax: GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Services.Remove(typeof(IHttpActionInvoker), GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Services.GetActionInvoker()); GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Services.Add(typeof(IHttpActionInvoker), new MyApiControllerActionInvoker()); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   How about using a Message Handler for Exception Handling? By creating a custom Message Handler, we can handle error after the ApiController and the ExceptionFilterAttribute is invoked and in that way create a global exception handler, BUT, the only thing we can take a look at is the HttpResponseMessage, we can’t add a try catch around the Message Handler’s SendAsync method. The last Message Handler that will be used in the Wep API pipe-line is the HttpControllerDispatcher and this Message Handler is added to the HttpServer in an early stage. The HttpControllerDispatcher will use the IHttpActionInvoker to invoke the ApiController method. The HttpControllerDipatcher has a try catch that will turn ALL exceptions into a HttpResponseMessage, so that is the reason why a try catch around the SendAsync in a custom Message Handler want help us. If we create our own Host for the Wep API we could create our own custom HttpControllerDispatcher and add or exception handler to that class, but that would be little tricky but is possible. We can in a Message Handler take a look at the HttpResponseMessage’s IsSuccessStatusCode property to see if the request has failed and if we throw the HttpResponseException in our ApiControllers, we could use the HttpResponseException and give it a Reason Phrase and use that to identify business exceptions or critical exceptions. I wouldn’t add an exception handler into a Message Handler, instead I should use the ExceptionFilterAttribute and register it globally for all ApiControllers. BUT, now to another interesting issue. What will happen if we have a Message Handler that throws an exception?  Those exceptions will not be catch and handled by the ExceptionFilterAttribute. I found a  bug in my previews blog post about “Log message Request and Response in ASP.NET WebAPI” in the MessageHandler I use to log incoming and outgoing messages. Here is the code from my blog before I fixed the bug:   public abstract class MessageHandler : DelegatingHandler { protected override async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { var corrId = string.Format("{0}{1}", DateTime.Now.Ticks, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); var requestInfo = string.Format("{0} {1}", request.Method, request.RequestUri); var requestMessage = await request.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync(); await IncommingMessageAsync(corrId, requestInfo, requestMessage); var response = await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken); var responseMessage = await response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync(); await OutgoingMessageAsync(corrId, requestInfo, responseMessage); return response; } protected abstract Task IncommingMessageAsync(string correlationId, string requestInfo, byte[] message); protected abstract Task OutgoingMessageAsync(string correlationId, string requestInfo, byte[] message); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   If a ApiController throws a HttpResponseException, the Content property of the HttpResponseMessage from the SendAsync will be NULL. So a null reference exception is thrown within the MessageHandler. The yellow screen of death will be returned to the client, and the content is HTML and the Http status code is 500. The bug in the MessageHandler was solved by adding a check against the HttpResponseMessage’s IsSuccessStatusCode property: public abstract class MessageHandler : DelegatingHandler { protected override async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { var corrId = string.Format("{0}{1}", DateTime.Now.Ticks, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); var requestInfo = string.Format("{0} {1}", request.Method, request.RequestUri); var requestMessage = await request.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync(); await IncommingMessageAsync(corrId, requestInfo, requestMessage); var response = await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken); byte[] responseMessage; if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode) responseMessage = await response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync(); else responseMessage = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(response.ReasonPhrase); await OutgoingMessageAsync(corrId, requestInfo, responseMessage); return response; } protected abstract Task IncommingMessageAsync(string correlationId, string requestInfo, byte[] message); protected abstract Task OutgoingMessageAsync(string correlationId, string requestInfo, byte[] message); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } If we don’t handle the exceptions that can occur in a custom Message Handler, we can have a hard time to find the problem causing the exception. The savior in this case is the Global.asax’s Application_Error: protected void Application_Error() { var exception = Server.GetLastError(); Debug.WriteLine(exception); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } I would recommend you to add the Application_Error to the Global.asax and log all exceptions to make sure all kind of exception is handled. Summary There are different ways we could add Exception Handling to the Wep API, we can use a custom ApiController, ExceptionFilterAttribute, IHttpActionInvoker or Message Handler. The ExceptionFilterAttribute would be a good place to add a global exception handling, require very few modification, just register it globally for all ApiControllers, even the IHttpActionInvoker can be used to minimize the modifications of files. Adding the Application_Error to the global.asax is a good way to catch all unhandled exception that can occur, for example exception thrown in a Message Handler.   If you want to know when I have posted a blog post, you can follow me on twitter @fredrikn

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  • Use Extension method to write cleaner code

    - by Fredrik N
    This blog post will show you step by step to refactoring some code to be more readable (at least what I think). Patrik Löwnedahl gave me some of the ideas when we where talking about making code much cleaner. The following is an simple application that will have a list of movies (Normal and Transfer). The task of the application is to calculate the total sum of each movie and also display the price of each movie. class Program { enum MovieType { Normal, Transfer } static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfNormalMovie = 0; int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = 0; foreach (var movie in movies) { if (movie == MovieType.Normal) { totalPriceOfNormalMovie += 2; Console.WriteLine("$2"); } else if (movie == MovieType.Transfer) { totalPriceOfTransferMovie += 3; Console.WriteLine("$3"); } } } private static IEnumerable<MovieType> GetMovies() { return new List<MovieType>() { MovieType.Normal, MovieType.Transfer, MovieType.Normal }; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } In the code above I’m using an enum, a good way to add types (isn’t it ;)). I also use one foreach loop to calculate the price, the loop has a condition statement to check what kind of movie is added to the list of movies. I want to reuse the foreach only to increase performance and let it do two things (isn’t that smart of me?! ;)). First of all I can admit, I’m not a big fan of enum. Enum often results in ugly condition statements and can be hard to maintain (if a new type is added we need to check all the code in our app to see if we use the enum somewhere else). I don’t often care about pre-optimizations when it comes to write code (of course I have performance in mind). I rather prefer to use two foreach to let them do one things instead of two. So based on what I don’t like and Martin Fowler’s Refactoring catalog, I’m going to refactoring this code to what I will call a more elegant and cleaner code. First of all I’m going to use Split Loop to make sure the foreach will do one thing not two, it will results in two foreach (Don’t care about performance here, if the results will results in bad performance, you can refactoring later, but computers are so fast to day, so iterating through a list is not often so time consuming.) Note: The foreach actually do four things, will come to is later. var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfNormalMovie = 0; int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = 0; foreach (var movie in movies) { if (movie == MovieType.Normal) { totalPriceOfNormalMovie += 2; Console.WriteLine("$2"); } } foreach (var movie in movies) { if (movie == MovieType.Transfer) { totalPriceOfTransferMovie += 3; Console.WriteLine("$3"); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } To remove the condition statement we can use the Where extension method added to the IEnumerable<T> and is located in the System.Linq namespace: foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m == MovieType.Normal)) { totalPriceOfNormalMovie += 2; Console.WriteLine("$2"); } foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m == MovieType.Transfer)) { totalPriceOfTransferMovie += 3; Console.WriteLine("$3"); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The above code will still do two things, calculate the total price, and display the price of the movie. I will not take care of it at the moment, instead I will focus on the enum and try to remove them. One way to remove enum is by using the Replace Conditional with Polymorphism. So I will create two classes, one base class called Movie, and one called MovieTransfer. The Movie class will have a property called Price, the Movie will now hold the price:   public class Movie { public virtual int Price { get { return 2; } } } public class MovieTransfer : Movie { public override int Price { get { return 3; } } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The following code has no enum and will use the new Movie classes instead: class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfNormalMovie = 0; int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = 0; foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m is Movie)) { totalPriceOfNormalMovie += movie.Price; Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m is MovieTransfer)) { totalPriceOfTransferMovie += movie.Price; Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } } private static IEnumerable<Movie> GetMovies() { return new List<Movie>() { new Movie(), new MovieTransfer(), new Movie() }; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   If you take a look at the foreach now, you can see it still actually do two things, calculate the price and display the price. We can do some more refactoring here by using the Sum extension method to calculate the total price of the movies:   static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfNormalMovie = movies.Where(m => m is Movie) .Sum(m => m.Price); int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = movies.Where(m => m is MovieTransfer) .Sum(m => m.Price); foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m is Movie)) Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); foreach (var movie in movies.Where( m => m is MovieTransfer)) Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now when the Movie object will hold the price, there is no need to use two separate foreach to display the price of the movies in the list, so we can use only one instead: foreach (var movie in movies) Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } If we want to increase the Maintainability index we can use the Extract Method to move the Sum of the prices into two separate methods. The name of the method will explain what we are doing: static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfMovie = TotalPriceOfMovie(movies); int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = TotalPriceOfMovieTransfer(movies); foreach (var movie in movies) Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } private static int TotalPriceOfMovieTransfer(IEnumerable<Movie> movies) { return movies.Where(m => m is MovieTransfer) .Sum(m => m.Price); } private static int TotalPriceOfMovie(IEnumerable<Movie> movies) { return movies.Where(m => m is Movie) .Sum(m => m.Price); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now to the last thing, I love the ForEach method of the List<T>, but the IEnumerable<T> doesn’t have it, so I created my own ForEach extension, here is the code of the ForEach extension method: public static class LoopExtensions { public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values, Action<T> action) { Contract.Requires(values != null); Contract.Requires(action != null); foreach (var v in values) action(v); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } I will now replace the foreach by using this ForEach method: static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfMovie = TotalPriceOfMovie(movies); int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = TotalPriceOfMovieTransfer(movies); movies.ForEach(m => Console.WriteLine(m.Price)); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The ForEach on the movies will now display the price of the movie, but maybe we want to display the name of the movie etc, so we can use Extract Method by moving the lamdba expression into a method instead, and let the method explains what we are displaying: movies.ForEach(DisplayMovieInfo); private static void DisplayMovieInfo(Movie movie) { Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now the refactoring is done! Here is the complete code:   class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var movies = GetMovies(); int totalPriceOfMovie = TotalPriceOfMovie(movies); int totalPriceOfTransferMovie = TotalPriceOfMovieTransfer(movies); movies.ForEach(DisplayMovieInfo); } private static void DisplayMovieInfo(Movie movie) { Console.WriteLine(movie.Price); } private static int TotalPriceOfMovieTransfer(IEnumerable<Movie> movies) { return movies.Where(m => m is MovieTransfer) .Sum(m => m.Price); } private static int TotalPriceOfMovie(IEnumerable<Movie> movies) { return movies.Where(m => m is Movie) .Sum(m => m.Price); } private static IEnumerable<Movie> GetMovies() { return new List<Movie>() { new Movie(), new MovieTransfer(), new Movie() }; } } public class Movie { public virtual int Price { get { return 2; } } } public class MovieTransfer : Movie { public override int Price { get { return 3; } } } pulbic static class LoopExtensions { public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values, Action<T> action) { Contract.Requires(values != null); Contract.Requires(action != null); foreach (var v in values) action(v); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } I think the new code is much cleaner than the first one, and I love the ForEach extension on the IEnumerable<T>, I can use it for different kind of things, for example: movies.Where(m => m is Movie) .ForEach(DoSomething); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } By using the Where and ForEach extension method, some if statements can be removed and will make the code much cleaner. But the beauty is in the eye of the beholder. What would you have done different, what do you think will make the first example in the blog post look much cleaner than my results, comments are welcome! If you want to know when I will publish a new blog post, you can follow me on twitter: http://www.twitter.com/fredrikn

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  • The five steps of business intelligence adoption: where are you?

    - by Red Gate Software BI Tools Team
    When I was in Orlando and New York last month, I spoke to a lot of business intelligence users. What they told me suggested a path of BI adoption. The user’s place on the path depends on the size and sophistication of their organisation. Step 1: A company with a database of customer transactions will often want to examine particular data, like revenue and unit sales over the last period for each product and territory. To do this, they probably use simple SQL queries or stored procedures to produce data on demand. Step 2: The results from step one are saved in an Excel document, so business users can analyse them with filters or pivot tables. Alternatively, SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) might be used to generate a report of the SQL query for display on an intranet page. Step 3: If these queries are run frequently, or business users want to explore data from multiple sources more freely, it may become necessary to create a new database structured for analysis rather than CRUD (create, retrieve, update, and delete). For example, data from more than one system — plus external information — may be incorporated into a data warehouse. This can become ‘one source of truth’ for the business’s operational activities. The warehouse will probably have a simple ‘star’ schema, with fact tables representing the measures to be analysed (e.g. unit sales, revenue) and dimension tables defining how this data is aggregated (e.g. by time, region or product). Reports can be generated from the warehouse with Excel, SSRS or other tools. Step 4: Not too long ago, Microsoft introduced an Excel plug-in, PowerPivot, which allows users to bring larger volumes of data into Excel documents and create links between multiple tables.  These BISM Tabular documents can be created by the database owners or other expert Excel users and viewed by anyone with Excel PowerPivot. Sometimes, business users may use PowerPivot to create reports directly from the primary database, bypassing the need for a data warehouse. This can introduce problems when there are misunderstandings of the database structure or no single ‘source of truth’ for key data. Step 5: Steps three or four are often enough to satisfy business intelligence needs, especially if users are sophisticated enough to work with the warehouse in Excel or SSRS. However, sometimes the relationships between data are too complex or the queries which aggregate across periods, regions etc are too slow. In these cases, it can be necessary to formalise how the data is analysed and pre-build some of the aggregations. To do this, a business intelligence professional will typically use SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) to create a multidimensional model — or “cube” — that more simply represents key measures and aggregates them across specified dimensions. Step five is where our tool, SSAS Compare, becomes useful, as it helps review and deploy changes from development to production. For us at Red Gate, the primary value of SSAS Compare is to establish a dialog with BI users, so we can develop a portfolio of products that support creation and deployment across a range of report and model types. For example, PowerPivot and the new BISM Tabular model create a potential customer base for tools that extend beyond BI professionals. We’re interested in learning where people are in this story, so we’ve created a six-question survey to find out. Whether you’re at step one or step five, we’d love to know how you use BI so we can decide how to build tools that solve your problems. So if you have a sixty seconds to spare, tell us on the survey!

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  • Excel Issues macro may be needed

    - by user124643
    I trying to compare lists in excel. There are two lists, one list just has one column and the other has two columns, and what I am trying to do is when column A matches column C than take the value in column D and use that to replace column A. For example: Column A Column B Column C Column D Blue Blue Shirt Blue Red Pants Red Green Shoes Red Green Green Purple So the completed list should look like: Column A Column B Column C Column D Shirt Blue Shirt Shirt Red Pants Pants Green Shoes Pants Shoes Shoes Purple

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  • World Backup Day

    - by red(at)work
    Here at Red Gate Towers, the SQL Backup development team have been hunkered down in their shed for the last few months, with the toolbox, blowtorch and chamois leather out, upgrading SQL Backup. When we started, autumn leaves were falling. Now we're about to finish, spring flowers are budding. If not quite a gleaming new machine, at the very least a familiar, reliable engine with some shiny new bits on it will trundle magnificently out of the workshop. One of the interesting things I've noticed about working on software development teams is that the team is together for so long 'implementing' stuff - designing, coding, testing, fixing bugs and so on - that you occasionally forget why you're doing what you're doing. Doubt creeps in. It feels like a long time since we launched this project in a fanfare of optimism and enthusiasm, and all that clarity of purpose and mission "yee-haw" has dissipated with the daily pressures of development. Every now and again, we look up from our bunker and notice all those thousands of users out there, with their different configurations and working practices and each with their own set of problems and requirements, and we ask ourselves "does anyone care about what we're doing?" Has the world moved on while we've been busy? Could we have been doing something more useful with the time and talent of all these excellent people we've assembled? In truth, you can research and test and validate all you like, but you never really know if you've done the right thing (or at least, something valuable for some users) until you release. All projects suffer this insecurity. If they don't, maybe you're not worrying enough about what you're building. The two enemies of software development are certainty and complacency. Oh, and of course, rival teams with Nerf guns. The goal of SQL Backup 7 is to make it so easy to schedule regular restores of your backups that you have no excuse not to. Why schedule a restore? Because your data is not as good as your last backup. It's only as good as your last successful restore. If you're not checking your backups by restoring them and running an integrity check on the database, you're only doing half the job. It seems that most DBAs know that this is best practice, but it can be tricky and time-consuming to set up, so it's one of those tasks that can get forgotten in the midst all the other demands on their time. Sometimes, they're just too busy firefighting. But if it was simple to do? That was our inspiration for SQL Backup 7. So it was heartening to read Brent Ozar's blog post the other day about World Backup Day. To be honest, I'd never heard of World Backup Day (Talk Like a Pirate Day, yes, but not this one); however, its emphasis on not just backing up your data but checking the validity of those backups was exactly the same message we had in mind when building SQL Backup 7. It's printed on a piece of A3 above our planning board - "Make backup verification so easy to do that no DBA has an excuse for not doing it" It's the missing piece that completes the puzzle. Simple idea, great concept, useful feature, but, as it turned out, far from straightforward to implement. The problem is the future. As Marty McFly discovered over the course of three movies, the future is uncertain and hard to predict - so when you are scheduling a restore to take place an hour, day, week or month after the backup, there are all kinds of questions that you wouldn't normally have to consider. Where will this backup live? Will it even exist at the time? Will it be split into multiple files? What will the file names be? Will it be encrypted? What files should it be restored to? SQL Backup needs to know what to expect at the time the restore job is actually run. Of course, a DBA will know the answer to all these questions, but to deliver the whole point of version 7, we wanted to make it easy for them to input that information into SQL Backup. We think we've done that. When you create your scheduled backup job, there is now an option to create a "reminder" to follow it up with a scheduled restore to verify the resulting backups. Actually, it's much more than a reminder, as it stores all the relevant data so you can click it and pre-populate the wizard with all the right settings to set up your verification restores. Simple. But, what do you think? We'd love you to try it. Post by Brian Harris

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  • Global name not defined

    - by anteater7171
    I wrote a CPU monitoring program in Python. For some reason sometimes the the program will run without any problem. Then other times the program won't even start because of the following error. Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 244, in run_nodebug File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 601, in app = simpleapp_tk(None) File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 26, in init self.initialize() File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 107, in initialize self.F() File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 517, in F S2 = TL.entryVariableS.get() NameError: global name 'TL' is not defined I can't seem to find the problem, maybe someone more experienced may assist me? Here is a snippet of the part giving me trouble: (The second to last line in the snippet is what's giving me trouble) def E(self): if self.selectedM.get() =='Options...': Setup global TL TL = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) menu = Tkinter.Menu(TL) TL.config(menu=menu) filemenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Menu |", menu=filemenu) filemenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) filemenu.add_command(label="About...", command=self.aboutmenu) filemenu.add_separator() filemenu.add_command(label="Exit Options", command=TL.destroy) filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.destroy) helpmenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Help |", menu=helpmenu) helpmenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) helpmenu.add_separator() helpmenu.add_command(label="Quick Help...", command=self.helpmenu) Title TL.label5 = Tkinter.Label(TL,text="CPU Usage: Options",anchor="center",fg="black",bg="lightgreen",relief="ridge",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 18, 'bold')) TL.label5.pack(padx=15,ipadx=5) X Y scale TL.separator = Tkinter.Frame(TL,height=7, bd=1, relief='ridge', bg='grey95') TL.separator.pack(pady=5,padx=5) # TL.sclX = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, orient='horizontal', resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclX.grid(column=1,row=0,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.label1 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X",anchor="s",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label1.grid(column=0,row=0, pady=1, sticky='S') TL.sclY = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclY.grid(column=2,row=1,rowspan=2,sticky='e', padx=4) TL.label3 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label3.grid(column=2,row=0, padx=10, sticky='e') TL.entryVariable2 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry2 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable2, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry2.grid(column=1,row=1,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entry2.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label2 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label2.grid(column=0,row=1, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.entryVariable1 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry1 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable1, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry1.grid(column=1,row=2,sticky='EW') TL.entry1.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label4 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y:", anchor="center",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label4.grid(column=0,row=2, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.label7 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Text Colour:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold'),justify='left') TL.label7.grid(column=1,row=3, sticky='W',padx=10,ipady=10,ipadx=30) TL.selectedP = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.opt1 = Tkinter.OptionMenu(TL.separator, TL.selectedP,'Normal', 'White','Black', 'Blue', 'Steel Blue','Green','Light Green','Yellow','Orange' ,'Red',command=self.G) TL.opt1.config(fg="black",bg="grey90",activebackground="grey90",activeforeground="black", anchor="center",relief="raised",direction='right',font=('Arial', 10)) TL.opt1.grid(column=1,row=4,sticky='EW',padx=20,ipadx=20) TL.selectedP.set('Normal') TL.sclS = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=10, to=2000, orient='horizontal', resolution=10, command=self.H) TL.sclS.grid(column=1,row=5,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.sclS.set(600) TL.entryVariableS = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entryS = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariableS, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entryS.grid(column=1,row=6,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entryS.bind("<Return>", self.I) TL.entryVariableS.set(600) # TL.resizable(False,False) TL.title('Options') geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") s = self.wm_geometry() m = geomPatt.search(s) X = m.group(4) Y = m.group(6) TL.sclY.set(Y) TL.sclX.set(X) if self.selectedM.get() == 'Exit': self.destroy() def F (self): G = round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1) G1 = str(G) + '%' self.labelVariable.set(G1) if G < 5: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image0) if G >= 5: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image5) if G >= 10: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image10) if G >= 15: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image15) if G >= 20: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image20) if G >= 25: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image25) if G >= 30: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image30) if G >= 35: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image35) if G >= 40: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image40) if G >= 45: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image45) if G >= 50: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image50) if G >= 55: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image55) if G >= 60: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image60) if G >= 65: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image65) if G >= 70: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image70) if G >= 75: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image75) if G >= 80: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image80) if G >= 85: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image85) if G >= 90: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image90) if 100> G >= 95: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image95) if G == 100: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image100) S2 = TL.entryVariableS.get() self.after(int(S2), self.F)

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  • A simple explanation of Naive Bayes Classification

    - by Jaggerjack
    I am finding it hard to understand the process of Naive Bayes, and I was wondering if someone could explained it with a simple step by step process in English. I understand it takes comparisons by times occurred as a probability, but I have no idea how the training data is related to the actual dataset. Please give me an explanation of what role the training set plays. I am giving a very simple example for fruits here, like banana for example training set--- round-red round-orange oblong-yellow round-red dataset---- round-red round-orange round-red round-orange oblong-yellow round-red round-orange oblong-yellow oblong-yellow round-red

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  • Events in Classes (VB.NET)

    - by Otaku
    I find that I write a lot of code within my classes to keep properties in sync with each other. I've read about Events in Classes, but have not been able to wrap my head around how to make them work for what I'm looking for. I could use some advice here. For example, in this one I always want to keep myColor up to date with any change whatsoever in any or all of the Red, Green or Blue properties. Class myColors Private Property Red As Byte Private Property Green As Byte Private Property Blue As Byte Private Property myColor As Color Sub New() myColor = Color.FromArgb(0, 0, 0) End Sub Sub ChangeRed(ByVal r As Byte) Red = r myColor = Color.FromArgb(Red, Green, Blue) End Sub Sub ChangeBlue(ByVal b As Byte) Blue = b myColor = Color.FromArgb(Red, Green, Blue) End Sub End Class If one or more of those changes, I want myColor to be updated. Easy enough as above, but is there a way to work with events that would automatically do this so I don't have to put myColor = Color.FromArgb(Red, Green, Blue) in every sub routine?

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  • Trying to create a RegEx for the following patterns

    - by Travis
    Here are the patterns: Red,Green (and so on...) Red (+5.00),Green (+6.00) (and so on...) Red (+5.00,+10.00),Green (+6.00,+20.00) (and so on...) Red (+5.00),Green (and so on...) Each attribute ("Red,"Green") can have 0, 1, or 2 modifiers (shown as "+5.00,+10.00", etc.). I need to capture each of the attributes and their modifiers as a single string (i.e. "Red (+5.00,+10.00)", "Green (+6.00,+20.00)". Help?

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  • Trying to create a Reg Ex for the following patterns

    - by Travis
    Here are the patterns: Red,Green (and so on...) Red (+5.00),Green (+6.00) (and so on...) Red (+5.00,+10.00),Green (+6.00,+20.00) (and so on...) Red (+5.00),Green (and so on...) Each attribute ("Red,"Green") can have 0, 1, or 2 modifiers (shown as "+5.00,+10.00", etc.). I need to capture each of the attributes and their modifiers as a single string (i.e. "Red (+5.00,+10.00)", "Green (+6.00,+20.00)". Help?

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  • Qt: How to autoexpand parents of a new QTreeView item when using a QSortFilterProxyModel

    - by taynaron
    I'm making an app wherein the user can add new data to a QTreeModel at any time. The parent under which it gets placed is automatically expanded to show the new item: self.tree = DiceModel(headers) self.treeView.setModel(self.tree) expand_node = self.tree.addRoll() #addRoll makes a node, adds it, and returns the (parent) note to be expanded self.treeView.expand(expand_node) This works as desired. If I add a QSortFilterProxyModel to the mix: self.tree = DiceModel(headers) self.sort = DiceSort(self.tree) self.treeView.setModel(self.sort) expand_node = self.tree.addRoll() #addRoll makes a node, adds it, and returns the (parent) note to be expanded self.treeView.expand(expand_node) the parent no longer expands. Any idea what I am doing wrong?

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