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• How does Subnetting Work?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  How does Subnetting Work, and How do you do it by hand or in your head? Can someone explain both conceptually and with several examples? Server Fault gets lots of subnetting homework questions, so we could use an answer to point them to on Server Fault itself. What is classless routing and why is class-based routing obsolete? If I have a network, how do I figure out how to split it up? If I am given a netmask, how do I know what the network Range is for it? Sometimes there is a slash followed by a number, what is that number? Sometimes there is a subnet mask, but also a wildcard mask, they seem like the same thing but they are different? Someone mentioned something about knowing binary for this? What is NAT (Network Address Translation). Not looking for links to other sites (unless maybe you have one post with a bunch of good ones). I already know how to subnet, I just thought it would be nice if Server Fault had a generic subnetting answer.

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• Malware vs Viruses

  - by Kyle Brandt

  Is there a legitimate technical difference between malware and viruses? I have looked at the Wikipedia entries but I am not really seeing the difference. Currently, I kind of feel like this is just Symantec's way of getting more money for products (features). But maybe someone involved more deeply in this area can explain this.

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• Search Domain Not Working With Squid

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I just set up a squid proxy as a parent proxy to HAVP. When I or other users try to access a domain with an address like "http://foo" I get the following squid error in the browser: The dnsserver returned: Server Failure: The name server was unable to process this query. However, "http://foo.companyname.com" works fine. The search domain in resolv.conf on both the client and proxy host is companyname.com. (There a better term for "search domain"?) Is there a way to correct this, maybe something in the squid.conf file?.

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• Mail Stuck in Backend Exchange Queue

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have a message that has and is stuck in a queue on my backend mail server. The queue is: Internet Mail SMTP Connector (MY_FRONT_END_SERVER_NAME)-524350ff... It is in state retry with 183 failures. It is only one message and all other mail is flowing. The message is not particularly large. My limited understanding, a guess really, is that this message should get handed off to the front end mail server and sent to the remote hosts for which it is destined, so it should even matter if the remote host is up. However, I can telnet to the smtp provider of that host. How can I find out why it is stuck in this queue, and can I force it out somehow (unfreeze doesn't help me)?

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• Input/output (read) errors in Bacula while setting up a Tape Drive + Autochanger

  - by Kyle Brandt

  When running the label barcode command in bacula I am getting Input/output errors. I am just getting started in trying to set this up: Connecting to Storage daemon TapeDevice at ny-back01.ny.stackoverflow.com:9103 ... Sending label command for Volume "ACJ332" Slot 1 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 8, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 1, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 1, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ332" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ332", Slot 1 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ331" Slot 2 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 1, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 2, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 2, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ331" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ331", Slot 2 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ328" Slot 3 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 2, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 3, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 3, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ328" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ328", Slot 3 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ329" Slot 4 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 3, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 4, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 4, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ329" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ329", Slot 4 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ335" Slot 5 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 4, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 5, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 5, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ335" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ335", Slot 5 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ334" Slot 6 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 5, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 6, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 6, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ334" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ334", Slot 6 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ333" Slot 7 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 6, drive 0" command. 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 7, drive 0" command. 3305 Autochanger "load slot 7, drive 0", status is OK. block.c:1010 Read error on fd=5 at file:blk 0:0 on device "ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0). ERR=Input/output error. 3000 OK label. VolBytes=64512 DVD=0 Volume="ACJ333" Device="ULTRIUM-HH4" (/dev/st0) Catalog record for Volume "ACJ333", Slot 7 successfully created. Sending label command for Volume "ACJ330" Slot 8 ... 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 7, drive 0" command. Bacula-dir: # Definition of file storage device Storage { Name = TapeDevice # Do not use "localhost" here Address = ny-back01.... # N.B. Use a fully qualified name here SDPort = 9103 Password = "..." Device = ULTRIUM-HH4 Media Type = LTO-4 Media Type = File Autochanger = Yes } Bacula-sd: Autochanger { Name = StorageLoader1U Device = ULTRIUM-HH4 Changer Command = "/etc/bacula/scripts/mtx-changer %c %o %S %a %d" Changer Device = /dev/sg5 } Device { Name = ULTRIUM-HH4 Media Type = LTO-4 Archive Device = /dev/st0 AutomaticMount = yes; AlwaysOpen = yes; RemovableMedia = yes; RandomAccess = no; AutoChanger = yes; RandomAccess = no; } Anyone knows what this means / why I am getting this?

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• 3 Headed Display Ubuntu Wallpaper

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I got 3 display working in Linux. I have set it up so I have Xinerama and 3 different X sessions. So my 3 displays are not all the same size, two are 1680x1050 and then the other which is between the two is 2560x1600. So my issue is when I chose span, even if the image is larger than all 3 resolutions combined, the center monitor has bars at the top and the bottom because span scales the image it seems. Is there a way if I bypass the gui to have an image span all three monitors but with no scaling? Urgent! Please help! ;-)

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• Mouse won't work in XP on Latitude

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have a Latitude D630 Laptop with a Fresh Windows XP install that won't work with a generic external USB mouse. It recognizes the device has been put in but fails to install it. USB keyboards work fine I have tried restarting the laptop Tried starting the machine without the docking station and plugging directly into the laptop Don't have the original CD, but I installed drives from the Dell website until there were no ? icons Tried deleting the USB mouse device and plugging it again

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• Single email Stuck in Backend Exchange Queue

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have an outgoing message that has and is stuck in a queue on my backend mail server. The queue is: Internet Mail SMTP Connector (MY_FRONT_END_SERVER_NAME)-524350ff... It is in state retry with 183 failures. It is only one message and all other mail is flowing. The message is not particularly large. My limited understanding, a guess really, is that this message should get handed off to the front end mail server and sent to the remote hosts for which it is destined, so it should even matter if the remote host is up. However, I can telnet to the smtp provider of that host. How can I find out why it is stuck in this queue, and can I force it out somehow (unfreeze doesn't help me)?

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• What is the fall off of subsecond throughput on Ethernet Network Interfaces

  - by Kyle Brandt

  On a network interface, speeds are given in term of data over time, in particular, they are bits per second. However, in the uber-fast world of computing -- a second is kind of a really long time. So for example, given a linear falloff. A 1 GBit per second interface would do 500MBit per half second, 250Mbit per quarter second etc. I imagine at certain units of time, this is no longer linear. Perhaps this is set by ethernet frequencies, system clock speeds, interrupt timers etc. I am sure this varies depending on the system -- but does anyone have more information or whitepapers on this? One of the main reasons I am curious is to understand output drops on interfaces. Even if the speed per second is much lower than the interface can handle -- perhaps there are spikes that cause drops for only small numbers of milliseconds. Perhaps various coalescing would hide this effect -- or perhaps increase it on the receiving interface? Do queues make a difference here? Example: So given if this is linear down to the MS we would have 1Mbit/MS, and if Wireshark isn't distorting what I see, should I see drops when I have a spike beyond 1Mbit?

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• Is there a feature in Nagios that allows Memory between checks?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  There are various instances where there are values I want to monitor with Nagios, and I don't care as much about the value itself, but rather how it compares to the previous value. For instance, I wrote one to check the fail counters in OpenVZ. In this case, I didn't care about the value that much, but rather I cared if the value increased. Another example might be switch ports, I would be most interested to get alerted about the change of state of a port (Although perhaps a trap would be better for this one). For my OpenVZ script, I used a temp file, but I am wondering if there is a better way? Maybe Nagios has some variables that plugins (check scripts) can access that are persistent across checks?

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• Should the MAC Tables on a switch Stack be the same between sessions?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  According to Cisco's documentation: "The MAC address tables on all stack members are synchronized. At any given time, each stack member has the same copy of the address tables for each VLAN." However, when logged into the switch I see the following: ny-swstack01#show mac ad | inc Total Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 222 ny-swstack01#ses 2 ny-swstack01-2#show mac ad | inc Total Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 229 ny-swstack01-2#exit ny-swstack01#ses 3 ny-swstack01-3#show mac ad | inc Total Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 229 ny-swstack01-3#exit ny-swstack01#ses 4 ny-swstack01-4#show mac ad | inc Total Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 235 ny-swstack01-4#exit ny-swstack01#show mac ad | inc Total Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 222 Going back and forth this isn't just because it is changing over time either, within certain sessions there are entries that I don't seen from the master session. We are currently waiting to hear back on CIsco from this, but has anyone run into this before? I stumbled upon this when looking into Unicast flooding, one of the hosts that is a destination MAC of flooding has a MAC entry that appears in session 3, but nowhere else. Also, I checked an all sessions show the same aging time.

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• TCP Sessions and IP Changes

  - by Kyle Brandt

  What happens to a TCP session when the IP of a client changes? I did a simple test of having netcat listen on a port, and connecting to that port from a client machine. I then changed the IP of the client while that nc session was open and sent some data, no data was received by server after changing the IP. I know they are different layers, but does TCP use IPs for part of how it distinguishes sessions? Does my example not work because of how the application handles it, or is this not working because of something happening at TCP/IP/Ethernet layers? Does this depend on the OS implementation? ( I am most interested in Linux at the moment)

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• Basic Weight Questions with HAProxy

  - by Kyle Brandt

  Do weights assigned to servers only effect the balance within that particular backend? When implementing weights for the first time, if I give all the servers in a backend the same number, would that be the same as before when there we no weights? How do I calculate just how much traffic I am shiffting by adjust weights by certain amounts. For example: server web1 10.10.10.10 weight 100 server web2 10.10.10.11 weight 100 server web3 10.10.10.12 weight 90 server web4 10.10.10.13 weight 90

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• Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Mod_Rewrite Rules but Were Afraid to Ask?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  How can I become an expert at writing mod_rewrite rules? What is the fundamental format and structure of mod_rewrite rules? What form/flavor of regular expressions do I need to have a solid grasp of? What are the most common mistakes/pitfalls when writing rewrite rules? What is a good method for testing and verifying mod_rewrite rules? Are there SEO or performance implications of mod_rewrite rules I should be aware of? Are there common situations where mod_rewrite might seem like the right tool for the job but isn't? What are some common examples?

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• Network location is not on the Domain

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have a computer joined to the domain, but it doesn't view the network "location" as being part of the domain. I have tried removing and rejoining the domain and this doesn't help: Other computers in the same network don't have this problem. I have also tried several different icons, including both the train and the airplane which doesn't seem to make a difference. At least using nslookup, the server seems to have connectivity with the DCs in the same site. There also seem to be some errors that suggest a NULL domain: Computer: OR-WEB05.ds.stackexchange.com Description: NtpClient was unable to set a domain peer to use as a time source because of failure in establishing a trust relationship between this computer and the '' domain in order to securely synchronize time. NtpClient will try again in 3473457 minutes and double the reattempt interval thereafter. The error was: The trust relationship between this workstation and the primary domain failed. (0x800706FD)

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• Oracle 11g Express Edition

  - by Kyle Brandt

  I have been tasked with installing the latest oracle XE edition. The versions I have installed recently are all 11g, but when I look for the XE edition I only see 10g. Is 10g the latest XE edition or Oracle? If that is the case, does anyone know why is there not an 11g express edition?

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• Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Mod_Rewrite Rules but Were Afraid to Ask?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  How can I become an expert at writing mod_rewrite rules? What is the fundamental format and structure of mod_rewrite rules? What form/flavor of regular expressions do I need to have a solid grasp of? What are the most common mistakes/pitfalls when writing rewrite rules? What is a good method for testing and verifying mod_rewrite rules? Are there SEO or performance implications of mod_rewrite rules I should be aware of? Are there common situations where mod_rewrite might seem like the right tool for the job but isn't? What are some common examples?

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• Monitoring Active Directory (AD) Replication in Windows Server 2008 R2

  - by Kyle Brandt

  With Active Directory, what is a good way to monitor replication? I have multiple sites and multiple locations, so ideally both replication between sites and within sites would be monitored. I'm not really sure if each DC needs to be monitored, each NTDS connection, or each DC * Each NTDS connection. For the purposes of fitting into a standard alerting methodology, perfmon counters that would allow me to alert if replication was behind X minutes seems like it might be ideal.

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• Executable Resumes

  - by Liam McLennan

  Over the past twelve months I have been thinking a lot about executable specifications. Long considered the holy grail of agile software development, executable specifications means expressing a program’s functionality in a way that is both readable by the customer and computer verifiable in an automatic, repeatable way. With the current generation of BDD and ATDD tools executable specifications seem finally within the reach of a significant percentage of the development community. Lately, and partly as a result of my craftsmanship tour, I have decided that soon I am going to have to get a job (gasp!). As Dave Hoover describes in Apprenticeship Patters, “you … have mentors and kindred spirits that you meet with periodically, [but] when it comes to developing software, you work alone.” The time may have come where the only way for me to feel satisfied and enriched by my work is to seek out a work environment where I can work with people smarter and more knowledgeable than myself. Having been on both sides of the interview desk many times I know how difficult and unreliable the process can be. Therefore, I am proposing the idea of executable resumes. As a journeyman programmer looking for a fruitful work environment I plan to write an application that demonstrates my understanding of the state of the art. Potential employers can download, view and execute my executable resume and judge wether my aesthetic sensibility matches their own. The concept of the executable resume is based upon the following assertion: A line of code answers a thousand interview questions Asking people about their experiences and skills is not a direct way of assessing their value to your organisation. Often it simple assesses their ability to mislead an interviewer. An executable resume demonstrates: The highest quality code that the person is able to produce. That the person is sufficiently motivated to produce something of value in their own time. That the person loves their craft. The idea of publishing a program to demonstrate a developer’s skills comes from Rob Conery, who suggested that each developer should build their own blog engine since it is the public representation of their level of mastery. Rob said: Luke had to build his own lightsaber – geeks should have to build their own blogs. And that should be their resume. In honour of Rob’s inspiration I plan to build a blog engine as my executable resume. While it is true that the world does not need another blog engine it is as good a project as any, it is a well understood domain, and I have not found an existing blog engine that I like. Executable resumes fit well with the software craftsmanship metaphor. It is not difficult to imagine that under the guild system master craftsmen may have accepted journeymen based on the quality of the work they had produced in the past. We now understand that when it comes to the functionality of an application that code is the final arbiter. Why not apply the same rule to hiring?

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• Tab Sweep: Dynamic JSF Forms, GlassFish on VPS, Upgrading to 3.1.2, Automated Deployment Script, ...

  - by arungupta

  Recent Tips and News on Java, Java EE 6, GlassFish & more : • Dynamic forms, JSF world was long waiting for (Oleg Varaksin) • Creating a Deployment Pipeline with Jenkins, Nexus, Ant and Glassfish (Rob Terp) • Installing Java EE 6 SDK with Glassfish included on a VPS without GUI (jvm host) • GlassFish multimode Command for Batch Processing (javahowto) • Servlet Configuration in Servlet 3.0 api (Nikos Lianeris) • Creating a Simple Java Message Service (JMS) Producer with NetBeans and GlassFish (Oracle Learning Library) • GlassFish 3.1 to JBoss AS 7.1.1 EJB Invocation (java howto) • Tests In Java Ee For Zero-error Applications (Dylan Rodriguez) • Upgrading GlassFish 3.1.1 to 3.1.2 on Oracle Linux 6.2 64-bit (Matthias Hoys) • Migrating an Automated Deployment Script from Glassfish v2 to Glassfish v3 (Rob Terp) • Installer updates, Glassfish, Confluence and more…! (Rimu Hosting)

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• X.509 Certificate validation with Java and Bouncycastle

  - by Rob

  Hi, through the bouncycastle wiki page I was able to understand how to create a X.509 root certificate and a certification request, but I do not quite understand how to proceed concept- and programming wise after that. Lets assume party A does a cert request and gets his client certificate from the CA. How can some party B validate A's certificate? What kind of certificate does A need? A root certificate? A 'normal' client certificate? And how does the validation work on programming level, if we assume that A has successfully send his certificate in DER or PEM format to B? Any help is much appreciated. Best Regards, Rob

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• Passing variable to Google Charts URL

  - by Rob A

  Hi All, This is probably something really simple, however I am quite new to PHP, and havent done any HTML in years. I need to get a PHP variable filled with an array of figures into Google Charts. My code for this so far is: <img src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart? &chs=340x175 &chd=t:<?=$filedetail[1]?> &cht=lc &chtt=Test "> However, Google reports an error, as it stops at the ?=$filedetail[1] for some reason. It doesnt seem that reading the variable is the problem, more that the API simply cant read past the start of the PHP tags. Thanks, Rob A.

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• LibraryContainer in a ScatterViewItem: resizing and background rectangle...

  - by Rob Fleming

  Simple one: Want to add a LibraryContainer to a Surface ScatterView. Know I have to add the container inside a ScatterViewItem to get the rotate/move features.. but the SVI adds a rectangle box around the control, and it does not size correctly. Think I'm missing something simple but can't figure it... My current XAML is as follows: Background="{StaticResource WindowBackground}" AllowDrop="True" . . . Any thoughts are appreciated... I've been looking at the how-to samples but the library controls that are shown are static item. (ie they are not movable)... Rob

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• AS3 - Loader class: Resize external swf to it's original stage size

  - by Rob

  Hi there! Here is my problem (unfortunatelly didn't find solution @google): I'm loading external swf[AS2] into main swf[AS3] using Loader class. The main swf is 800 x 600 and the external swf is 300 x 200. After adding the external swf to the main swf the external swf expands it's size from 300 x 200 to the main swf's size: 800 x 600. How can i prevent this? I want the loaded swf to save it's original size. Cheers Rob

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• MySQL query performance - 100Mb ethernet vs 1Gb ethernet

  - by Rob Penridge

  Hi All I've just started a new job and noticed that the analysts computers are connected to the network at 100Mbps. The queries we run against the MySQL server can easily be 500MB+ and it seems at times when the servers are under high load the DBAs kill low priority jobs as they are taking too long to run. My question is this... How much of this server time is spent executing the request, and how much time is spent returning the data to the client? Could the query speeds be improved by upgrading the network connections to 1Gbps? Thanks Rob

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