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• Network Bridging for WiFi-to-Ethernet in linux

  - by shakaran

  It is possible Network Bridging for WiFi-to-Ethernet in linux instead of Ethernet-to-Ethernet? I have a CentOS 6.3 machine. I am using KVM and I want perform a brigde for virtualize more machines. This machine is connected only via wireless connection and it doesn't have a ethernet connection. So, I did a bridge over the WiFi interface like: # cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0 DEVICE="br0" NM_CONTROLLED="yes" ONBOOT=yes TYPE=Bridge BOOTPROTO=none IPADDR=192.168.1.50 PREFIX=24 GATEWAY=192.168.1.1 DNS1=8.8.8.8 DNS2=8.8.4.4 DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes IPV6INIT=no NAME="System br0" Then I edit my wireless conection like: # cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-mywireless ESSID="mywireless" MODE=Managed KEY_MGMT=WPA-PSK WPA_ALLOW_WPA2=yes CIPHER_PAIRWISE=CCMP CIPHER_GROUP=CCMP TYPE=Wireless #BOOTPROTO=none #IPADDR=192.168.1.50 #PREFIX=24 #GATEWAY=192.168.1.1 #DNS1=8.8.8.8 #DNS2=8.8.4.4 DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes IPV6INIT=no NAME="Auto mywireless" UUID=874***** ONBOOT=yes LAST_CONNECT=1355923469 BRIDGE=br0 After, I restart the network: # /etc/init.d/network restart Shutting down loopback interface: [ OK ] Bringing up loopback interface: [ OK ] Bringing up interface Auto_mywireless: Error: Unknown connection: 874***** [FAILED] Bringing up interface br0: [ OK ] But as you can see, it show a error. My ifconfig output shows now: # ifconfig br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6E:20:AD:CE:D8:AB inet addr:192.168.1.50 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6c20:adff:fece:d8ab/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:67 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:6393 (6.2 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:432 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:432 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:62433 (60.9 KiB) TX bytes:62433 (60.9 KiB) ra0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:22:F7:2B:87:E5 inet addr:192.168.1.42 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::222:f7ff:fe2b:87e5/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:46 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:487894880 (465.2 MiB) TX bytes:148136473 (141.2 MiB) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:5B:30:9A inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:70 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:5838 (5.7 KiB) But this doesn't give internet connection and I loss access to 192.168.1.50. So, it is possible setup this networking bridge WiFi-to-Ethernet?

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• Linux RAID-0 performance doesn't scale up over 1 GB/s

  - by wazoox

  I have trouble getting the max throughput out of my setup. The hardware is as follow : dual Quad-Core AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 2376 16 GB DDR2 ECC RAM dual Adaptec 52245 RAID controllers 48 1 TB SATA drives set up as 2 RAID-6 arrays (256KB stripe) + spares. Software : Plain vanilla 2.6.32.25 kernel, compiled for AMD-64, optimized for NUMA; Debian Lenny userland. benchmarks run : disktest, bonnie++, dd, etc. All give the same results. No discrepancy here. io scheduler used : noop. Yeah, no trick here. Up until now I basically assumed that striping (RAID 0) several physical devices should augment performance roughly linearly. However this is not the case here : each RAID array achieves about 780 MB/s write, sustained, and 1 GB/s read, sustained. writing to both RAID arrays simultaneously with two different processes gives 750 + 750 MB/s, and reading from both gives 1 + 1 GB/s. however when I stripe both arrays together, using either mdadm or lvm, the performance is about 850 MB/s writing and 1.4 GB/s reading. at least 30% less than expected! running two parallel writer or reader processes against the striped arrays doesn't enhance the figures, in fact it degrades performance even further. So what's happening here? Basically I ruled out bus or memory contention, because when I run dd on both drives simultaneously, aggregate write speed actually reach 1.5 GB/s and reading speed tops 2 GB/s. So it's not the PCIe bus. I suppose it's not the RAM. It's not the filesystem, because I get exactly the same numbers benchmarking against the raw device or using XFS. And I also get exactly the same performance using either LVM striping and md striping. What's wrong? What's preventing a process from going up to the max possible throughput? Is Linux striping defective? What other tests could I run?

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• No Internet connectivity to linux container on Debian

  - by kirankumar

  I have created a linux container with debian-wheezy template. I am not able to have internet connectivity from the container. Below is my network configuration. Could some one please help me in figuring out the issue ? I can ping to the eth0 ip address in the container from the host. Similarly, i can ping from container to br0 ip address on the host. /etc/network/interfaces on host =============================== # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface #allow-hotplug eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp # bridge configuration auto br0 iface br0 inet dhcp bridge_ports eth0 vethCE2 bridge_fd 0 bridge_stp off bridge_maxwait 0 ifconfig -a output on host ========================== ifconfig -a br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:bd:61:5e inet addr:10.0.0.11 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:febd:615e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:422 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:174110 (170.0 KiB) TX bytes:31582 (30.8 KiB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:bd:61:5e UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:13017 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6210 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:7944745 (7.5 MiB) TX bytes:1368421 (1.3 MiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:835 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:835 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:91148 (89.0 KiB) TX bytes:91148 (89.0 KiB) vethCE2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:3a:43:52:14:49 inet6 addr: fe80::fc3a:43ff:fe52:1449/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:52 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:205 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2660 (2.5 KiB) TX bytes:31133 (30.4 KiB) brctl show output on host ========================== bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.080027bd615e no eth0 vethCE2 /etc/network/interfaces on container ======================================= auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 10.0.0.99 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 10.0.0.0 ifconfig -a output on container =============================== root@CE2:~# ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:11:22:33:44:00 inet addr:10.0.0.99 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::211:22ff:fe33:4400/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:198 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:52 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:30121 (29.4 KiB) TX bytes:2660 (2.5 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:26 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:26 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2366 (2.3 KiB) TX bytes:2366 (2.3 KiB) Networking content of /var/lib/lxc/CE2/config ============================================== # networking lxc.network.type = veth lxc.network.flags = up lxc.network.link = br0 lxc.network.name = eth0 lxc.network.veth.pair = vethCE2 # It is fine to be commented out #lxc.network.ipv4 = 192.168.10.21/24 # Change this lxc.network.hwaddr = 00:11:22:33:44:00 Let me know if you need any other details. Thanks, Kiran Kumar

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• File/folder permissions and groups on Linux with Apache

  - by phobia

  I'm trying to learn about permissions on linux webserver with apache. Some clues to the system: The server I have to play around with is Fedora based. Apache runs as apache:apache. To allow for e.g. php to write to a file the file needs to be chmod 777. 755 is not sufficiant. What I'm wondering is basically how set up permissions like they should be on e.g. a "shared web host". My main problem is that if I set a permission so that one user cannot access anothers home folder, then apache can't read from the public_html folder either. To keep the users out I need to set chmod 700. But to let apache to read I need to have at least execute on world, so a 701 basically works, but won't let some users in. So I'm really stuck on what to do. Have been concidering adding the apache user to the frous grours below to avoid having to add the world execute flag, but is that a bad thing? Should it be the other way around, the users in the groups below should also be in the apache group? I was aiming at having 4 groups: 1. webapp same as dev_int, but is the only one that can go inside the webapp/live folder to e.g. do an update from the repo. 2. dev_int can read,write and execute everything in the "web root", including the two below, but nothing outside of the web root 3. dev_ext can read write and execute in all client folders, but cannot access anything outside of the webapp root 4. clientsBasic ftp accounts. Has a home folder with a public_html, but cannot access any other home folders An example of folder structure: webroot    no users in the aforementioned groups can go outside of here some_project    :dev_int only webapp live    :webapp only staging    :dev_int and :dev_ext clients    :dev_int and :dev_ext client_1    :dev_int, :dev_ext and client1:clients public_html dev developer_1    developer_1:dev_int OR :dev_ext public_html

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• apcupsd on Linux does not report on APC BackUPS Pro 900

  - by lserni

  From what documentation I could find, the UPS should be (is!) supported by Linux and ought to work with apcupsd. I looked for specific problems such as the infamous Microlink protocol, and found none. I have found a feedback from a guy in UK that reports using this very model on a not-too-different OS version (his OpenSuSE 12.1, mine 12.3 x86_64). The USB port is detected, lsusb reports Bus 002 Device 003: ID 051d:0002 American Power Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply and lsusb -v -s002:003 confirms and expands: Bus 002 Device 003: ID 051d:0002 American Power Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x051d American Power Conversion idProduct 0x0002 Uninterruptible Power Supply bcdDevice 0.90 iManufacturer 1 American Power Conversion iProduct 2 Back-UPS RS 900G FW:879.L4 .I USB FW:L4 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: [...] Interface Descriptor: [...] bInterfaceClass 3 Human Interface Device bInterfaceSubClass 0 No Subclass bInterfaceProtocol 0 None iInterface 0 HID Device Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 33 bcdHID 1.00 bCountryCode 33 US bNumDescriptors 1 bDescriptorType 34 Report wDescriptorLength 1134 Report Descriptors: ** UNAVAILABLE ** Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0008 1x 8 bytes bInterval 100 Device Status: 0x0000 (Bus Powered) The kernel recognizes this and duly sets up crw------- 1 root root 180, 96 Nov 4 16:11 /dev/usb/hiddev0 As far as I know, everything is as it should be. I have put the standard configuration in /etc/apcupsd/apcupsd.conf (which is Unix-terminated, ASCII-only, no BOM (just in case)) UPSCABLE usb UPSTYPE usb DEVICE (I have also tried commenting out DEVICE, and setting a device of /dev/puppa results in an access attempt to /dev/puppa, not some /var/lib/dev/puppa or /dev/puppa\r\n). Yet, what apcaccess tells me is VERSION : 3.14.10 (13 September 2011) suse CABLE : USB Cable DRIVER : USB UPS Driver UPSMODE : Stand Alone STARTTIME: 2013-11-04 16:24:22 +0100 MODEL : STATUS : NOBATT LINEV : 000.0 Volts LOADPCT : 0.0 Percent Load Capacity BCHARGE : 000.0 Percent TIMELEFT : 0.0 Minutes MBATTCHG : 5 Percent MINTIMEL : 3 Minutes MAXTIME : 0 Seconds SENSE : Low LOTRANS : 000.0 Volts HITRANS : 000.0 Volts It doesn't recognize the model, and reports no battery (and no voltage). This confirms that it's not the Microlink problem, or it would report the battery status, if precious little else. If I disconnect the USB cable, I get an apcupsd message to the effect that communications have been lost; and I get the "communication restored" broadcast too, if I reconnect the cable. apcupsd is monitoring. So everything tells me that it should work -- only it doesn't. Does anyone spot what I'm missing?

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• USB Flash not recognised by Windows and BIOS, but works fine in Linux

  - by bbalegere

  I have a Transcend JetFLash 2GB USB Drive.It was working fine and I had been using it occasionally. All of sudden it stopped working in all versions of Windows . The USB Drive is also not recognised by the BIOS.It does not show in the list of bootable devices.(It used show up in the list earlier) However the USB Drive works fine in my Linux Mint 11 OS. Running dmesg gives this [ 941.812192] usb 1-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 4 [ 941.936178] usb 1-2: device descriptor read/64, error -71 [ 942.164188] usb 1-2: device descriptor read/64, error -71 [ 942.380189] usb 1-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 5 [ 942.504138] usb 1-2: device descriptor read/64, error -71 [ 942.732179] usb 1-2: device descriptor read/64, error -71 [ 942.948154] usb 1-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 6 [ 943.364134] usb 1-2: device not accepting address 6, error -71 [ 943.476172] usb 1-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 7 [ 943.892140] usb 1-2: device not accepting address 7, error -71 [ 943.892191] hub 1-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 2 [ 944.296190] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 3 [ 944.438251] usb 2-2: not running at top speed; connect to a high speed hub [ 944.709928] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas [ 944.729999] Initializing USB Mass Storage driver... [ 944.730509] scsi6 : usb-storage 2-2:1.0 [ 944.730908] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage [ 944.730917] USB Mass Storage support registered. [ 945.736320] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access JetFlash Transcend 2GB 8.07 PQ: 0 ANSI: 2 [ 945.744547] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0 [ 945.753316] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 3944448 512-byte logical blocks: (2.01 GB/1.88 GiB) [ 945.758274] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off [ 945.758288] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 03 00 00 00 [ 945.765167] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page present [ 945.765181] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 945.784309] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page present [ 945.784323] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 946.239512] sdb: sdb1 [ 946.257279] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page present [ 946.257292] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 946.257302] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk Looks like there is something wrong the USB Drive.It is not recognised in any computer running Windows. Is there any way to fix this? Any idea why this problem occurred ?

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• Linksys WiFi usb dongle and linux woes

  - by MrStatic

  I have a Linksys WUSB54GC usb dongle and I have exhausted every thing I know about making this thing work in linux. I am using Fedora 13. Since it is not ready I can not view any networks. Any ideas would be great. tail of the system log Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 8 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: New USB device found, idVendor=1737, idProduct=0077 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: Product: 802.11 g WLAN Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: Manufacturer: Ralink Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: SerialNumber: 1.0 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::radio Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::assoc Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::quality Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> found WiFi radio killswitch rfkill3 (at /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/1-7/1-7:1.0/ieee80211/phy3/rfkill3) (driver <unknown>) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: rt2800usb 1-7:1.0: firmware: requesting rt2870.bin Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): driver supports SSID scans (scan_capa 0x01). Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): new 802.11 WiFi device (driver: 'rt2800usb' ifindex: 6) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): exported as /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Devices/4 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): now managed Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): device state change: 1 -> 2 (reason 2) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): bringing up device. Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): preparing device. Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): deactivating device (reason: 2). Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): supplicant interface state: starting -> ready Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): device state change: 2 -> 3 (reason 42) [root@localhost log]# iwconfig lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=8 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:on

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• High load on X3220 Quad Core Linux Apache server

  - by John Templar

  I'm seriously in need of help. My sites are now nearly impossible to use because of massive loads on my server. I'm already a month late on my mortgage and this really isn't helping my situation. I've been working on fixing this intermittent load problem for months (never this bad). I'm suspecting some kind of attack since I'm under DDOS attack a lot! I've been trying to figure out what is causing the load but I'm afraid I just don't have the experience or knowledge to understand all the data I've been looking at. I don't even know where to begin or how to test for the large array of attacks out there. Here's some data you might find useful... Server: Xeon X3220 Quad Core 2.4 GHz - Linux, FreeBSD 500 GB HD and 8 Gig of Ram. Runs Centos release 5.7 Server Version: Apache/2.2.21 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.21 OpenSSL/0.9.8e-fips-rhel5 mod_auth_passthrough/2.1 mod_bwlimited/1.4 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 mod_qos/9.74 Warning: All sites are softcore adult sites - mostly fantasy art like elves and amazons. 1) Sites may run fine for weeks or just days at less than 10 load then start jumping to 40-80 load - no idea why. Same sites, same mods, same amount of traffic - just WHAM! 2) I get an email almost every day that says: "Large Number of Failed Login Attempts from IP (different each time)". My webhost (who almost never helps me) told me it was a udp flood or something. 3) I've changed the port for MySQL from the default. If I ever put it back to the default - I get Loads of over 100 from what must be a constant mysql port flood. 4) I've reconfigured MYSQL. Link: http://www.deadlyamazons.com/logs/mycnf.txt 5) I have 3 Joomla Jomsocial networks. I've spent a couple weeks turning all the mods/plugins off, waiting a day and then turning them back on the next day or later if there isn't any change (there hasn't been). For example, on Thursday I'll turn off videos, on Friday I'll turn off chat.. etc and nothing changes the load appreciably. 6) Joomla info: All SEF turned off - sh404sef completely disabled and removed. Components: Joomla 1.5.22, Jomsocial 2.0.5, Kunena 1/31/2011, HWDMediashare 11/22/2010 and JBolo Chat 2.7.3, Comet Chat or Envolve Chat. Page Compression is on, Cache is on 15 mins. Please click on this forum to see links to all my reports: http://forum.joomla.org/viewtopic.php?f=433&t=706035&p=2777500#p2777500 Any help would be highly appreciated.

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• Linux filesystem with inodes close on the disk

  - by pts

  I'd like to make the ls -laR /media/myfs on Linux as fast as possible. I'll have 1 million files on the filesystem, 2TB of total file size, and some directories containing as much as 10000 files. Which filesystem should I use and how should I configure it? As far as I understand, the reason why ls -laR is slow because it has to stat(2) each inode (i.e. 1 million stat(2)s), and since inodes are distributed randomly on the disk, each stat(2) needs one disk seek. Here are some solutions I had in mind, none of which I am satisfied with: Create the filesystem on an SSD, because the seek operations on SSDs are fast. This wouldn't work, because a 2TB SSD doesn't exist, or it's prohibitively expensive. Create a filesystem which spans on two block devices: an SSD and a disk; the disk contains file data, and the SSD contains all the metadata (including directory entries, inodes and POSIX extended attributes). Is there a filesystem which supports this? Would it survive a system crash (power outage)? Use find /media/myfs on ext2, ext3 or ext4, instead of ls -laR /media/myfs, because the former can the advantage of the d_type field (see in the getdents(2) man page), so it doesn't have to stat. Unfortunately, this doesn't meet my requirements, because I need all file sizes as well, which find /media/myfs doesn't print. Use a filesystem, such as VFAT, which stores inodes in the directory entries. I'd love this one, but VFAT is not reliable and flexible enough for me, and I don't know of any other filesystem which does that. Do you? Of course, storing inodes in the directory entries wouldn't work for files with a link count more than 1, but that's not a problem since I have only a few dozen such files in my use case. Adjust some settings in /proc or sysctl so that inodes are locked to system memory forever. This would not speed up the first ls -laR /media/myfs, but it would make all subsequent invocations amazingly fast. How can I do this? I don't like this idea, because it doesn't speed up the first invocation, which currently takes 30 minutes. Also I'd like to lock the POSIX extended attributes in memory as well. What do I have to do for that? Use a filesystem which has an online defragmentation tool, which can be instructed to relocate inodes to the the beginning of the block device. Once the relocation is done, I can run dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/null bs=1M count=256 to get the beginning of the block device fetched to the kernel in-memory cache without seeking, and then the stat(2) operations would be fast, because they read from the cache. Is there a way to lock those inodes and/or blocks into memory once they have been read? Which filesystem has such a defragmentation tool?

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• Linux Best Practices

  - by Zac

  I'm a life-long Windows developer switching over to Linux for the first time, and I'm starting off with Ubuntu to ease the learning curve. My new laptop will primarily be a development machine: 6GB RAM, 320 GB HD. I'd like there to be 2 non-root users: (a) Development, which will always be me, and (b) Guest, for anyone else. I assume the root user is added by default, like System Administrator in Windows. (1) I'd like to mount /home to its own partition, but how does this work if I have two user accounts (Development and Guest)? Are there 2 separate /home directories, or do they get shared? Is it possible to allocate more space for Development and only a tiny bit of space for Guest in GRUB2? How?!?! (2) I'm assuming that its okay that all of my development tools (Eclipse & plugins, SVN, JUnit, ant, etc.) and Java will end up getting installed in non-/home directories such as /usr and /opt, but that my Eclipse/SVN workspace will live under my /home directory on a separate partition... any problems, issues, concerns with that? (3) As far as partitioning schemes, nothing too complicated, but not plain Jane either: Boot Partition, 512 MB, in case I want to install other OSes Ubuntu & non-/home file system, 187.5 GB Swap Partition, 12 GB = RAM x 2 /home Partition, 120 GB I don't have any bulky media data (I don't have music or video libraries, this is a lean and mean dev machine) so having 320 GB is like winning the lottery and not knowing what to do with all this space. I figured I'd give a little extra space to the OS/FS partition since I'll be running JEE containers locally and doing a lot of file IO, logging and other memory-instensive operations. Any issues, problems, concerns, suggestions? (4) I was thinking about using ext4; seems to have good filestamping without any space ceiling for me to hit. Any other suggestions for a dev machine? (5) I read somewhere that you need to be careful when you install software as the root user, but I can't remember why. What general caveats do I need to be aware of when doing things (installing packages, making system configurations, etc.) as root vs "Development" user? Thanks!

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• cd Command Linux and Mystery Flags

  - by Jason R. Mick

  Platform: CentOS 6.2 Shell:tcsh I'm playing around with cd for a BASH script, and noticed the wondrous cd - option, but was left with many questions... Why the cd -? Isn't this redundant with cd ..? EDIT [As FatalError points out, these two commands don't do the same things... so the answer is "no"] Can you delve farther back into your history with - flag, a la in a browser? e.g. When I type cd -, it takes me to my previous directory, but then if I enter that command again, it takes me to the directory I just came from, creating a sort of loop. Is a shorthand for going back multiple levels supported?EDITI realize I can go back with cd .., but was hoping this could be a gateway to a less verbose deep back, e.g. cd -3 vs. cd ../../../ ... hopefully that clarifies what I'm asking....EDIT2As to the current feedback, while .. is a special directory, I don't see a reason why the built-in cd to the terminal couldn't use a shorthand for ../../ ... ../ e.g. cd ..5 or why the built-in also couldn't have a history (a la auto pushd/popd) that could be turned on and used like cd -3. I get that this could be somewhat of security/privacy risk, but I don't see how it's any worst than storing a command history, which most shells/terminals do. The manpage for cd, accessible via man cd and help cd (it's the same for either command), only lists -L and -P flags. However when I type in cd --help it outputs Usage: cd [-plvn][-|<dir>].. Am I right in assuming the other flags and the - (back) option are nonstandard? What are the -n and -v flags for? Both seem to take me back to my home directory, that's all I've been able to figure out via experimentation. A quick read on web resources [1][2] offered just the same sort of info that the man page did and didn't answer my questions. Note: The second Linux-centric resource above claimed cd only had two options (obviously not true in current CentOS) hence my assumption that this functionality could be non-standard.

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• Triple monitor setup in linux

  - by Brendan Abel

  I'm hoping there are some xorg gurus out there. I'm trying to get a three monitor setup working in linux. I have 2 lcd monitors and a tv, all different resolutions. I'm using 2 video cards; a 9800 GTX and 7900Gt. I've seen a lot of different posts about people trying to make this work, and in every case, they either gave up, or Xinerama magically solved all their problems. Basically, my main problem is that I cannot get Xinerama to work. Every time I turn it on in the options, my machine gets stuck in a neverending boot cycle. If I disable Xinerama, I just have three Xorg screens, but I can't drag windows from one to the other. I can get the 2 lcds on Twinview, and the tv on a separate Xorg screen no problem. But I don't really like this solution. I'd rather have them all on separate screens and stitch them together with Xinerama. Has anyone done this? Here's my xorg.conf for reference. p.s. This took me all of 30 seconds to set up in Windows XP! p.s.s. I've seen somewhere that maybe randr can solve my problems? But I'm not quite sure how? Section "Monitor" Identifier "Main1" VendorName "Acer" ModelName "H233H" HorizSync 40-70 VertRefresh 60 Option "dpms" EndSection #Section "Monitor" # Identifier "Main2" # VendorName "Acer" # ModelName "AL2216W" # HorizSync 40-70 # VertRefresh 60 # Option "dpms" #EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Projector" VendorName "BenQ" ModelName "W500" HorizSync 44.955-45 VertRefresh 59.94-60 Option "dpms" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Card1" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "nvidia" BusID "PCI:5:0:0" BoardName "nVidia Corporation G92 [GeForce 9800 GTX+]" Option "ConnectedMonitor" "DFP,DFP" Option "NvAGP" "0" Option "NoLogo" "True" #Option "TVStandard" "HD720p" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Card2" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "nvidia" BusID "PCI:4:0:0" BoardName "nVidia Corporation G71 [GeForce 7900 GT/GTO]" Option "NvAGP" "0" Option "NoLogo" "True" Option "TVStandard" "HD720p" EndSection Section "Module" Load "glx" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "ScreenMain-0" Device "Card1-0" Monitor "Main1" DefaultDepth 24 Option "Twinview" Option "TwinViewOrientation" "RightOf" Option "MetaModes" "DFP-0: 1920x1080; DFP-1: 1680x1050" Option "HorizSync" "DFP-0: 40-70; DFP-1: 40-70" Option "VertRefresh" "DFP-0: 60; DFP-1: 60" #SubSection "Display" # Depth 24 # Virtual 4880 1080 #EndSubSection EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "ScreenProjector" Device "Card2" Monitor "Projector" DefaultDepth 24 Option "MetaModes" "TV-0: 1280x720" Option "HorizSync" "TV-0: 44.955-45" Option "VertRefresh" "TV-0: 59.94-60" EndSection Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "BothTwinView" Screen "ScreenMain-0" Screen "ScreenProjector" LeftOf "ScreenMain-0" #Option "Xinerama" "on" # most important option let you window expand to three monitors EndSection

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• Embedded Linux or eCos ?

  - by mawg

  One way to look at it - embedded Linux starts with desktop Linux & ditches the parts not needed for embedded systems (is this actually true?), whereas eCos is designed from the ground up for embedded systems. Now, assume an ARM processor, probably ARM 7 - does performance make a difference? Actually, we talking a very low load system, max 500 transactions a day. Any advantages of one over the other (or FreeRTOS, etc)? Stability, maturity, performance, development tools, anything else? All that I can think of is that if I am certain that I will never port to another o/s, then if I go with embedded Linux, I don't need an o/s abstraction layer to allow me to do unit testing on host (desktop Linux box). Any thoughts or comments? Thanks.

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• how to configure MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) on Red hat linux 4

  - by lepricon123

  how to configure MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) on Red hat linux 4

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• Running virtual machines: Linux vs Windows 7

  - by vikp

  Hi, I have tried running windows xp development virtual machine under windows 7 and the performance was dreadful. I'm considering installing Linux and running the virtual machine from the Linux, but I'm not sure whether I can expect any performance gains? It's a 2.4ghz core 2 duo machine with 4gb ram and 5400 rpm hdd. Can somebody please recommend very cut down version of linux that can run VMWare player and isn't resource hungry? Thank you

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• Compiling linux sources in Windows enviroment

  - by Betamoo

  I got a source for console program written in c++ for linux I have got no experience with linux, and have no intend to install it. Is there a (automated) way to compile this source to run in windows? and what about linux functions and libraries called in this file? Thanks

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• Linux support for click-thru licenses

  - by Chris Quenelle

  I want to publish some software for different Linux distributions, using the regular Linux packaging formats (rpm, deb, yast, etc). My package will require a click-thru license agreement. Which Linux tools and package formats support a license in the package which is shown to the user before installing the software?

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• How to check Linux version with Autoconf?

  - by Goofy

  My program requires at least Linux 2.6.26 (I use timerfd and some other Linux-specific features). I have an general idea how to write this macro but I don't have enough knowledge about writing test macros for Autoconf. Algorithm: Run "uname --release" and store output Parse output and subtract Linux version number (MAJOR.MINOR.MICRO) Compare version I don't know how to run command, store output and parse it. Maybe such macro already exists and it's available (I haven't found any)?

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• problem running dmd-tango under linux

  - by remy

  does anybody know how to run dmd under linux? i downloaded the tango linux binary and extracted it to a special folder. i call "export PATH..." but when i tried to run dmd all i get was bash: /home/user/dmd/bin/dmd: No such file or directory sorry im new to linux and just installed ubuntu 9.04 64bit. thanks.

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• Documentation concerning platform-specific macros in Linux/POSIX

  - by Nubok

  When compiling a C/C++ program under Windows using Visual Studio (or a compiler that tries to be compatible) there is a predefined macro _WIN32 (Source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx) that you can use for platform-specific #ifdef-s. What I am looking for is an analogon under Linux: a macro which tells me that I am compiling for Linux/an OS that claims to be (more or less) POSIX-compatible. So I looked into gcc documentation and found this: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros.html Applied to my program, the following macros (gcc 4.4.5 - Ubuntu 10.10) looked promising (I hope that I didn't drop an important macro): #define __USE_BSD 1 #define __unix__ 1 #define __linux 1 #define __unix 1 #define __linux__ 1 #define _POSIX_SOURCE 1 #define __STDC_HOSTED__ 1 #define __STDC_IEC_559__ 1 #define __gnu_linux__ 1 #define __USE_SVID 1 #define __USE_XOPEN2K 1 #define __USE_POSIX199506 1 #define _G_USING_THUNKS 1 #define __USE_XOPEN2K8 1 #define _BSD_SOURCE 1 #define unix 1 #define linux 1 #define __USE_POSIX 1 #define __USE_POSIX199309 1 #define __SSP__ 1 #define _SVID_SOURCE 1 #define _G_HAVE_SYS_CDEFS 1 #define __USE_POSIX_IMPLICITLY 1 Where do I find a detailed documentation of them - as to the mentioned Windows-specific macros above? Additionally I'd be interested in macros normally defined for other POSIX-compliant operating systems as *BSD etc.

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• How to test filesystem in Linux?

  - by sasayins

  Hi, I am planning to test if my linux setup is stable. And I want to test the filesystem of my linux? Is there any standard testing for linux filesystem? Thanks.

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• Creating an installer for Linux application

  - by user290796

  Hi, I'm developing a small cross-platform application and I need some advice on how to install it in Linux. I am using InnoSetup in Windows and an application bundle in OSX but I have no idea how to get my app installed in Linux, are there any opensource installer creators for Linux? Thanks.

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• Learning resources for Linux filesystem, command line, and structure

  - by webworm

  Can anyone suggest some good materials for learning more about the Linux filesystem and command line? I have found myself frequently confused as to what programs go where on the Linux filesystem. I would like to learn how the various directories (var, etc, usr ...) are used and how to use the commandline more effectively. I come from the Windows development world (.NET developer) so I am very familiar with Windows system administration. However, when doing more and more work with PHP I found myself lost in the internals of Linux (specifically Ubuntu). For example I was having problems installing PEAR properly on my Ubuntu system and not understanding why it was installed where it was. All of my interactions with Linux machines is done via SSH so I would like to focus on the command line and the filesystem. Thanks for any suggestions.

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• Compile C++ program on Mac to run on Linux

  - by mav

  I have an application that I wrote in C++/SDL, using FMOD library. The app is portable and compiles without any code change on Mac and on Linux. But one annoyance is that when I want to ship Linux version, I have to run my Linux box, copy the source code over there (over USB drive, because I have no network there, it's an old laptop) and compile it, then copy it again over USB to my Mac and upload it. My question is - is there a better way of doing it? Ideally, could I compile the app to run on Linux directly from Xcode, where I compile it for Mac?

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• How to make gcc on SUN calculate floating points the same way as in Linux

  - by Marina

  I have a project where I have to perform some mathematics calculations with double variables. The problem is that I get different results on SUN Solaris 9 and Linux. There are a lot of ways (explained here and other forums) how to make Linux work as Sun, but not the other way around. I cannot touch the Linux code, so it is only SUN I can change. Is there any way to make SUN to behave as Linux? The code I run(compile with gcc on both systems): int hash_func(char *long_id) { double product, lnum, gold; while (*long_id) lnum = lnum * 10.0 + (*long_id++ - '0'); printf("lnum => %20.20f\n", lnum); lnum = lnum * 10.0E-8; printf("lnum => %20.20f\n", lnum); gold = 0.6125423371582974; product = lnum * gold; printf("product => %20.20f\n", product); ... } if the input is 339886769243483 the output in Linux: lnum => 339886769243**483**.00000000000000000000 lnum => 33988676.9243**4829473495483398** product => 20819503.600158**59827399253845** When on SUN: lnum => 339886769243483.00000000000000000000 lnum => 33988676.92434830218553543091 product = 20819503.600158**60199928283691** Note: The result is not always different, moreover most of the times it is the same. Just 10 15-digit numbers out of 60000 have this problem. Please help!!!

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