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  • Python MD5 Hash Faster Calculation

    - by balgan
    Hi everyone. I will try my best to explain my problem and my line of thought on how I think I can solve it. I use this code for root, dirs, files in os.walk(downloaddir): for infile in files: f = open(os.path.join(root,infile),'rb') filehash = hashlib.md5() while True: data = f.read(10240) if len(data) == 0: break filehash.update(data) print "FILENAME: " , infile print "FILE HASH: " , filehash.hexdigest() and using start = time.time() elapsed = time.time() - start I measure how long it takes to calculate an hash. Pointing my code to a file with 653megs this is the result: root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.624 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.373 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.540 Ok now 12 seconds +- on a 653mb file, my problem is I intend to use this code on a program that will run through multiple files, some of them might be 4/5/6Gb and it will take wayy longer to calculate. What am wondering is if there is a faster way for me to calculate the hash of the file? Maybe by doing some multithreading? I used a another script to check the use of the CPU second by second and I see that my code is only using 1 out of my 2 CPUs and only at 25% max, any way I can change this? Thank you all in advance for the given help.

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  • Python SQLite FTS3 alternatives?

    - by Mike Cialowicz
    Are there any good alternatives to SQLite + FTS3 for python? I'm iterating over a series of text documents, and would like to categorize them according to some text queries. For example, I might want to know if a document mentions the words "rating" or "upgraded" within three words of "buy." The FTS3 syntax for this query is the following: (rating OR upgraded) NEAR/3 buy That's all well and good, but if I use FTS3, this operation seems rather expensive. The process goes something like this: # create an SQLite3 db in memory conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:') c = conn.cursor() c.execute('CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts USING FTS3(content TEXT)') conn.commit() Then, for each document, do something like this: #insert the document text into the fts table, so I can run a query c.execute('insert into fts(content) values (?)', content) conn.commit() # execute my FTS query here, look at the results, etc # remove the document text from the fts table before working on the next document c.execute('delete from fts') conn.commit() This seems rather expensive to me. The other problem I have with SQLite FTS is that it doesn't appear to work with Python 2.5.4. The 'CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE' syntax is unrecognized. This means that I'd have to upgrade to Python 2.6, which means re-testing numerous existing scripts and programs to make sure they work under 2.6. Is there a better way? Perhaps a different library? Something faster? Thank you.

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  • Python: puzzling behaviour inside httplib

    - by Anna
    I have added one line ( import pdb; pdb.set_trace() ) to httplib's HTTPConnection.putheader, so I can see what's going on inside. httplib.py, line 489: def putheader(self, header, value): """Send a request header line to the server. For example: h.putheader('Accept', 'text/html') """ import pdb; pdb.set_trace() if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: raise CannotSendHeader() str = '%s: %s' % (header, value) self._output(str) then ran this from the interpreter import urllib2 urllib2.urlopen('http://www.ioerror.us/ip/headers') ... and as expected PDB kicks in: > c:\python26\lib\httplib.py(858)putheader() -> if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: (Pdb) in PDB I have the luxury of evaluating expressions on the fly, so I have tried to enter self.__state: (Pdb) self.__state *** AttributeError: HTTPConnection instance has no attribute '__state' Alas, there is no __state of this instance. However when I enter step, the debugger gets past the if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: line without a problem. Why is this happening? If the self.__state doesn't exist python would have to raise an exception as it did when I entered the expression. Python version: 2.6.4 on win32

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  • Problem executing script using Python and subprocces.call yet works in Bash

    - by Antoine Benkemoun
    Hello, For the first time, I am asking a little bit of help over here as I am more of a ServerFault person. I am doing some scripting in Python and I've been loving the language so far yet I have this little problem which is keeping my script from working. Here is the code line in question : subprocess.call('xen-create-image --hostname '+nom+' --memory '+memory+' --partitions=/root/scripts/part.tmp --ip '+ip+' --netmask '+netmask+' --gateway '+gateway+' --passwd',shell=True) I have tried the same thing with os.popen. All the variables are correctly set. When I execute the command in question in my regular Linux shell, it works perfectly fine but when I execute it using my Python scripts, I get bizarre errors. I even replaced subprocess.call() by the print function to make sure I am using the exact output of the command. I went looking into environment variables of my shell but they are pretty much the same... I'll post the error I am getting but I'm not sure it's relevant to my problem. Use of uninitialized value $lines[0] in substitution (s///) at /usr/share/perl5/Config/IniFiles.pm line 614. Use of uninitialized value $_ in pattern match (m//) at /usr/share/perl5/Config/IniFiles.pm line 628. I am not a Python expert so I'm most likely missing something here. Thank you in advance for your help, Antoine

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  • A doubt on DOM parser used with Python

    - by fixxxer
    I'm using the following python code to search for a node in an XML file and changing the value of an attribute of one of it's children.Changes are happening correctly when the node is displayed using toxml().But, when it is written to a file, the attributes rearrange themselves(as seen in the Source and the Final XML below). Could anyone explain how and why this happen? Python code: #!/usr/bin/env python import xml from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom=parse("max.xml") #print "Please enter the store name:" for sku in dom.getElementsByTagName("node"): if sku.getAttribute("name") == "store": sku.childNodes[1].childNodes[5].setAttribute("value","Delhi,India") print sku.toxml() xml.dom.ext.PrettyPrint(dom, open("new.xml", "w")) a part of the Source XML: <node name='store' node_id='515' module='mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue' config_builder='' inherant='false' description='Configurable Value'> <match> <property name='1' value='point'/> <property name='2' value='0'/> <property name='val' value='Store# 09204 Staten Island, NY'/> <property name='3' value='str'/> </match> </node> Final XML : <node config_builder="" description="Configurable Value" inherant="false" module="mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue" name="store" node_id="515"> <match> <property name="1" value="point"/> <property name="2" value="0"/> <property name="val" value="Delhi,India"/> <property name="3" value="str"/> </match> </node>

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  • How do I get an overview and a methodology for programming in Python

    - by Peter Nielsen
    I've started to learn Python and programming from scratch. I have not programmed before so it's a new experience. I do seem to grasp most of the concepts, from variables to definitions and modules. I still need to learn a lot more about what the different libraries and modules do and also I lack knowledge on OOP and classes in Python. I see people who just program in Python like that's all they have ever done and I am still just coming to grips with it. Is there a way, some tools, a logical methodology that would give me an overview or a good hold of how to handle programming problems ? For instance, I'm trying to create a parser which we need at the office . I also need to create a spider that would collect links from various websites. Is there a formidable way of studying the various modules to see what is needed ? Or is it just nose to the grind stone and understand what the documentation says ? Sorry for the lengthy question..

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  • Outgoing UDP sniffer in python?

    - by twneale
    I want to figure out whether my computer is somehow causing a UDP flood that is originating from my network. So that's my underlying problem, and what follows is simply my non-network-person attempt to hypothesize a solution using python. I'm extrapolating from recipe 13.1 ("Passing Messages with Socket Datagrams") from the python cookbook (also here). Would it possible/sensible/not insane to try somehow writing an outgoing UDP proxy in python, so that outgoing packets could be logged before being sent on their merry way? If so, how would one go about it? Based on my quick research, perhaps I could start a server process listening on suspect UDP ports and log anything that gets sent, then forward it on, such as: import socket s =socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) s.bind(("", MYPORT)) while True: packet = dict(zip('data', 'addr'), s.recvfrom(1,024)) log.info("Recieved {data} from {addr}.".format(**packet)) But what about doing this for a large number of ports simultaneously? Impractical? Are there drawbacks or other reasons not to bother with this? Is there a better way to solve this problem (please be gentle).

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  • python thread prob after build

    - by Apache
    hi expert, i'm having task to scan wifi at specific interval and send it to the server, i've it in python and its works fine when i run manually, then build it to package and when run there is no progress at all, i already ask this question before at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2735410/python-scritp-problem-once-build-and-package-it, then, i re-modify my code as below, then i found that thread is not functioning once i build, #!/usr/bin/env python import subprocess,threading,... configFile = open('/opt/Jemapoh_Wifi/config.txt', 'r') url = configFile.readline().strip() intervalTime = configFile.readline().strip() status = configFile.readline().strip() print "url "+url print "intervalTime "+intervalTime print "Status "+status.strip() def getMacAddress(): proc = subprocess.Popen('ifconfig -a wlan0 | grep HWaddr | sed \'/^.*HWaddr */!d; s///;q\'', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) macAddress = proc.communicate()[0].strip() return macAddress def getTimestamp(): from time import strftime timeStamp = strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") return timeStamp def scanWifi(): try: print "Scanning..." proc = subprocess.Popen('iwlist scan 2>/dev/null', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) stdout_str = proc.communicate()[0] stdout_list=stdout_str.split('\n') essid=[] rssi=[] preQuality=[] for line in stdout_list: line=line.strip() match=re.search('ESSID:"(\S+)"',line) if match: essid.append(match.group(1)) match=re.search('Quality=(\S+)',line) if match: preQuality.append(match.group(1)) for qualityConversion in preQuality: qualityConversion = qualityConversion.split()[0].split('/') temp = str(int(round(float(qualityConversion[0]) / float(qualityConversion[1]) * 100))).rjust(2) rssi.append(temp) dataToPost = '{"userId":"' + getMacAddress() + '","timestamp":"' + getTimestamp() + '","wifi":[' for no in range(len(essid)): dataToPost += '{"ssid":"' + essid[no] + '","rssi":"' + rssi[no] + '"}' if no+1 == len(essid): pass else: dataToPost += ',' dataToPost += ']}' query_args = {"data":dataToPost} request = urllib2.Request(url) request.add_data(urllib.urlencode(query_args)) request.add_header('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded') print "Waiting for server response..." print urllib2.urlopen(request).read() print "Data Sent @ " + getTimestamp() print "------------------------------------------------------" t = threading.Timer(int(intervalTime), scanWifi).start() except Exception, e: print e t = threading.Timer(int(intervalTime), scanWifi) t.start() once build, its not reaching the thread, do can anyone help, why the thread is not working after build thanks

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  • Python - Open default mail client using mailto, with multiple recipients

    - by victorhooi
    Hi, I'm attempting to write a Python function to send an email to a list of users, using the default installed mail client. I want to open the email client, and give the user the opportunity to edit the list of users or the email body. I did some searching, and according to here: http://www.sightspecific.com/~mosh/WWW_FAQ/multrec.html It's apparently against the RFC spec to put multiple comma-delimited recipients in a mailto link. However, that's the way everybody else seems to be doing it. What exactly is the modern stance on this? Anyhow, I found the following two sites: http://2ality.blogspot.com/2009/02/generate-emails-with-mailto-urls-and.html http://www.megasolutions.net/python/invoke-users-standard-mail-client-64348.aspx which seem to suggest solutions using urllib.parse (url.parse.quote for me), and webbrowser.open. I tried the sample code from the first link (2ality.blogspot.com), and that worked fine, and opened my default mail client. However, when I try to use the code in my own module, it seems to open up my default browser, for some weird reason. No funny text in the address bar, it just opens up the browser. The email_incorrect_phone_numbers() function is in the Employees class, which contains a dictionary (employee_dict) of Employee objects, which themselves have a number of employee attributes (sn, givenName, mail etc.). Full code is actually here (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2963975/python-converting-csv-to-objects-code-design) from urllib.parse import quote import webbrowser .... def email_incorrect_phone_numbers(self): email_list = [] for employee in self.employee_dict.values(): if not PhoneNumberFormats.standard_format.search(employee.telephoneNumber): print(employee.telephoneNumber, employee.sn, employee.givenName, employee.mail) email_list.append(employee.mail) recipients = ', '.join(email_list) webbrowser.open("mailto:%s?subject=%s&body=%s" % (recipients, quote("testing"), quote('testing')) ) Any suggestions? Cheers, Victor

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  • Efficient method to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python

    - by Tamás
    I'm looking for an efficient way to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python, similar to R's rank function. In a simple list with no ties between the elements, element i of the rank vector of a list l should be x if and only if l[i] is the x-th element in the sorted list. This is simple so far, the following code snippet does the trick: def rank_simple(vector): return [rank for rank in sorted(range(n), key=vector.__getitem__)] Things get complicated, however, if the original list has ties (i.e. multiple elements with the same value). In that case, all the elements having the same value should have the same rank, which is the average of their ranks obtained using the naive method above. So, for instance, if I have [1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5], the naive ranking gives me [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], but what I would like to have is [0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6]. Which one would be the most efficient way to do this in Python? Footnote: I don't know if NumPy already has a method to achieve this or not; if it does, please let me know, but I would be interested in a pure Python solution anyway as I'm developing a tool which should work without NumPy as well.

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  • python-iptables: Cryptic error when allowing incoming TCP traffic on port 1234

    - by Lucas Kauffman
    I wanted to write an iptables script in Python. Rather than calling iptables itself I wanted to use the python-iptables package. However I'm having a hard time getting some basic rules setup. I wanted to use the filter chain to accept incoming TCP traffic on port 1234. So I wrote this: import iptc chain = iptc.Chain(iptc.TABLE_FILTER,"INPUT") rule = iptc.Rule() target = iptc.Target(rule,"ACCEPT") match = iptc.Match(rule,'tcp') match.dport='1234' rule.add_match(match) rule.target = target chain.insert_rule(rule) However when I run this I get this thrown back at me: Traceback (most recent call last): File "testing.py", line 9, in <module> chain.insert_rule(rule) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1133, in insert_rule self.table.insert_entry(self.name, rbuf, position) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1166, in new obj.refresh() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1230, in refresh self._free() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1224, in _free self.commit() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1219, in commit raise IPTCError("can't commit: %s" % (self.strerror())) iptc.IPTCError: can't commit: Invalid argument Exception AttributeError: "'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_errno'" in <bound method Table.__del__ of <iptc.Table object at 0x7fcad56cc550>> ignored Does anyone have experience with python-iptables that could enlighten on what I did wrong?

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  • A question about DOM parser used with Python

    - by fixxxer
    I'm using the following python code to search for a node in an XML file and changing the value of an attribute of one of it's children.Changes are happening correctly when the node is displayed using toxml().But, when it is written to a file, the attributes rearrange themselves(as seen in the Source and the Final XML below). Could anyone explain how and why this happen? Python code: #!/usr/bin/env python import xml from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom=parse("max.xml") #print "Please enter the store name:" for sku in dom.getElementsByTagName("node"): if sku.getAttribute("name") == "store": sku.childNodes[1].childNodes[5].setAttribute("value","Delhi,India") print sku.toxml() xml.dom.ext.PrettyPrint(dom, open("new.xml", "w")) a part of the Source XML: <node name='store' node_id='515' module='mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue' config_builder='' inherant='false' description='Configurable Value'> <match> <property name='1' value='point'/> <property name='2' value='0'/> <property name='val' value='Store# 09204 Staten Island, NY'/> <property name='3' value='str'/> </match> </node> Final XML : <node config_builder="" description="Configurable Value" inherant="false" module="mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue" name="store" node_id="515"> <match> <property name="1" value="point"/> <property name="2" value="0"/> <property name="val" value="Delhi,India"/> <property name="3" value="str"/> </match> </node>

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  • Memory problems while code is running (Python, Networkx)

    - by MIN SU PARK
    I made a code for generate a graph with 379613734 edges. But the code couldn't be finished because of memory. It takes about 97% of server memory when it go through 62 million lines. So I killed it. Do you have any idea to solve this problem? My code is like this: import os, sys import time import networkx as nx G = nx.Graph() ptime = time.time() j = 1 for line in open("./US_Health_Links.txt", 'r'): #for line in open("./test_network.txt", 'r'): follower = line.strip().split()[0] followee = line.strip().split()[1] G.add_edge(follower, followee) if j%1000000 == 0: print j*1.0/1000000, "million lines done", time.time() - ptime ptime = time.time() j += 1 DG = G.to_directed() # P = nx.path_graph(DG) Nn_G = G.number_of_nodes() N_CC = nx.number_connected_components(G) LCC = nx.connected_component_subgraphs(G)[0] n_LCC = LCC.nodes() Nn_LCC = LCC.number_of_nodes() inDegree = DG.in_degree() outDegree = DG.out_degree() Density = nx.density(G) # Diameter = nx.diameter(G) # Centrality = nx.betweenness_centrality(PDG, normalized=True, weighted_edges=False) # Clustering = nx.average_clustering(G) print "number of nodes in G\t" + str(Nn_G) + '\n' + "number of CC in G\t" + str(N_CC) + '\n' + "number of nodes in LCC\t" + str(Nn_LCC) + '\n' + "Density of G\t" + str(Density) + '\n' # sys.exit() # j += 1 The edge data is like this: 1000 1001 1000245 1020191 1000 10267352 1000653 10957902 1000 11039092 1000 1118691 10346 11882 1000 1228281 1000 1247041 1000 12965332 121340 13027572 1000 13075072 1000 13183162 1000 13250162 1214 13326292 1000 13452672 1000 13844892 1000 14061830 12340 1406481 1000 14134703 1000 14216951 1000 14254402 12134 14258044 1000 14270791 1000 14278978 12134 14313332 1000 14392970 1000 14441172 1000 14497568 1000 14502775 1000 14595635 1000 14620544 1000 14632615 10234 14680596 1000 14956164 10230 14998341 112000 15132211 1000 15145450 100 15285998 1000 15288974 1000 15300187 1000 1532061 1000 15326300 Lastly, is there anybody who has an experience to analyze Twitter link data? It's quite hard to me to take a directed graph and calculate average/median indegree and outdegree of nodes. Any help or idea?

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  • Python Twisted Client Connection Lost

    - by MovieYoda
    I have this twisted client, which connects with a twisted server having an index. I ran this client from command-line. It worked fine. Now I modified it to run in loop (see main()) so that I can keep querying. But the client runs only once. Next time it simply says connection lost \n Connection lost - goodbye!. What am i doing wrong? In the loop I am reconnecting to the server, it that wrong? from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.internet import protocol from settings import AS_SERVER_HOST, AS_SERVER_PORT # a client protocol class Spell_client(protocol.Protocol): """Once connected, send a message, then print the result.""" def connectionMade(self): self.transport.write(self.factory.query) def dataReceived(self, data): "As soon as any data is received, write it back." if data == '!': self.factory.results = '' else: self.factory.results = data self.transport.loseConnection() def connectionLost(self, reason): print "\tconnection lost" class Spell_Factory(protocol.ClientFactory): protocol = Spell_client def __init__(self, query): self.query = query self.results = '' def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason): print "\tConnection failed - goodbye!" reactor.stop() def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason): print "\tConnection lost - goodbye!" reactor.stop() # this connects the protocol to a server runing on port 8090 def main(): print 'Connecting to %s:%d' % (AS_SERVER_HOST, AS_SERVER_PORT) while True: print query = raw_input("Query:") if query == '': return f = Spell_Factory(query) reactor.connectTCP(AS_SERVER_HOST, AS_SERVER_PORT, f) reactor.run() print f.results return if __name__ == '__main__': main()

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  • Managing logs/warnings in Python extensions

    - by Dimitri Tcaciuc
    TL;DR version: What do you use for configurable (and preferably captured) logging inside your C++ bits in a Python project? Details follow. Say you have a a few compiled .so modules that may need to do some error checking and warn user of (partially) incorrect data. Currently I'm having a pretty simplistic setup where I'm using logging framework from Python code and log4cxx library from C/C++. log4cxx log level is defined in a file (log4cxx.properties) and is currently fixed and I'm thinking how to make it more flexible. Couple of choices that I see: One way to control it would be to have a module-wide configuration call. # foo/__init__.py import sys from _foo import import bar, baz, configure_log configure_log(sys.stdout, WARNING) # tests/test_foo.py def test_foo(): # Maybe a custom context to change the logfile for # the module and restore it at the end. with CaptureLog(foo) as log: assert foo.bar() == 5 assert log.read() == "124.24 - foo - INFO - Bar returning 5" Have every compiled function that does logging accept optional log parameters. # foo.c int bar(PyObject* x, PyObject* logfile, PyObject* loglevel) { LoggerPtr logger = default_logger("foo"); if (logfile != Py_None) logger = file_logger(logfile, loglevel); ... } # tests/test_foo.py def test_foo(): with TemporaryFile() as logfile: assert foo.bar(logfile=logfile, loglevel=DEBUG) == 5 assert logfile.read() == "124.24 - foo - INFO - Bar returning 5" Some other way? Second one seems to be somewhat cleaner, but it requires function signature alteration (or using kwargs and parsing them). First one is.. probably somewhat awkward but sets up entire module in one go and removes logic from each individual function. What are your thoughts on this? I'm all ears to alternative solutions as well. Thanks,

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  • Slow Python HTTP server on localhost

    - by Abiel
    I am experiencing some performance problems when creating a very simple Python HTTP server. The key issue is that performance is varying depending on which client I use to access it, where the server and all clients are being run on the local machine. For instance, a GET request issued from a Python script (urllib2.urlopen('http://localhost/').read()) takes just over a second to complete, which seems slow considering that the server is under no load. Running the GET request from Excel using MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP also feels slow. However, requesting the data Google Chrome or from RCurl, the curl add-in for R, yields an essentially instantaneous response, which is what I would expect. Adding further to my confusion is that I do not experience any performance problems for any client when I am on my computer at work (the performance problems are on my home computer). Both systems run Python 2.6, although the work computer runs Windows XP instead of 7. Below is my very simple server example, which simply returns 'Hello world' for any get request. from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer class MyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): print("Just received a GET request") self.send_response(200) self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html") self.end_headers() self.wfile.write('Hello world') return def log_request(self, code=None, size=None): print('Request') def log_message(self, format, *args): print('Message') if __name__ == "__main__": try: server = HTTPServer(('localhost', 80), MyHandler) print('Started http server') server.serve_forever() except KeyboardInterrupt: print('^C received, shutting down server') server.socket.close() Note that in MyHandler I override the log_request() and log_message() functions. The reason is that I read that a fully-qualified domain name lookup performed by one of these functions might be a reason for a slow server. Unfortunately setting them to just print a static message did not solve my problem. Also, notice that I have put in a print() statement as the first line of the do_GET() routine in MyHandler. The slowness occurs prior to this message being printed, meaning that none of the stuff that comes after it is causing a delay.

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  • Emailing an excel sheet with SSL in Python

    - by jakecar
    Hi...this is my first post so let me know if there are any common courtesies I should know about. I just started programming 8 months ago, so I am fairly new. I have been doing some projects to get better. A project I'm working on now creates an Excel sheet from inputted data. It's in Python, which I just started learning a couple of weeks ago. I'm attempting to embed part of this Excel sheet into an email, sent from my school address. I have spent hours looking this up, and to no avail. There are two problems I am asking for help with: 1) I have figured out how to send an email from my GMail account, but not from my school address. My school email uses SSL port 465, which I have tried to use, but to no avail. Unfortunately, I have been having a problem setting up outgoing email for this account on my iPhone as well. It may be related? Does anyone know of common issues relating to outgoing email with SSL and Python? 2) Excel has an option of saving a sheet as a HTML. When doing so, I copy and pasted the HTML source and emailed it as an attachment. Unfortunately, the colored text did not transfer over. Does anyone know of a better way of using Python to send an excel sheet embedded in an email? Thanks for your help!

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  • UTF-8 HTML and CSS files with BOM (and how to remove the BOM with Python)

    - by Cameron
    First, some background: I'm developing a web application using Python. All of my (text) files are currently stored in UTF-8 with the BOM. This includes all my HTML templates and CSS files. These resources are stored as binary data (BOM and all) in my DB. When I retrieve the templates from the DB, I decode them using template.decode('utf-8'). When the HTML arrives in the browser, the BOM is present at the beginning of the HTTP response body. This generates a very interesting error in Chrome: Extra <html> encountered. Migrating attributes back to the original <html> element and ignoring the tag. Chrome seems to generate an <html> tag automatically when it sees the BOM and mistakes it for content, making the real <html> tag an error. So, using Python, what is the best way to remove the BOM from my UTF-8 encoded templates (if it exists -- I can't guarantee this in the future)? For other text-based files like CSS, will major browsers correctly interpret (or ignore) the BOM? They are being sent as plain binary data without .decode('utf-8'). Note: I am using Python 2.5. Thanks!

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  • Python - Things one MUST avoid

    - by Anurag Uniyal
    Today I was bitten again by "Mutable default arguments" after many years. I usually don't use mutable default arguments unless needed but I think with time I forgot about that, and today in the application I added tocElements=[] in a pdf generation function's argument list and now 'Table of Content' gets longer and longer after each invocation of "generate pdf" :) My question is what other things should I add to my list of things to MUST avoid? 1 Mutable default arguments 2 import modules always same way e.g. 'from y import x' and 'import x' are totally different things actually they are treated as different modules see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1459236/module-reimported-if-imported-from-different-path 3 Do not use range in place of lists because range() will become an iterator anyway, so things like this will fail, so wrap it by list myIndexList = [0,1,3] isListSorted = myIndexList == range(3) # will fail in 3.0 isListSorted = myIndexList == list(range(3)) # will not same thing can be mistakenly done with xrange e.g myIndexList == xrange(3). 4 Catching multiple exceptions try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except KeyError,TypeError: print TypeError It prints "hmm bug", though it is not a bug, it looks like we are catching exceptions of type KeyError,TypeError but instead we are catching KeyError only as variable TypeError, instead use try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except (KeyError,TypeError): print TypeError

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  • Python optimization problem?

    - by user342079
    Alright, i had this homework recently (don't worry, i've already done it, but in c++) but I got curious how i could do it in python. The problem is about 2 light sources that emit light. I won't get into details tho. Here's the code (that I've managed to optimize a bit in the latter part): import math, array import numpy as np from PIL import Image size = (800,800) width, height = size s1x = width * 1./8 s1y = height * 1./8 s2x = width * 7./8 s2y = height * 7./8 r,g,b = (255,255,255) arr = np.zeros((width,height,3)) hy = math.hypot print 'computing distances (%s by %s)'%size, for i in xrange(width): if i%(width/10)==0: print i, if i%20==0: print '.', for j in xrange(height): d1 = hy(i-s1x,j-s1y) d2 = hy(i-s2x,j-s2y) arr[i][j] = abs(d1-d2) print '' arr2 = np.zeros((width,height,3),dtype="uint8") for ld in [200,116,100,84,68,52,36,20,8,4,2]: print 'now computing image for ld = '+str(ld) arr2 *= 0 arr2 += abs(arr%ld-ld/2)*(r,g,b)/(ld/2) print 'saving image...' ar2img = Image.fromarray(arr2) ar2img.save('ld'+str(ld).rjust(4,'0')+'.png') print 'saved as ld'+str(ld).rjust(4,'0')+'.png' I have managed to optimize most of it, but there's still a huge performance gap in the part with the 2 for-s, and I can't seem to think of a way to bypass that using common array operations... I'm open to suggestions :D

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  • python global variable not working in apache

    - by Suhail
    I am facing issue with the global variable, when i run in the django development server it works fine, but in apache it doesn't work here is the code below: red= "/foodfolio3/test/" def showAddRecipe(request): #global objc if "userid" in request.session: objc["ErrorMsgURL"]= "" try: urlList= request.POST URL= str(urlList['url']) URL= URL.strip('http://') URL= "http://" + URL recipe= __addRecipeUrl__(URL) if (recipe == 'FailToOpenURL') or (recipe == 'Invalid-website-URL'): #request.session["ErrorMsgURL"]= "Kindly check URL, Please enter a valid URL" objc["ErrorMsgURL"]= "Kindly check URL, Please enter a valid URL" print "here global_context =", objc arurl= HttpResponseRedirect("/foodfolio3/add/import/") arurl['ErrorMsgURL']= objc["ErrorMsgURL"] #return HttpResponseRedirect("/foodfolio3/add/import/") #return render_to_response('addRecipeUrl.html', objc, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) return (arurl) else: objc["recipe"] = recipe return render_to_response('addRecipe.html', objc, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) except: objc["recipe"] = "" return render_to_response('addRecipe.html', objc, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) else: global red red= "/foodfolio3/add/" return HttpResponseRedirect("/foodfolio3/login") def showAddRecipeUrl(request): if "userid" in request.session: return render_to_response('addRecipeUrl.html', objc, context_instance = RequestContext(request)) else: global red red= "/foodfolio3/add/import/" return HttpResponseRedirect("/foodfolio3/login") def showLogin(request): obj = {} obj["error_message"] = "" obj["registered"] = "" if request.method == "POST": if (red == "/foodfolio3/test"): next= '/foodfolio3/recipes' else: next= red try: username = request.POST['username'] password = request.POST['password'] user = authenticate(username=username, password=password) except: user = authenticate(request=request) if user is not None: if user.is_active: login(request, user) request.session["userid"] = user.id # Redirect to a success page. return HttpResponseRedirect(next) this code works fine in django development server, but in apache, the url is getting redirected to '/foodfolio3/recipes'

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  • Multiple Inheritence with same Base Classes in Python

    - by Jordan Reiter
    I'm trying to wrap my head around multiple inheritance in python. Suppose I have the following base class: class Structure(object): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a structure!" self.components = args And let's say I have two classes that inherit from it: class House(Structure): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a house!" super(House, self).build(*args) class School(Structure): def build(self, type="Elementary", *args): print "I am building a school!" super(School, self).build(*args) Finally, a create a class that uses multiple inheritance: class SchoolHouse(School, House): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a schoolhouse!" super(School, self).build(*args) Then, I create a SchoolHouse object and run build on it: >>> sh = SchoolHouse() >>> sh.build("roof", "walls") I am building a schoolhouse! I am building a house! I am building a structure! So I'm wondering -- what happened to the School class? Is there any way to get Python to run both somehow? I'm wondering specifically because there are a fair number of Django packages out there that provide custom Managers for models. But there doesn't appear to be a way to combine them without writing one or the other of the Managers as inheriting from the other one. It'd be nice to just import both and use both somehow, but looks like it can't be done? Also I guess it'd just help to be pointed to a good primer on multiple inheritance in Python. I have done some work with Mixins before and really enjoy using them. I guess I just wonder if there is any elegant way to combine functionality from two different classes when they inherit from the same base class.

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  • Create static instances of a class inside said class in Python

    - by Samir Talwar
    Apologies if I've got the terminology wrong here—I can't think what this particular idiom would be called. I've been trying to create a Python 3 class that statically declares instances of itself inside itself—sort of like an enum would work. Here's a simplified version of the code I wrote: class Test: A = Test("A") B = Test("B") def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __str__(self): return "Test: " + self.value print(str(Test.A)) print(str(Test.B)) Writing this, I got an exception on line 2 (A = Test("A")). I assume line 3 would also error if it had made it that far. Using __class__ instead of Test gives the same error. File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 2, in Test NameError: name 'Test' is not defined Is there any way to refer to the current class in a static context in Python? I could declare these particular variables outside the class or in a separate class, but for clarity's sake, I'd rather not if I can help it. To better demonstrate what I'm trying to do, here's the same example in Java: public class Test { private static final Test A = new Test("A"); private static final Test B = new Test("B"); private final String value; public Test(String value) { this.value = value; } public String toString() { return "Test: " + value; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(A); System.out.println(B); } } This works as you would expect: it prints: Test: A Test: B How can I do the same thing in Python?

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  • Converting Python Script to Vb.NET - Involves Post and Input XML String

    - by Jason Shoulders
    I'm trying to convert a Python Script to Vb.Net. The Python Script appears to accept some XML input data and then takes it to a web URL and does a "POST". I tried some VB.NET code to do it, but I think my approach is off because I got an error back "BadXmlDataErr" plus I can't really format my input XML very well - I'm only doing string and value. The input XML is richer than that. Here is an example of what the XML input data looks like in the Python script: <obj is="MyOrg:realCommand_v1/" > <int name="priority" val="1" /> <real name="value" val="9.5" /> <str name="user" val="MyUserName" /> <reltime name="overrideTime" val="PT60S"/> </obj> Here's the Vb.net code I attempted to convert that: Dim reqparm As New Specialized.NameValueCollection reqparm.Add("priority", "1") reqparm.Add("value", "9.5") reqparm.Add("user", "MyUserName") reqparm.Add("overrideTime", "PT60S") Using client As New Net.WebClient Dim sTheUrl As String = "[My URL]" Dim responsebytes = client.UploadValues(sTheUrl, "POST", MyReqparm) Dim responsebody = (New System.Text.UTF8Encoding).GetString(responsebytes) End Using I feel like I should be doing something else. Can anyone point me to the right direction?

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  • Python 2.7.3 memory error

    - by Tom Baker
    I have a specific case with python code. Every time I run the code, the RAM memory is increasing until it reaches 1.8 gb and crashes. import itertools import csv import pokersleuth cards = ['2s', '3s', '4s', '5s', '6s', '7s', '8s', '9s', 'Ts', 'Js', 'Qs', 'Ks', 'As', '2h', '3h', '4h', '5h', '6h', '7h', '8h', '9h', 'Th', 'Jh', 'Qh', 'Kh', 'Ah', '2c', '3c', '4c', '5c', '6c', '7c', '8c', '9c', 'Tc', 'Jc', 'Qc', 'Kc', 'Ac', '2d', '3d', '4d', '5d', '6d', '7d', '8d', '9d', 'Td', 'Jd', 'Qd', 'Kd', 'Ad'] flop = itertools.combinations(cards,3) a1 = 'Ks' ; a2 = 'Qs' b1 = 'Jc' ; b2 = 'Jd' cards1 = a1+a2 cards2 = b1+b2 number = 0 n=0 m=0 for row1 in flop: if (row1[0] <> a1 and row1[0] <>a2 and row1[0] <>b1 and row1[0] <>b2) and (row1[1] <> a1 and row1[1] <>a2 and row1[1] <>b1 and row1[1] <>b2) and (row1[2] <> a1 and row1[2] <> a2 and row1[2] <> b1 and row1[2] <> b2): for row2 in cards: if (row2 <> a1 and row2 <> a2 and row2 <> b1 and row2 <> b2 and row2 <> row1[0] and row2 <> row1[1] and row2 <> row1[2]): s = pokersleuth.compute_equity(row1[0]+row1[1]+row1[2]+row2, (cards1, cards2)) if s[0]>=0.5: number +=1 del s[:] del s[:] print number/45.0 number = 0 n+=1

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