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  • How can I change the Python that my Django project is using?

    - by Burak
    I have 2 versions installed in my server. I used virtualenv to install Python 2.7. I am using WSGI to deploy my project. WSGIPythonPath /home/ENV/lib/python2.7/site-packages WSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/html/my_project/wsgi.py My http.conf is like that. python -V gives Python 2.7.3 But in my projects Debug window, it says Django is using 2.6.8. Where am I wrong? UPDATE: Here is my wsgi file import os import sys sys.path.append('/var/www/html') os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myproject.settings") from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application application = get_wsgi_application() Python Version: 2.6.8 Python Path: ['/home/ENV/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.7.egg', '/home/ENV/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.1-py2.7.egg', '/home/ENV/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg', '/home/ENV/lib/python2.7/site-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pip-1.1-py2.6.egg', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django_transmeta-0.6.7-py2.6.egg', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/ipython-0.13-py2.6.egg', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/virtualenv-1.7.2-py2.6.egg', '/usr/lib64/python26.zip', '/usr/lib64/python2.6', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/plat-linux2', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-tk', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-old', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-dynload', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages', '/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.6.egg-info', '/var/www/html'] In my error_log of httpd: [Tue Jul 10 20:51:29 2012] [error] python_init: Python version mismatch, expected '2.6.7', found '2.6.8'. [Tue Jul 10 20:51:29 2012] [error] python_init: Python executable found '/usr/bin/python'. [Tue Jul 10 20:51:29 2012] [error] python_init: Python path being used '/usr/lib64/python26.zip:/usr/lib64/python2.6/:/usr/lib64/python2.6/plat-linux2:/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-tk:/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-old:/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-dynload'.

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  • Scope of "library" methods

    - by JS
    Hello, I'm apparently laboring under a poor understanding of Python scoping. Perhaps you can help. Background: I'm using the 'if name in "main"' construct to perform "self-tests" in my module(s). Each self test makes calls to the various public methods and prints their results for visual checking as I develop the modules. To keep things "purdy" and manageable, I've created a small method to simplify the testing of method calls: def pprint_vars(var_in): print("%s = '%s'" % (var_in, eval(var_in))) Calling pprint_vars with: pprint_vars('some_variable_name') prints: some_variable_name = 'foo' All fine and good. Problem statement: Not happy to just KISS, I had the brain-drizzle to move my handy-dandy 'pprint_vars' method into a separate file named 'debug_tools.py' and simply import 'debug_tools' whenever I wanted access to 'pprint_vars'. Here's where things fall apart. I would expect import debug_tools foo = bar debug_tools.pprint_vars('foo') to continue working its magic and print: foo = 'bar' Instead, it greets me with: NameError: name 'some_var' is not defined Irrational belief: I believed (apparently mistakenly) that import puts imported methods (more or less) "inline" with the code, and thus the variable scoping rules would remain similar to if the method were defined inline. Plea for help: Can someone please correct my (mis)understanding of scoping regards imports? Thanks, JS

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  • [Python] - Getting data from external program

    - by Kenny M.
    Hey, I need a method to get the data from an external editor. def _get_content(): from subprocess import call file = open(file, "w").write(some_name) call(editor + " " + file, shell=True) file.close() file = open(file) x = file.readlines() [snip] I personally think this is a very ugly way. You see I need to interact with an external editor and get the data. Do you know any better approaches/have better ideas?

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  • Quote POSIX shell special characters in Python output

    - by ??O?????
    There are times that I automagically create small shell scripts from Python, and I want to make sure that the filename arguments do not contain non-escaped special characters. I've rolled my own solution, that I will provide as an answer, but I am almost certain I've seen such a function lost somewhere in the standard library. By “lost” I mean I didn't find it in an obvious module like shlex, cmd or subprocess. Do you know of such a function in the stdlib?

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  • Returning a list from a function in Python

    - by Jasper
    Hi, I'm creating a game for my sister, and I want a function to return a list variable, so I can pass it to another variable. The relevant code is as follows: def startNewGame(): while 1: #Introduction: print print """Hello, You will now be guided through the setup process. There are 7 steps to this. You can cancel setup at any time by typing 'cancelSetup' Thankyou""" #Step 1 (Name): print print """Step 1 of 7: Type in a name for your PotatoHead: """ inputPHName = raw_input('|Enter Name:|') if inputPHName == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 2 (Gender): print print """Step 2 of 7: Choose the gender of your PotatoHead: input either 'm' or 'f' """ inputPHGender = raw_input('|Enter Gender:|') if inputPHGender == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 3 (Colour): print print """Step 3 of 7: Choose the colour your PotatoHead will be: Only Red, Blue, Green and Yellow are currently supported """ inputPHColour = raw_input('|Enter Colour:|') if inputPHColour == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 4 (Favourite Thing): print print """Step 4 of 7: Type your PotatoHead's favourite thing: """ inputPHFavThing = raw_input('|Enter Favourite Thing:|') if inputPHFavThing == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() # Step 5 (First Toy): print print """Step 5 of 7: Choose a first toy for your PotatoHead: """ inputPHFirstToy = raw_input('|Enter First Toy:|') if inputPHFirstToy == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 6 (Check stats): while 1: print print """Step 6 of 7: Check the following details to make sure that they are correct: """ print print """Name:\t\t\t""" + inputPHName + """ Gender:\t\t\t""" + inputPHGender + """ Colour:\t\t\t""" + inputPHColour + """ Favourite Thing:\t""" + inputPHFavThing + """ First Toy:\t\t""" + inputPHFirstToy + """ """ print print "Enter 'y' or 'n'" inputMCheckStats = raw_input('|Is this information correct?|') if inputMCheckStats == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() elif inputMCheckStats == 'y': break elif inputMCheckStats == 'n': print "Re-enter info: ..." print break else: "The value you entered was incorrect, please re-enter your choice" if inputMCheckStats == 'y': break #Step 7 (Define variables for the creation of the PotatoHead): MFCreatePH = [] print print """Step 7 of 7: Your PotatoHead will now be created... Creating variables... """ MFCreatePH = [inputPHName, inputPHGender, inputPHColour, inputPHFavThing, inputPHFirstToy] time.sleep(1) print "inputPHName" print time.sleep(1) print "inputPHFirstToy" print return MFCreatePH print "Your PotatoHead varibles have been successfully created!" Then it is passed to another function that was imported from another module from potatohead import * ... welcomeMessage() MCreatePH = startGame() myPotatoHead = PotatoHead(MCreatePH) the code for the PotatoHead object is in the potatohead.py module which was imported above, and is as follows: class PotatoHead: #Initialise the PotatoHead object: def __init__(self, data): self.data = data #Takes the data from the start new game function - see main.py #Defines the PotatoHead starting attributes: self.name = data[0] self.gender = data[1] self.colour = data[2] self.favouriteThing = data[3] self.firstToy = data[4] self.age = '0.0' self.education = [self.eduScience, self.eduEnglish, self.eduMaths] = '0.0', '0.0', '0.0' self.fitness = '0.0' self.happiness = '10.0' self.health = '10.0' self.hunger = '0.0' self.tiredness = 'Not in this version' self.toys = [] self.toys.append(self.firstToy) self.time = '0' #Sets data lists for saving, loading and general use: self.phData = (self.name, self.gender, self.colour, self.favouriteThing, self.firstToy) self.phAdvData = (self.name, self.gender, self.colour, self.favouriteThing, self.firstToy, self.age, self.education, self.fitness, self.happiness, self.health, self.hunger, self.tiredness, self.toys) However, when I run the program this error appears: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/Jasper/Documents/Programming/Potato Head Game/Current/main.py", line 158, in <module> myPotatoHead = PotatoHead(MCreatePH) File "/Users/Jasper/Documents/Programming/Potato Head Game/Current/potatohead.py", line 15, in __init__ self.name = data[0] TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable What am i doing wrong? -----EDIT----- The program finishes as so: Step 7 of 7: Your PotatoHead will now be created... Creating variables... inputPHName inputPHFirstToy Then it goes to the Tracback -----EDIT2----- This is the EXACT code I'm running in its entirety: #+--------------------------------------+# #| main.py |# #| A main module for the Potato Head |# #| Game to pull the other modules |# #| together and control through user |# #| input |# #| Author: |# #| Date Created / Modified: |# #| 3/2/10 | 20/2/10 |# #+--------------------------------------+# Tested: No #Import the required modules: import time import random import sys from potatohead import * from toy import * #Start the Game: def welcomeMessage(): print "----- START NEW GAME -----------------------" print "==Print Welcome Message==" print "loading... \t loading... \t loading..." time.sleep(1) print "loading..." time.sleep(1) print "LOADED..." print; print; print; print """Hello, Welcome to the Potato Head Game. In this game you can create a Potato Head, and look after it, like a Virtual Pet. This game is constantly being updated and expanded. Please look out for updates. """ #Choose whether to start a new game or load a previously saved game: def startGame(): while 1: print "--------------------" print """ Choose an option: New_Game or Load_Game """ startGameInput = raw_input('>>> >') if startGameInput == 'New_Game': startNewGame() break elif startGameInput == 'Load_Game': print "This function is not yet supported" print "Try Again" print else: print "You must have mistyped the command: Type either 'New_Game' or 'Load_Game'" print #Set the new game up: def startNewGame(): while 1: #Introduction: print print """Hello, You will now be guided through the setup process. There are 7 steps to this. You can cancel setup at any time by typing 'cancelSetup' Thankyou""" #Step 1 (Name): print print """Step 1 of 7: Type in a name for your PotatoHead: """ inputPHName = raw_input('|Enter Name:|') if inputPHName == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 2 (Gender): print print """Step 2 of 7: Choose the gender of your PotatoHead: input either 'm' or 'f' """ inputPHGender = raw_input('|Enter Gender:|') if inputPHGender == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 3 (Colour): print print """Step 3 of 7: Choose the colour your PotatoHead will be: Only Red, Blue, Green and Yellow are currently supported """ inputPHColour = raw_input('|Enter Colour:|') if inputPHColour == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 4 (Favourite Thing): print print """Step 4 of 7: Type your PotatoHead's favourite thing: """ inputPHFavThing = raw_input('|Enter Favourite Thing:|') if inputPHFavThing == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() # Step 5 (First Toy): print print """Step 5 of 7: Choose a first toy for your PotatoHead: """ inputPHFirstToy = raw_input('|Enter First Toy:|') if inputPHFirstToy == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() #Step 6 (Check stats): while 1: print print """Step 6 of 7: Check the following details to make sure that they are correct: """ print print """Name:\t\t\t""" + inputPHName + """ Gender:\t\t\t""" + inputPHGender + """ Colour:\t\t\t""" + inputPHColour + """ Favourite Thing:\t""" + inputPHFavThing + """ First Toy:\t\t""" + inputPHFirstToy + """ """ print print "Enter 'y' or 'n'" inputMCheckStats = raw_input('|Is this information correct?|') if inputMCheckStats == 'cancelSetup': sys.exit() elif inputMCheckStats == 'y': break elif inputMCheckStats == 'n': print "Re-enter info: ..." print break else: "The value you entered was incorrect, please re-enter your choice" if inputMCheckStats == 'y': break #Step 7 (Define variables for the creation of the PotatoHead): MFCreatePH = [] print print """Step 7 of 7: Your PotatoHead will now be created... Creating variables... """ MFCreatePH = [inputPHName, inputPHGender, inputPHColour, inputPHFavThing, inputPHFirstToy] time.sleep(1) print "inputPHName" print time.sleep(1) print "inputPHFirstToy" print return MFCreatePH print "Your PotatoHead varibles have been successfully created!" #Run Program: welcomeMessage() MCreatePH = startGame() myPotatoHead = PotatoHead(MCreatePH) The potatohead.py module is as follows: #+--------------------------------------+# #| potatohead.py |# #| A module for the Potato Head Game |# #| Author: |# #| Date Created / Modified: |# #| 24/1/10 | 24/1/10 |# #+--------------------------------------+# Tested: Yes (24/1/10) #Create the PotatoHead class: class PotatoHead: #Initialise the PotatoHead object: def __init__(self, data): self.data = data #Takes the data from the start new game function - see main.py #Defines the PotatoHead starting attributes: self.name = data[0] self.gender = data[1] self.colour = data[2] self.favouriteThing = data[3] self.firstToy = data[4] self.age = '0.0' self.education = [self.eduScience, self.eduEnglish, self.eduMaths] = '0.0', '0.0', '0.0' self.fitness = '0.0' self.happiness = '10.0' self.health = '10.0' self.hunger = '0.0' self.tiredness = 'Not in this version' self.toys = [] self.toys.append(self.firstToy) self.time = '0' #Sets data lists for saving, loading and general use: self.phData = (self.name, self.gender, self.colour, self.favouriteThing, self.firstToy) self.phAdvData = (self.name, self.gender, self.colour, self.favouriteThing, self.firstToy, self.age, self.education, self.fitness, self.happiness, self.health, self.hunger, self.tiredness, self.toys) #Define the phStats variable, enabling easy display of PotatoHead attributes: def phDefStats(self): self.phStats = """Your Potato Head's Stats are as follows: ---------------------------------------- Name: \t\t""" + self.name + """ Gender: \t\t""" + self.gender + """ Colour: \t\t""" + self.colour + """ Favourite Thing: \t""" + self.favouriteThing + """ First Toy: \t""" + self.firstToy + """ Age: \t\t""" + self.age + """ Education: \t""" + str(float(self.eduScience) + float(self.eduEnglish) + float(self.eduMaths)) + """ -> Science: \t""" + self.eduScience + """ -> English: \t""" + self.eduEnglish + """ -> Maths: \t""" + self.eduMaths + """ Fitness: \t""" + self.fitness + """ Happiness: \t""" + self.happiness + """ Health: \t""" + self.health + """ Hunger: \t""" + self.hunger + """ Tiredness: \t""" + self.tiredness + """ Toys: \t\t""" + str(self.toys) + """ Time: \t\t""" + self.time + """ """ #Change the PotatoHead's favourite thing: def phChangeFavouriteThing(self, newFavouriteThing): self.favouriteThing = newFavouriteThing phChangeFavouriteThingMsg = "Your Potato Head's favourite thing is " + self.favouriteThing + "." #"Feed" the Potato Head i.e. Reduce the 'self.hunger' attribute's value: def phFeed(self): if float(self.hunger) >=3.0: self.hunger = str(float(self.hunger) - 3.0) elif float(self.hunger) < 3.0: self.hunger = '0.0' self.time = str(int(self.time) + 1) #Pass time #"Exercise" the Potato Head if between the ages of 5 and 25: def phExercise(self): if float(self.age) < 5.1 or float(self.age) > 25.1: print "This Potato Head is either too young or too old for this activity!" else: if float(self.fitness) <= 8.0: self.fitness = str(float(self.fitness) + 2.0) elif float(self.fitness) > 8.0: self.fitness = '10.0' self.time = str(int(self.time) + 1) #Pass time #"Teach" the Potato Head: def phTeach(self, subject): if subject == 'Science': if float(self.eduScience) <= 9.0: self.eduScience = str(float(self.eduScience) + 1.0) elif float(self.eduScience) > 9.0 and float(self.eduScience) < 10.0: self.eduScience = '10.0' elif float(self.eduScience) == 10.0: print "Your Potato Head has gained the highest level of qualifications in this subject! It cannot learn any more!" elif subject == 'English': if float(self.eduEnglish) <= 9.0: self.eduEnglish = str(float(self.eduEnglish) + 1.0) elif float(self.eduEnglish) > 9.0 and float(self.eduEnglish) < 10.0: self.eduEnglish = '10.0' elif float(self.eduEnglish) == 10.0: print "Your Potato Head has gained the highest level of qualifications in this subject! It cannot learn any more!" elif subject == 'Maths': if float(self.eduMaths) <= 9.0: self.eduMaths = str(float(self.eduMaths) + 1.0) elif float(self.eduMaths) > 9.0 and float(self.eduMaths) < 10.0: self.eduMaths = '10.0' elif float(self.eduMaths) == 10.0: print "Your Potato Head has gained the highest level of qualifications in this subject! It cannot learn any more!" else: print "That subject is not an option..." print "Please choose either Science, English or Maths" self.time = str(int(self.time) + 1) #Pass time #Increase Health: def phGoToDoctor(self): self.health = '10.0' self.time = str(int(self.time) + 1) #Pass time #Sleep: Age, change stats: #(Time Passes) def phSleep(self): self.time = '0' #Resets time for next 'day' (can do more things next day) #Increase hunger: if float(self.hunger) <= 5.0: self.hunger = str(float(self.hunger) + 5.0) elif float(self.hunger) > 5.0: self.hunger = '10.0' #Lower Fitness: if float(self.fitness) >= 0.5: self.fitness = str(float(self.fitness) - 0.5) elif float(self.fitness) < 0.5: self.fitness = '0.0' #Lower Health: if float(self.health) >= 0.5: self.health = str(float(self.health) - 0.5) elif float(self.health) < 0.5: self.health = '0.0' #Lower Happiness: if float(self.happiness) >= 2.0: self.happiness = str(float(self.happiness) - 2.0) elif float(self.happiness) < 2.0: self.happiness = '0.0' #Increase the Potato Head's age: self.age = str(float(self.age) + 0.1) The game is still under development - There may be parts of modules that aren't complete, but I don't think they're causing the problem

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  • python sqlite3 won't execute a join, but sqlite3 alone will

    - by Francis Davey
    Using the sqlite3 standard library in python 2.6.4, the following query works fine on sqlite3 command line: select segmentid, node_t, start, number,title from ((segments inner join position using (segmentid)) left outer join titles using (legid, segmentid)) left outer join numbers using (start, legid, version); But If I execute it via the sqlite3 library in python I get an error: >>> conn=sqlite3.connect('data/test.db') >>> conn.execute('''select segmentid, node_t, start, number,title from ((segments inner join position using (segmentid)) left outer join titles using (legid, segmentid)) left outer join numbers using (start, legid, version)''') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> sqlite3.OperationalError: cannot join using column start - column not present in both tables The (computed) table on the left hand side of the join appears to have the relevant column because if I check it by itself I get: >>> conn.execute('''select * from ((segments inner join position using (segmentid)) left outer join titles using (legid, segmentid)) limit 20''').description (('segmentid', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('html', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('node_t', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('legid', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('version', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('start', None, None, None, None, None, None), ('title', None, None, None, None, None, None)) My schema is: CREATE TABLE leg (legid integer primary key, t char(16), year char(16), no char(16)); CREATE TABLE numbers ( number char(16), legid integer, version integer, start integer, end integer, prev integer, prev_number char(16), next integer, next_number char(16), primary key (number, legid, version)); CREATE TABLE position ( segmentid integer, legid integer, version integer, start integer, primary key (segmentid, legid, version)); CREATE TABLE 'segments' (segmentid integer primary key, html text, node_t integer); CREATE TABLE titles (legid integer, segmentid integer, title text, primary key (legid, segmentid)); CREATE TABLE versions (legid integer, version integer, primary key (legid, version)); CREATE INDEX idx_numbers_start on numbers (legid, version, start); I am baffled as to what I am doing wrong. I have tried quitting/restarting both the python and sqlite command lines and can't see what I'm doing wrong. It may be completely obvious.

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  • "Pretty" Continuous Integration for Python

    - by dbr
    This is a slightly.. vain question, but BuildBot's output isn't particularly nice to look at.. For example, compared to.. phpUnderControl Hudson CruiseControl.rb ..and others, BuildBot looks rather.. archaic I'm currently playing with Hudson, but it is very Java-centric (although with this guide, I found it easier to setup than BuildBot, and produced more info) Basically: is there any Continuous Integration systems aimed at python, that produce lots of shiney graphs and the likes? Update: After trying a few alternatives, I think I'll stick with Hudson. Integrity was nice and simple, but quite limited. I think Buildbot is better suited to having numerous build-slaves, rather than everything running on a single machine like I was using it. Setting Hudson up for a Python project was pretty simple: Download Hudson from https://hudson.dev.java.net/ Run it with java -jar hudson.war Open the web interface on the default address of http://localhost:8080 Go to Manage Hudson, Plugins, click "Update" or similar Install the Git plugin (I had to set the git path in the Hudson global preferences) Create a new project, enter the repository, SCM polling intervals and so on Install nosetests via easy_install if it's not already In the a build step, add nosetests --with-xunit --verbose Check "Publish JUnit test result report" and set "Test report XMLs" to **/nosetests.xml That's all that's required. You can setup email notifications, and the plugins are worth a look. A few I'm currently using for Python projects: SLOCCount plugin to count lines of code (and graph it!) - you need to install sloccount separately Violations to parse the PyLint output (you can setup warning thresholds, graph the number of violations over each build) Cobertura can parse the coverage.py output. Nosetest can gather coverage while running your tests, using nosetests --with-coverage (this writes the output to **/coverage.xml)

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  • Python: some newbie questions on sys.stderr and using function as argument

    - by Cawas
    I'm just starting on Python and maybe I'm worrying too much too soon, but anyways... log = "/tmp/trefnoc.log" def logThis (text, display=""): msg = str(now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")) + " TREfNOC: " + text if display != None: print msg + display logfile = open(log, "a") logfile.write(msg + "\n") logfile.close() return msg def logThisAndExit (text, display=""): msg = logThis(text, display=None) sys.exit(msg + display) That is working, but I don't like how it looks. Is there a better way to write this (maybe with just 1 function) and is there any other thing I should be concerned under exiting? Now to some background... Sometimes I will call logThis just to log and display. Other times I want to call it and exit. Initially I was doing this: logThis ("ERROR. EXITING") sys.exit() Then I figured that wouldn't properly set the stderr, thus the current code shown on the top. My first idea was actually passing "sys.exit" as an argument, and defining just logThis ("ERROR. EXITING", call=sys.exit) defined as following (showing just the relevant differenced part): def logThis (text, display="", call=print): msg = str(now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")) + " TREfNOC: " + text call msg + display But that obviously didn't work. I think Python doesn't store functions inside variables. I couldn't (quickly) find anywhere if Python can have variables taking functions or not! Maybe using an eval function? I really always try to avoid them, tho. Sure I thought of using if instead of another def, but that wouldn't be any better or worst. Anyway, any thoughts?

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  • Python - Help with multiprocessing / threading basics.

    - by orokusaki
    I haven't ever used multi-threading, and I decided to learn it today. I was reluctant to ever use it before, but when I tried it out it seemed way to easy, which makes me wary. Are there any gotchas in my code, or is it really that simple? import uuid import time import multiprocessing def sleep_then_write(content): time.sleep(5) f = open(unicode(uuid.uuid4()), 'w') f.write(content) f.close() if __name__ == '__main__': for i in range(3): p = multiprocessing.Process(target=sleep_then_write, args=('Hello World',)) p.start() My primary purpose of using threading would be to offload multiple images to S3 after re-sizing them, all at the same time. Is that a reasonable task for Python's multiprocessing? I've read a lot about certain types of tasks not really getting any gain from using threading in Python due to the GIL, but it seems that multiprocessing completely removes that worry, yes? I can imagine a case where 50 users hit the system and it spawns 150 Python interpreters. I can also imagine that wouldn't be good on a production server. How can something like that be avoided? Finally (but most important): How can I return control back to the caller of the new processes? I need to be able to continue with returning an HTTP response and content back to the user and then have the processes continue doing there work after the user of my website is done with the transaction.

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  • Common coding style for Python?

    - by Oscar Carballal
    Hi, I'm pretty new to Python, and I want to develop my first serious open source project. I want to ask what is the common coding style for python projects. I'll put also what I'm doing right now. 1.- What is the most widely used column width? (the eternal question) I'm currently sticking to 80 columns (and it's a pain!) 2.- What quotes to use? (I've seen everything and PEP 8 does not mention anything clear) I'm using single quotes for everything but docstrings, which use triple double quotes. 3.- Where do I put my imports? I'm putting them at file header in this order. import sys import -rest of python modules needed- import whatever import -rest of application modules- <code here> 4.- Can I use "import whatever.function as blah"? I saw some documents that disregard doing this. 5.- Tabs or spaces for indenting? Currently using 4 spaces tabs. 6.- Variable naming style? I'm using lowercase for everything but classes, which I put in camelCase. Anything you would recommend?

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  • how python http request and response works

    - by Apache
    hi expert, i'm newbie for python, i use to learn using sample, i use python to scan wifi to get ssid, and now i want to send the data to the server, then i did as follow import httplib,urllib params = urllib.urlencode({"ssid":"guest"}) headers = {"Content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded","Accept":"text/plain"} conn=httplib.HTTPConnection("http://223.56.124.58:8080/wireless") conn.request("POST","data",params,headers) response = conn.getresponse() print "Response" print response.status print "-----" print response.reason data = response.read() print data conn.close() but when execute the code i'm getting as follow root@dave-laptop:~# python http.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "http.py", line 9, in conn.request("POST","http://202.45.139.58:8080/ppod-web",params,headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 898, in request self._send_request(method, url, body, headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 935, in _send_request self.endheaders() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 892, in endheaders self._send_output() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 764, in _send_output self.send(msg) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 723, in send self.connect() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 704, in connect self.timeout) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/socket.py", line 500, in create_connection for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM): socket.gaierror: [Errno -2] Name or service not known can anyone help me the code should be like this when rum in the url http://223.56.124.58:8080/wireless?data={"wifi":{"ssid":"guest","rssi","80"}} how to set like this or other way to do this to send to the server thanks

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  • Creating a new workbook in Excel from Python breaks

    - by Marcelo Cantos
    I am trying to use the stock standard win32com approach to drive Excel 2007 from Python. However, when I try to create a new workbook, things go pear-shaped: Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Nov 3 2009, 13:23:17) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 ... >>> import win32com.client >>> excel = win32com.client.Dispatch("Excel.Application") >>> wb = excel.Workbooks.Add() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module> wb = excel.Workbooks.Add() File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\dynamic.py", line 467, in __getattr__ if self._olerepr_.mapFuncs.has_key(attr): return self._make_method_(attr) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\dynamic.py", line 295, in _make_method_ methodCodeList = self._olerepr_.MakeFuncMethod(self._olerepr_.mapFuncs[name], methodName,0) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 297, in MakeFuncMethod return self.MakeDispatchFuncMethod(entry, name, bMakeClass) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 318, in MakeDispatchFuncMethod s = linePrefix + 'def ' + name + '(self' + BuildCallList(fdesc, names, defNamedOptArg, defNamedNotOptArg, defUnnamedArg, defOutArg) + '):' File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 604, in BuildCallList argName = MakePublicAttributeName(argName) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 542, in MakePublicAttributeName return filter( lambda char: char in valid_identifier_chars, className) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 542, in <lambda> return filter( lambda char: char in valid_identifier_chars, className) UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x83 in position 52: ordinal not in range(128) >>> What is going wrong here? Have I done something silly, or is Python/win32com/Excel somehow broken?

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  • record output sound in python

    - by aaronstacy
    i want to programatically record sound coming out of my laptop in python. i found PyAudio and came up with the following program that accomplishes the task: import pyaudio, wave, sys chunk = 1024 FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16 CHANNELS = 1 RATE = 44100 RECORD_SECONDS = 5 WAVE_OUTPUT_FILENAME = sys.argv[1] p = pyaudio.PyAudio() channel_map = (0, 1) stream_info = pyaudio.PaMacCoreStreamInfo( flags = pyaudio.PaMacCoreStreamInfo.paMacCorePlayNice, channel_map = channel_map) stream = p.open(format = FORMAT, rate = RATE, input = True, input_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, channels = CHANNELS) all = [] for i in range(0, RATE / chunk * RECORD_SECONDS): data = stream.read(chunk) all.append(data) stream.close() p.terminate() data = ''.join(all) wf = wave.open(WAVE_OUTPUT_FILENAME, 'wb') wf.setnchannels(CHANNELS) wf.setsampwidth(p.get_sample_size(FORMAT)) wf.setframerate(RATE) wf.writeframes(data) wf.close() the problem is i have to connect the headphone jack to the microphone jack. i tried replacing these lines: input = True, input_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, with these: output = True, output_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, but then i get this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./test.py", line 25, in data = stream.read(chunk) File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/pyaudio.py", line 562, in read paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream) IOError: [Errno Not input stream] -9975 is there a way to instantiate the PyAudio stream so that it inputs from the computer's output and i don't have to connect the headphone jack to the microphone? is there a better way to go about this? i'd prefer to stick w/ a python app and avoid cocoa.

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  • Python: Seeing all files in Hex.

    - by Recursion
    I am writing a python script which looks at common computer files and examines them for similar bytes, words, double word's. Though I need/want to see the files in Hex, ande cannot really seem to get python to open a simple file in python. I have tried codecs.open with hex as the encoding, but when I operate on the file descriptor it always spits back File "main.py", line 41, in <module> main() File "main.py", line 38, in main process_file(sys.argv[1]) File "main.py", line 27, in process_file seeker(line.rstrip("\n")) File "main.py", line 15, in seeker for unit in f.read(2): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/codecs.py", line 666, in read return self.reader.read(size) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/codecs.py", line 472, in read newchars, decodedbytes = self.decode(data, self.errors) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 50, in decode return hex_decode(input,errors) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 42, in hex_decode output = binascii.a2b_hex(input) TypeError: Non-hexadecimal digit found def seeker(_file): f = codecs.open(_file, "rb", "hex") for LINE in f.read(): print LINE f.close() I really just want to see files, and operate on them as if it was in a hex editor like xxd. Also is it possible to read a file in increments of maybe a word at a time. No this is not homework.

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  • Alternative Python standard library reference

    - by Ender
    I love Python; I absolutely despise its official documentation. Tutorials do not count as library references, but that appears to be what they're attempting. What I really want is the ability to find a class in the standard library and view documentation for all of its properties and methods. Actionscript, MSDN, and Java all do this just fine (although each with their odd quirks). Where is this for python? For example, I wanted to sort a list. mylist.sort(). Awesome. But what if I wanted it sorted in descending order? Official documentation is not - much - help. Or what if I wanted to specify a key function? That's also supported: mylist.sort(key=lamba item: item.customVar)- but documented...where? I understand that Python's approach to OOP may not be equivalent to Java et. al. Maybe list isn't actually a class - maybe it's just a function that returns an iterable when the tachyon beams are set to glorious and the unboxed hyper enumeration is quantized, but...I don't care. I just want to know how to sort lists. (Apologies for the angst - too much caffeine today)

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  • Disassembling with python - no easy solution?

    - by Abc4599
    Hi, I'm trying to create a python script that will disassemble a binary (a Windows exe to be precise) and analyze its code. I need the ability to take a certain buffer, and extract some sort of struct containing information about the instructions in it. I've worked with libdisasm in C before, and I found it's interface quite intuitive and comfortable. The problem is, its Python interface is available only through SWIG, and I can't get it to compile properly under Windows. At the availability aspect, diStorm provides a nice out-of-the-box interface, but it provides only the Mnemonic of each instruction, and not a binary struct with enumerations defining instruction type and what not. This is quite uncomfortable for my purpose, and will require a lot of what I see as spent time wrapping the interface to make it fit my needs. I've also looked at BeaEngine, which does in fact provide the output I need, a struct with binary info concerning each instruction, but its interface is really odd and counter-intuitive, and it crashes pretty much instantly when provided with wrong arguments. The CTypes sort of ultimate-death-to-your-python crashes. So, I'd be happy to hear about other solutions, which are a little less time consuming than messing around with djgcc or mingw to make SWIGed libdisasm, or writing an OOP wrapper for diStorm. If anyone has some guidance as to how to compile SWIGed libdisasm, or better yet, a compiled binary (pyd or dll+py), I'd love to hear/have it. :) Thanks ahead.

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  • Python SQLite FTS3 alternatives?

    - by Mike Cialowicz
    Are there any good alternatives to SQLite + FTS3 for python? I'm iterating over a series of text documents, and would like to categorize them according to some text queries. For example, I might want to know if a document mentions the words "rating" or "upgraded" within three words of "buy." The FTS3 syntax for this query is the following: (rating OR upgraded) NEAR/3 buy That's all well and good, but if I use FTS3, this operation seems rather expensive. The process goes something like this: # create an SQLite3 db in memory conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:') c = conn.cursor() c.execute('CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts USING FTS3(content TEXT)') conn.commit() Then, for each document, do something like this: #insert the document text into the fts table, so I can run a query c.execute('insert into fts(content) values (?)', content) conn.commit() # execute my FTS query here, look at the results, etc # remove the document text from the fts table before working on the next document c.execute('delete from fts') conn.commit() This seems rather expensive to me. The other problem I have with SQLite FTS is that it doesn't appear to work with Python 2.5.4. The 'CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE' syntax is unrecognized. This means that I'd have to upgrade to Python 2.6, which means re-testing numerous existing scripts and programs to make sure they work under 2.6. Is there a better way? Perhaps a different library? Something faster? Thank you.

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  • Python MD5 Hash Faster Calculation

    - by balgan
    Hi everyone. I will try my best to explain my problem and my line of thought on how I think I can solve it. I use this code for root, dirs, files in os.walk(downloaddir): for infile in files: f = open(os.path.join(root,infile),'rb') filehash = hashlib.md5() while True: data = f.read(10240) if len(data) == 0: break filehash.update(data) print "FILENAME: " , infile print "FILE HASH: " , filehash.hexdigest() and using start = time.time() elapsed = time.time() - start I measure how long it takes to calculate an hash. Pointing my code to a file with 653megs this is the result: root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.624 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.373 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.540 Ok now 12 seconds +- on a 653mb file, my problem is I intend to use this code on a program that will run through multiple files, some of them might be 4/5/6Gb and it will take wayy longer to calculate. What am wondering is if there is a faster way for me to calculate the hash of the file? Maybe by doing some multithreading? I used a another script to check the use of the CPU second by second and I see that my code is only using 1 out of my 2 CPUs and only at 25% max, any way I can change this? Thank you all in advance for the given help.

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  • How do I get an overview and a methodology for programming in Python

    - by Peter Nielsen
    I've started to learn Python and programming from scratch. I have not programmed before so it's a new experience. I do seem to grasp most of the concepts, from variables to definitions and modules. I still need to learn a lot more about what the different libraries and modules do and also I lack knowledge on OOP and classes in Python. I see people who just program in Python like that's all they have ever done and I am still just coming to grips with it. Is there a way, some tools, a logical methodology that would give me an overview or a good hold of how to handle programming problems ? For instance, I'm trying to create a parser which we need at the office . I also need to create a spider that would collect links from various websites. Is there a formidable way of studying the various modules to see what is needed ? Or is it just nose to the grind stone and understand what the documentation says ? Sorry for the lengthy question..

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  • A doubt on DOM parser used with Python

    - by fixxxer
    I'm using the following python code to search for a node in an XML file and changing the value of an attribute of one of it's children.Changes are happening correctly when the node is displayed using toxml().But, when it is written to a file, the attributes rearrange themselves(as seen in the Source and the Final XML below). Could anyone explain how and why this happen? Python code: #!/usr/bin/env python import xml from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom=parse("max.xml") #print "Please enter the store name:" for sku in dom.getElementsByTagName("node"): if sku.getAttribute("name") == "store": sku.childNodes[1].childNodes[5].setAttribute("value","Delhi,India") print sku.toxml() xml.dom.ext.PrettyPrint(dom, open("new.xml", "w")) a part of the Source XML: <node name='store' node_id='515' module='mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue' config_builder='' inherant='false' description='Configurable Value'> <match> <property name='1' value='point'/> <property name='2' value='0'/> <property name='val' value='Store# 09204 Staten Island, NY'/> <property name='3' value='str'/> </match> </node> Final XML : <node config_builder="" description="Configurable Value" inherant="false" module="mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue" name="store" node_id="515"> <match> <property name="1" value="point"/> <property name="2" value="0"/> <property name="val" value="Delhi,India"/> <property name="3" value="str"/> </match> </node>

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  • Outgoing UDP sniffer in python?

    - by twneale
    I want to figure out whether my computer is somehow causing a UDP flood that is originating from my network. So that's my underlying problem, and what follows is simply my non-network-person attempt to hypothesize a solution using python. I'm extrapolating from recipe 13.1 ("Passing Messages with Socket Datagrams") from the python cookbook (also here). Would it possible/sensible/not insane to try somehow writing an outgoing UDP proxy in python, so that outgoing packets could be logged before being sent on their merry way? If so, how would one go about it? Based on my quick research, perhaps I could start a server process listening on suspect UDP ports and log anything that gets sent, then forward it on, such as: import socket s =socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) s.bind(("", MYPORT)) while True: packet = dict(zip('data', 'addr'), s.recvfrom(1,024)) log.info("Recieved {data} from {addr}.".format(**packet)) But what about doing this for a large number of ports simultaneously? Impractical? Are there drawbacks or other reasons not to bother with this? Is there a better way to solve this problem (please be gentle).

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  • Python - Open default mail client using mailto, with multiple recipients

    - by victorhooi
    Hi, I'm attempting to write a Python function to send an email to a list of users, using the default installed mail client. I want to open the email client, and give the user the opportunity to edit the list of users or the email body. I did some searching, and according to here: http://www.sightspecific.com/~mosh/WWW_FAQ/multrec.html It's apparently against the RFC spec to put multiple comma-delimited recipients in a mailto link. However, that's the way everybody else seems to be doing it. What exactly is the modern stance on this? Anyhow, I found the following two sites: http://2ality.blogspot.com/2009/02/generate-emails-with-mailto-urls-and.html http://www.megasolutions.net/python/invoke-users-standard-mail-client-64348.aspx which seem to suggest solutions using urllib.parse (url.parse.quote for me), and webbrowser.open. I tried the sample code from the first link (2ality.blogspot.com), and that worked fine, and opened my default mail client. However, when I try to use the code in my own module, it seems to open up my default browser, for some weird reason. No funny text in the address bar, it just opens up the browser. The email_incorrect_phone_numbers() function is in the Employees class, which contains a dictionary (employee_dict) of Employee objects, which themselves have a number of employee attributes (sn, givenName, mail etc.). Full code is actually here (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2963975/python-converting-csv-to-objects-code-design) from urllib.parse import quote import webbrowser .... def email_incorrect_phone_numbers(self): email_list = [] for employee in self.employee_dict.values(): if not PhoneNumberFormats.standard_format.search(employee.telephoneNumber): print(employee.telephoneNumber, employee.sn, employee.givenName, employee.mail) email_list.append(employee.mail) recipients = ', '.join(email_list) webbrowser.open("mailto:%s?subject=%s&body=%s" % (recipients, quote("testing"), quote('testing')) ) Any suggestions? Cheers, Victor

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  • Efficient method to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python

    - by Tamás
    I'm looking for an efficient way to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python, similar to R's rank function. In a simple list with no ties between the elements, element i of the rank vector of a list l should be x if and only if l[i] is the x-th element in the sorted list. This is simple so far, the following code snippet does the trick: def rank_simple(vector): return [rank for rank in sorted(range(n), key=vector.__getitem__)] Things get complicated, however, if the original list has ties (i.e. multiple elements with the same value). In that case, all the elements having the same value should have the same rank, which is the average of their ranks obtained using the naive method above. So, for instance, if I have [1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5], the naive ranking gives me [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], but what I would like to have is [0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6]. Which one would be the most efficient way to do this in Python? Footnote: I don't know if NumPy already has a method to achieve this or not; if it does, please let me know, but I would be interested in a pure Python solution anyway as I'm developing a tool which should work without NumPy as well.

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  • python-iptables: Cryptic error when allowing incoming TCP traffic on port 1234

    - by Lucas Kauffman
    I wanted to write an iptables script in Python. Rather than calling iptables itself I wanted to use the python-iptables package. However I'm having a hard time getting some basic rules setup. I wanted to use the filter chain to accept incoming TCP traffic on port 1234. So I wrote this: import iptc chain = iptc.Chain(iptc.TABLE_FILTER,"INPUT") rule = iptc.Rule() target = iptc.Target(rule,"ACCEPT") match = iptc.Match(rule,'tcp') match.dport='1234' rule.add_match(match) rule.target = target chain.insert_rule(rule) However when I run this I get this thrown back at me: Traceback (most recent call last): File "testing.py", line 9, in <module> chain.insert_rule(rule) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1133, in insert_rule self.table.insert_entry(self.name, rbuf, position) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1166, in new obj.refresh() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1230, in refresh self._free() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1224, in _free self.commit() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1219, in commit raise IPTCError("can't commit: %s" % (self.strerror())) iptc.IPTCError: can't commit: Invalid argument Exception AttributeError: "'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_errno'" in <bound method Table.__del__ of <iptc.Table object at 0x7fcad56cc550>> ignored Does anyone have experience with python-iptables that could enlighten on what I did wrong?

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