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• ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

  - by MedicalMath

  This code: import numpy as p def firstfunction(): UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray = [] MeanOutputHeader=['TestID','ConditionName','FilterType','RRMean','HRMean','dZdtMaxVoltageMean','BZMean','ZXMean' ,'LVETMean','Z0Mean','StrokeVolumeMean','CardiacOutputMean','VelocityIndexMean'] dataMatrix = BeatByBeatMatrixOfMatrices[column] roughTrimmedMatrix = p.array(dataMatrix[1:,1:17]) trimmedMatrix = p.array(roughTrimmedMatrix,dtype=p.float64) myMeans = p.mean(trimmedMatrix,axis=0,dtype=p.float64) conditionMeansArray = [TestID,testCondition,'UnfilteredBefore',myMeans[3], myMeans[4], myMeans[6], myMeans[9] , myMeans[10], myMeans[11], myMeans[12], myMeans[13], myMeans[14], myMeans[15]] UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray.append(conditionMeansArray) secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray) return def secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray): RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] return firstfunction() Throws this error message: File "mypath\mypythonscript.py", line 3484, in secondfunction RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence. However, this code works: import numpy as p a=range(24) b = p.reshape(a,(6,4)) c=p.array(b,dtype=p.float64)[:,2] I re-arranged the code a bit to put it into a cogent posting, but it should more or less have the same result. Can anyone show me what to do to fix the problem in the broken code above so that it stops throwing an error message?

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• Creating interruptible process in python

  - by Glycerine

  I'm creating a python script of which parses a large (but simple) CSV. It'll take some time to process. I would like the ability to interrupt the parsing of the CSV so I can continue at a later stage. Currently I have this - of which lives in a larger class: (unfinished) Edit: I have some changed code. But the system will parse over 3 million rows. def parseData(self) reader = csv.reader(open(self.file)) for id, title, disc in reader: print "%-5s %-50s %s" % (id, title, disc) l = LegacyData() l.old_id = int(id) l.name = title l.disc_number = disc l.parsed = False l.save() This is the old code. def parseData(self): #first line start fields = self.data.next() for row in self.data: items = zip(fields, row) item = {} for (name, value) in items: item[name] = value.strip() self.save(item) Thanks guys.

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• How to merge two test into one RSpec

  - by thefonso

  Both the last two test work individually...but when both are set to run (non pending) I get problems. question: can I create a test that merges the two into one? How would this look?(yes, I am new to rspec) require_relative '../spec_helper' # the universe is vast and infinite....and...it is empty describe "tic tac toe game" do context "the game class" do before (:each) do player_h = Player.new("X") player_c = Player.new("O") @game = Game.new(player_h, player_c) end it "method drawgrid must return a 3x3 game grid" do @game.drawgrid.should eq("\na #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n----------\nb #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n----------\nc #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n----------\n 1 2 3 \n") @game.drawgrid end #FIXME - last two test here - how to merge into one? it "play method must display 3x3 game grid" do STDOUT.should_receive(:puts).and_return("\na #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n----------\nb #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n----------\nc #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n----------\n 1 2 3 \n").with("computer move") @game.play end it "play method must display 3x3 game grid" do STDOUT.should_receive(:puts).with("computer move") @game.play end end end just for info here is the code containing the play method require_relative "player" # #Just a Tic Tac Toe game class class Game #create players def initialize(player_h, player_c) #bring into existence the board and the players @player_h = player_h @player_c = player_c #value hash for the grid lives here $thegrid = { :a1=>" ", :a2=>" ", :a3=>" ", :b1=>" ", :b2=>" ", :b3=>" ", :c1=>" ", :c2=>" ", :c3=>" " } #make a global var for drawgrid which is used by external player class $gamegrid = drawgrid end #display grid on console def drawgrid board = "\n" board << "a #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << "b #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << "c #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << " 1 2 3 \n" return board end #start the game def play #draw the board puts drawgrid #external call to player class @player = @player_c.move_computer("O") end end player_h = Player.new("X") player_c = Player.new("O") game = Game.new(player_h, player_c) game.play

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• Compiler error when using abstract types

  - by Dylan

  I'm trying to implement a "protocol helper" trait that is responsible for matching up Prompts and Responses. The eventual goal is to have an object that defines the various Prompt and Response classes as subclasses of a sealed trait, then have a class that mixes in the ProtocolSupport trait for that Protocol object. The problem is that my current approach won't compile, even though I'm fairly sure it should. Here's a distilled version of what I've got: trait Protocol { type Response type Prompt <: BasePrompt trait BasePrompt { type Data def validate(response: Response): Validated[Data] } } trait ProtocolSupport[P <: Protocol] { def foo(prompt: P#Prompt, response: P#Response) = { // compiler error prompt.validate(response) } } The compiler doesn't like the response as an argument to prompt.validate: [error] found : response.type (with underlying type P#Response) [error] required: _4.Response where val _4: P [error] prompt.validate(response) [error] ^ This isn't very helpful.. it seems to say that it wants a P.Response but that's exactly what I'm giving it, so what's the problem?

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• python-wordmatching

  - by challarao

  Write two functions, called countSubStringMatch and countSubStringMatchRecursive that take two arguments, a key string and a target string. These functions iteratively and recursively count the number of instances of the key in the target string. You should complete definitions for def countSubStringMatch(target,key): and def countSubStringMatchRecursive (target, key): For the remaining problems, we are going to explore other substring matching ideas. These problems can be solved with either an iterative function or a recursive one. You are welcome to use either approach, though you may find iterative approaches more intuitive in these cases of matching linear structures.

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• Why use threading data race will occur, but will not use gevent

  - by onlytiancai

  My test code is as follows, using threading, count is not 5,000,000 , so there has been data race, but using gevent, count is 5,000,000, there was no data race . Is not gevent coroutine execution will atom "count + = 1", rather than split into a one CPU instruction to execute? # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import threading use_gevent = True use_debug = False cycles_count = 100*10000 if use_gevent: from gevent import monkey monkey.patch_thread() count = 0 class Counter(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, name): self.thread_name = name super(Counter, self).__init__(name=name) def run(self): global count for i in xrange(cycles_count): if use_debug: print '%s:%s' % (self.thread_name, count) count = count + 1 counters = [Counter('thread:%s' % i) for i in range(5)] for counter in counters: counter.start() for counter in counters: counter.join() print 'count=%s' % count

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• How is does this module code work?

  - by phsr

  I'm new to ruby and I am trying to figure out how the following code works The following code is inside a class in a module. The method is called later with the following code: @something ||= Module::Class.config class << self def config &block options = OpenStruct.new yield options if block_given? init_client! Client.new(options) end def init_client!(client) base_eigenclass = class << Base; self; end base_eigenclass.send :define_method, :client do @client = client end client end end The class has some constants in it, and when the classes initialize is called, the instance member are set to option.variable || VARIABLE_CONSTANT. I understand that if there is no value for option.variable then VARIABLE_CONSTANT is used, but I don't understand that calling Module::Class.config do |options| #some block end set the @client until config is called again with options The code definitely works, but I want to understand how it does

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• I18n translation problem

  - by kshchepelin

  I'm about to translate all time zones to Russian and I've done such things: model: # lib/i18n_time_zone.rb class I18nTimeZone < ActiveSupport::TimeZone def self.all super.map { |z| create(z.name, z.utc_offset) } end def to_s translated_name = I18n.t(name, :scope => :timezones, :default => name) "(GMT#{formatted_offset}) #{translated_name}" end end view: <%= time_zone_select :user, :time_zone, nil, :model => I18nTimeZone %> locale file (/config/locales/ru.yml): ru: timezones: "Midway Island": "??????" "Samoa": "?????" .... But there are cases when original string includes some dots (".") Like "St. Petersburg" And I18n.t() tells me that translation is missing. How can I avoid it?

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• How do I pass object values with render :action => 'new'

  - by PlanetMaster

  Hi, In an app I have the following: def new @property = Property.new(:country_id => 1, :user_id => current_user.id, :status_id => 'draft') end def create @property = Property.new(params[:property]) if @property.save flash[:success] = t('The_property_is_successfully_created') redirect_to myimmonatie_url else flash.now[:error]=t("The_property_could_not_be_created") render :action => 'new' end end When an error accors, the line render :action = 'new' gets executed, but the my form gives an error: user blank country blank These cannot be blank (defined in model), meaning this code: @property = Property.new(:country_id => 1, :user_id => current_user.id, :status_id => 'draft') is not executed anymore. What is the reason and solution? Thanks!

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• Rails nil can't be coerced into Float

  - by alex

  After adding items, attempting to view my cart leads me to this error: nil can't be coerced into Float with the math line in this method in my line_item model highlighted: def total_price product.price * quantity end line items create action def create product = Product.find(params[:product_id]) @line_item = @cart.add_product(product.id) @line_item.quantity = params[:quantity] view <div id= "text_field"><%= text_field_tag 'quantity' %> </div> <%= button_to 'Add to Cart', line_items_path(:product_id => product) %> This has held me back for a couple days. (I'm new). Thanks.

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• TypeError: init_animals() takes 1 positional arguments but 2 were given

  - by libra

  I know this title look familiar to some old questions, but i've looked at every single one of them, none of them solves. And here is my codes: class Island (object):E,W,R,P def __init__(self, x, y): self.init_animals(y) def init_animals(y): pass isle = Island(x,y) However, i got the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 3, in __init__ TypeError: init_animals() takes 1 positional arguments but 2 were given Please tell me if i got any mistakes, im so confused by this. Best regards

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• Python performance profiling (file close)

  - by user1853986

  First of all thanks for your attention. My question is how to reduce the execution time of my code. Here is the relevant code. The below code is called in iteration from the main. def call_prism(prism_input_file,random_length): prism_output_file = "path.txt" cmd = "prism %s -simpath %d %s" % (prism_input_file,random_length,prism_output_file) p = os.popen(cmd) p.close() return prism_output_file def main(prism_input_file, number_of_strings): ... for n in range(number_of_strings): prism_output_file = call_prism(prism_input_file,z[n]) ... return I used statistics from the "profile statistics browser" when I profiled my code. The "file close" system command took the maximum time (14.546 seconds). The call_prism routine is called 10 times. But the number_of_strings is usually in thousands, so, my program takes lot of time to complete. Let me know if you need more information. By the way I tried with subprocess, too. Thanks.

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• TypeError while using django Form in editing an Entry

  - by damon

  I have an Entry model which can belong to a Category.I am providing a CategoryChoicesForm sothat the user can choose from various Categorys (from a dropdown list)when an Entry is created or edited. I am having trouble with the CategoryChoicesForm while editing the Entry.It throws a TypeError.. If somebody can make out what is happening..please advise me how to correct this. int() argument must be a string or a number, not 'QueryDict' /home/Django-1.4/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py in get_prep_value, line 537 ...views.py in edit_entry category_choices_form = CategoryChoicesForm(form_data) ... ...forms.py in __init__ self.fields['categoryoption'].queryset = Category.objects.filter(creator=self.creator) Here is the form class CategoryChoicesForm(forms.Form): categoryoption = forms.ModelChoiceField( queryset = Category.objects.none(), required=False,label='Category') def __init__(self, categorycreator,*args, **kwargs): super(CategoryChoicesForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.creator=categorycreator self.fields['categoryoption'].queryset = Category.objects.filter(creator=self.creator) The edit_entry view is as follows @login_required @transaction.commit_on_success def edit_entry(request,id,template_name,page_title): form_data = get_form_data(request) entry = get_object_or_404(Entry,pk=id,author=request.user) ... category_choices_form = CategoryChoicesForm(form_data) ...

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• Are python list comprehensions always a good programming practice?

  - by dln385

  To make the question clear, I'll use a specific example. I have a list of college courses, and each course has a few fields (all of which are strings). The user gives me a string of search terms, and I return a list of courses that match all of the search terms. This can be done in a single list comprehension or a few nested for loops. Here's the implementation. First, the Course class: class Course: def __init__(self, date, title, instructor, ID, description, instructorDescription, *args): self.date = date self.title = title self.instructor = instructor self.ID = ID self.description = description self.instructorDescription = instructorDescription self.misc = args Every field is a string, except misc, which is a list of strings. Here's the search as a single list comprehension. courses is the list of courses, and query is the string of search terms, for example "history project". def searchCourses(courses, query): terms = query.lower().strip().split() return tuple(course for course in courses if all( term in course.date.lower() or term in course.title.lower() or term in course.instructor.lower() or term in course.ID.lower() or term in course.description.lower() or term in course.instructorDescription.lower() or any(term in item.lower() for item in course.misc) for term in terms)) You'll notice that a complex list comprehension is difficult to read. I implemented the same logic as nested for loops, and created this alternative: def searchCourses2(courses, query): terms = query.lower().strip().split() results = [] for course in courses: for term in terms: if (term in course.date.lower() or term in course.title.lower() or term in course.instructor.lower() or term in course.ID.lower() or term in course.description.lower() or term in course.instructorDescription.lower()): break for item in course.misc: if term in item.lower(): break else: continue break else: continue results.append(course) return tuple(results) That logic can be hard to follow too. I have verified that both methods return the correct results. Both methods are nearly equivalent in speed, except in some cases. I ran some tests with timeit, and found that the former is three times faster when the user searches for multiple uncommon terms, while the latter is three times faster when the user searches for multiple common terms. Still, this is not a big enough difference to make me worry. So my question is this: which is better? Are list comprehensions always the way to go, or should complicated statements be handled with nested for loops? Or is there a better solution altogether?

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• How does this module code work?

  - by phsr

  I'm new to ruby and I am trying to figure out how the following code works The following code is inside a class in a module. The method is called later with the following code: @something ||= Module::Class.config class << self def config &block options = OpenStruct.new yield options if block_given? init_client! Client.new(options) end def init_client!(client) base_eigenclass = class << Base; self; end base_eigenclass.send :define_method, :client do @client = client end client end end The class has some constants in it, and when the classes initialize is called, the instance member are set to option.variable || VARIABLE_CONSTANT. I understand that if there is no value for option.variable then VARIABLE_CONSTANT is used, but I don't understand that calling Module::Class.config do |options| #some block end set the @client until config is called again with options The code definitely works, but I want to understand how it does

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• How to select random image of specific size using Django / Python?

  - by Jonathan

  I've been using this little snippet to select random images. However I would like to change it to select only images of a certain size. I'm running into trouble checking against image size. If I use get_image_dimensions() I need to use a conditional statement, which then requires that I allow exceptions. So, I guess I need some pointers on just limiting by image dimensions. Thanks. import os import random import posixpath from django import template from django.conf import settings register = template.Library() def is_image_file(filename): """Does `filename` appear to be an image file?""" img_types = [".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".gif"] ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1] return ext in img_types @register.simple_tag def random_image(path): """ Select a random image file from the provided directory and return its href. `path` should be relative to MEDIA_ROOT. Usage: <img src='{% random_image "images/whatever/" %}'> """ fullpath = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, path) filenames = [f for f in os.listdir(fullpath) if is_image_file(f)] pick = random.choice(filenames) return posixpath.join(settings.MEDIA_URL, path, pick)

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• scala coalesces multiple function call parameters into a Tuple -- can this be disabled?

  - by landon9720

  This is a troublesome violation of type safety in my project, so I'm looking for a way to disable it. It seems that if a function takes an AnyRef (or a java.lang.Object), you can call the function with any combination of parameters, and Scala will coalesce the parameters into a Tuple object and invoke the function. In my case the function isn't expecting a Tuple, and fails at runtime. I would expect this situation to be caught at compile time. object WhyTuple { def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = { fooIt("foo", "bar") } def fooIt(o: AnyRef) { println(o.toString) } } Output: (foo,bar)

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• How to run a module

  - by Jimmy

  I have a module file containing the following functions: def replace(filename): match = re.sub(r'[^\s^\w]risk', 'risk', filename) return match def count_words(newstring): from collections import defaultdict word_dict=defaultdict(int) for line in newstring: words=line.lower().split() for word in words: word_dict[word]+=1 for word in word_dict: if'risk'==word: return word, word_dict[word] when I do this in IDLE: >>> mylist = open('C:\\Users\\ahn_133\\Desktop\\Python Project\\test10.txt').read() >>> newstrings=replace(mylist) ### This works fine. >>> newone=count_words(newstrings) ### This leads to the following error. I get the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#134>", line 1, in <module> newPH = replace(newPassage) File "C:\Users\ahn_133\Desktop\Python Project\text_modules.py", line 56, in replace match = re.sub(r'[^\s^\w]risk', 'risk', filename) File "C:\Python27\lib\re.py", line 151, in sub return _compile(pattern, flags).sub(repl, string, count) TypeError: expected string or buffer Is there anyway to run both functions without saving newstrings into a file, opening it using readlines(), and then running count_words function?

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• how to use OR in jquery

  - by user1493339

  1st i would like to thanks all who view this and special thanks for those who answer this. today, i tested this out but it not working, so just want to know how should this code. multiple "OR" in one line $("input[name='ABC']or[name='DEF']or[name='GHI']or[name='JKL']").click(function (){ //do something }); or even put else for it like... $("input[name='ABC'][name='DEF'][name='GHI'][name='JKL']").click(function (){ //do something }else{ //do something else }); i know both code is invalid, so is that possible to code in that way? so far i code it all one by one, so my coding is very long.

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• Google App Engine: Difficulty with Users API (or maybe just a Python syntax problem)

  - by Rosarch

  I have a simple GAE app that includes a login/logout link. This app is running on the dev server at the moment. The base page handler gets the current user, and creates a login/logout url appropriately. It then puts this information into a _template_data dictionary, for convenience of subclasses. class BasePage(webapp.RequestHandler): _user = users.get_current_user() _login_logout_link = None if _user: _login_logout_link = users.create_logout_url('/') else: _login_logout_link = users.create_login_url('/') _template_data = {} _template_data['login_logout_link'] = _login_logout_link _template_data['user'] = _user def render(self, templateName, templateData): path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'Static/Templates/%s.html' % templateName) self.response.out.write(template.render(path, templateData)) Here is one such subclass: class MainPage(BasePage): def get(self): self.render('start', self._template_data) The login/logout link is displayed fine, and going to the correct devserver login/logout page. However, it seems to have no effect - the server still seems to think the user is logged out. What am I doing wrong here?

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• Foreign Key Relationships

  - by Yehonathan Quartey

  I have two models class Subject(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100,choices=COURSE_CHOICES) created = models.DateTimeField('created', auto_now_add=True) modified = models.DateTimeField('modified', auto_now=True) syllabus = models.FileField(upload_to='syllabus') def __unicode__(self): return self.name and class Pastquestion(models.Model): subject=models.ForeignKey(Subject) year =models.PositiveIntegerField() questions = models.FileField(upload_to='pastquestions') def __unicode__(self): return str(self.year) Each Subject can have one or more past questions but a past question can have only one subject. I want to get a subject, and get its related past questions of a particular year. I was thinking of fetching a subject and getting its related past question. Currently am implementing my code such that I rather get the past question whose subject and year correspond to any specified subject like this_subject=Subject.objects.get(name=the_subject) thepastQ=Pastquestion.objects.get(year=2000,subject=this_subject) I was thinking there is a better way to do this. Or is this already a better way? Please Do tell ?

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• How to pass multiple params to function in python?

  - by user1322731

  I am implementing 8bit adder in python. Here is the adder function definition: def add8(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,b0,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,c0): All function parameters are boolean. I have implemented function that converts int into binary: def intTObin8(num): bits = [False]*8 i = 7 while num >= 1: if num % 2 == 1: bits[i] = True else: bits[i] = False i = i - 1 num /= 2 print bits return [bits[x] for x in range(0,8)] I want this function to return 8 bits. And to use this two functions as follows: add8(intTObin8(1),intTObin8(1),0) So the question is: How to pass 8 parameters using one function?

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• How do I require a login for a user in Django?

  - by Di Zou

  In my urls.py I have this: (r'^myapp/$', 'myapp.views.views.index'), (r'^myapp/login/$', 'myapp.views.views.login_user'), In my settings.py I have this: LOGIN_URL = '/myapp/login' In my views.py I have this: @login_required((login_url='/myapp/login/') def index(request): return render_to_response('index.html') def login_user(request): #login stuff return render(request, 'registration/login.html', {'state':state, 'username': username}) I can go to mysite.com/myapp/login and the login page works. However, when I go to mysite.com/myapp/index I do not get redirected to the login page even though I am logged out. Why is that and how do I fix it?

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• Getting the last member of a group on an intermediary M2M

  - by rh0dium

  If we look at the existing docs, what is the best way to get the last member added? This is similar to this but what I want to do is to be able to do this. group = Group.objects.get(id=1) group.get_last_member_added() #This is by ('-date_added') <Person: FOO> I think the best way is through a manager but how do you do this on an intermediary model? class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership') def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Membership(models.Model): person = models.ForeignKey(Person) group = models.ForeignKey(Group) date_joined = models.DateField() invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)

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• Python point lookup (coordinate binning?)

  - by Rince

  Greetings, I am trying to bin an array of points (x, y) into an array of boxes [(x0, y0), (x1, y0), (x0, y1), (x1, y1)] (tuples are the corner points) So far I have the following routine: def isInside(self, point, x0, x1, y0, y1): pr1 = getProduct(point, (x0, y0), (x1, y0)) if pr1 >= 0: pr2 = getProduct(point, (x1, y0), (x1, y1)) if pr2 >= 0: pr3 = getProduct(point, (x1, y1), (x0, y1)) if pr3 >= 0: pr4 = getProduct(point, (x0, y1), (x0, y0)) if pr4 >= 0: return True return False def getProduct(origin, pointA, pointB): product = (pointA[0] - origin[0])*(pointB[1] - origin[1]) - (pointB[0] - origin[0])*(pointA[1] - origin[1]) return product Is there any better way then point-by-point lookup? Maybe some not-obvious numpy routine? Thank you!

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