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• Calling from a parent file in python

  - by Teifion

  I have a file called main.py and a file called classes.py main.py contains the application and what's happening while class.py contains some classes. main.py has the following code main.py import classes def addItem(text): print text myClass = classes.ExampleClass() And then we have classes.py classes.py class ExampleClass (object): def __init__(self): addItem('bob') Surprisingly enough that's not the actual code I am using because I've stripped out anything that'd get in the way of you seeing what I want to do. I want to be able to call a method that's defined in main.py from a class within classes.py. How do I do this? Thanks in advance

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• get the list and input from one function and run them in different function

  - by rookie

  i have a programm that generate the list and then i ask them to tell me what they want to do from the menu and this is where my problem start i was able to get the input form the user to different function but when i try to use the if else condition it doesn't check, below are my code def menu(x,l): print (x) if x == 1: return make_table(l) if x == 2: y= input("enter a row (as a number) or a column (as an uppercase letter") if y in [ "1",'2','3']: print("Minmum is:",minimum(y,l)) if x== 3: print ('bye') def main(): bad_filename = True l =[] while bad_filename == True: try: filename = input("Enter the filename: ") fp = open(filename, "r") for f_line in fp: f_str=f_line.strip() f_str=f_str.split(',') for unit_str in f_str: unit=float(unit_str) l.append(unit) bad_filename = False except IOError: print("Error: The file was not found: ", filename) #print(l) condition=True while condition==True: print('1- open\n','2- maximum') x=input("Enter the choice") menu(x,l) main() from the bottom function i can get list and i can get the user input and i can get the data and move it in second function but it wont work after that.thank you

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• Is this a good approach to execute a list of operations on a data structure in Python?

  - by Sridhar Iyer

  I have a dictionary of data, the key is the file name and the value is another dictionary of its attribute values. Now I'd like to pass this data structure to various functions, each of which runs some test on the attribute and returns True/False. One approach would be to call each function one by one explicitly from the main code. However I can do something like this: #MYmodule.py class Mymodule: def MYfunc1(self): ... def MYfunc2(self): ... #main.py import Mymodule ... #fill the data structure ... #Now call all the functions in Mymodule one by one for funcs in dir(Mymodule): if funcs[:2]=='MY': result=Mymodule.__dict__.get(funcs)(dataStructure) The advantage of this approach is that implementation of main class needn't change when I add more logic/tests to MYmodule. Is this a good way to solve the problem at hand? Are there better alternatives to this solution?

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• Tkinter mouse event initially triggered

  - by user3714884

  I'm currently learning Tkinter and I cannot find a solution for my problem here nor outside Stackoverflow. In a nutshell, all events that I bind to my widgets are triggered initialy and don't respond to my actions. In this example, the red rectangle appears on the canvas when I run the code, and color=random.choice(['red', 'blue']) revealed that the event binding doesn't work after that: import Tkinter as tk class application(tk.Frame): def __init__(self, master=None): tk.Frame.__init__(self, master) self.can = tk.Canvas(master, width=200, height=200) self.can.bind('<Button-2>', self.draw()) self.can.grid() def draw(self): self.can.create_rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100, fill='red') app = application() app.mainloop() I use a Mac platform, but I haven't got a clue about its role in the problem. Could anyone please point me at the mistake i did here?

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• GAE JCache NumberFormatException, will I need to write Java to avoid?

  - by Jasper

  This code below produces a NumberFormatException in this line: val cache = cf.createCache(Collections.emptyMap()) Do you see any errors? Will I need to write a Java version to avoid this, or is there a Scala way? ... import java.util.Collections import net.sf.jsr107cache._ object QueryGenerator extends ServerResource { private val log = Logger.getLogger(classOf[QueryGenerator].getName) } class QueryGenerator extends ServerResource { def getCounter(cache:Cache):long = { if (cache.containsKey("counter")) { cache.get("counter").asInstanceOf[long] } else { 0l } } @Get("html") def getHtml(): Representation = { val cf = CacheManager.getInstance().getCacheFactory() val cache = cf.createCache(Collections.emptyMap()) val counter = getCounter(cache) cache.put("counter", counter + 1) val q = QueueFactory.getQueue("query-generator") q.add(TaskOptions.Builder.url("/tasks/query-generator").method(Method.GET).countdownMillis(1000L)) QueryGenerator.log.warning(counter.toString) new StringRepresentation("QueryGenerator started!", MediaType.TEXT_HTML) } } Thanks!

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• Binding multiple objects in Grails

  - by WaZ

  I have there domain classes: :: Person. (Person.ID, Name,Address) :: Designation.(Designation.ID, Title, Band) :: SalarySlip (Person.ID, Designation.ID, totalIncome, Tax etc etc.) In the update method the person controller when I assign a person a designation from a list of designation values I want to insert a new record inside SalarySlip. Something like: def update = { def SalarySlipInstance = new SalarySlip() SalarySlipInstance.Person.ID = Params.ID //is this correct? SalarySlipInstance.Designation.ID = ?? //since the value is coming from a list. How can I bind this field? } Much Appreciated, Thanks, WB

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• comma in regex in String.replaceAll() method?

  - by kknight

  My code tries to replace "," with "/" in a string. Should I escape "," in the regex string? Both of the two code snippets generated the same results, so I am confused. Code snippet 1: String test = "a,bc,def"; System.out.println(test.replaceAll("\\,", "/")); Code snippet 2: String test = "a,bc,def"; System.out.println(test.replaceAll(",", "/")); Should I use "," or "\,"? Which is safer? Thanks.

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• Typeclass instances for unnamed types in Scala

  - by ncreep

  How would one encode the following constraint in Scala (pseudocode)? def foo(x: T forSome { type T has a Numeric[T] instance in scope }) = { val n= implicitly[...] // obtain the Numeric instance for x n.negate(x) // and use it with x } In words: I need a type class instance for my input argument, but I don't care about the argument's type, I just need to obtain the instance and use it on my argument. It doesn't have to be an existential type, but I need to avoid type parameters in the def's signature. Thanks.

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• Clojure: using *command-line-args* in the script rather than REPL

  - by Teflon Mac

  I've clojure running within Eclipse. I want to pass arguments to clojure when running it. In the below the arguments are available in the REPL but not in the script itself. What do I need to do such that in the below typing arg1 in the REPL will return the first argument? Script: (NS Test) (def arg1 (nth *command-line-args* 0)) After clicking on the Eclipse "Run"... Clojure 1.1.0 1:1 user=> #<Namespace test> 1:2 test=> arg1 nil 1:3 test=> *command-line-args* ("bird" "dog" "cat" "pig") 1:4 test=> (def arg2 (nth *command-line-args* 1)) #'test/arg2 1:5 test=> arg2 "dog" 1:6 test=>

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• Rails: Thread won't affect database unless joined to main Thread

  - by hatboysam

  I have a background operation I would like to occur every 20 seconds in Rails given that some condition is true. It kicked off when a certain controller route is hit, and it looks like this def startProcess argId = self.id t = Thread.new do while (Argument.isRunning(argId)) do Argument.update(argId) Argument.markVotes(argId) puts "Thread ran" sleep 20 end end end However, this code does absolutely nothing to my database unless I call "t.join" in which case my whole server is blocked for a long time (but it works). Why can't the read commit ActiveRecords without being joined to the main thread? The thread calls methods that look something like def sample model = Model.new() model.save() end but the models are not saved to the DB unless the thread is joined to the main thread. Why is this? I have been banging my head about this for hours.

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• Regex to split a string (in Java) so that spaces are preserved?

  - by david

  I need to split a string (in Java) into individual words ... but I need to preserve spaces. An example of the text I need to split is something like this: ABC . . . . DEF . . . . GHI I need to see "ABC", " . . . .", "DEF", ". . . .", and "GHI". Obviously splitting on the space character \s isn't going to work, as all the spaces get swallowed up as one space. Any suggestions? Thanks

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• maching strings

  - by kiran

  Write two functions, called countSubStringMatch and countSubStringMatchRecursive that take two arguments, a key string and a target string. These functions iteratively and recursively count the number of instances of the key in the target string. You should complete definitions for def countSubStringMatch(target,key): and def countSubStringMatchRecursive (target, key): For the remaining problems, we are going to explore other substring matching ideas. These problems can be solved with either an iterative function or a recursive one. You are welcome to use either approach, though you may find iterative approaches more intuitive in these cases of matching linear structures.

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• Sleeping a thread blocking stdin

  - by Sid

  Hey, I'm running a function which evaluates commands passed in using stdin and another function which runs a bunch of jobs. I need to make the latter function sleep at regular intervals but that seems to be blocking the stdin. Any advice on how to resolve this would be appreciated. The source code for the functions is def runJobs(comps, jobQueue, numRunning, limit, lock): while len(jobQueue) >= 0: print(len(jobQueue)); if len(jobQueue) > 0: comp, tasks = find_computer(comps, 0); #do something time.sleep(5); def manageStdin(): print "Global Stdin Begins Now" for line in fileinput.input(): try: print(eval(line)); except Exception, e: print e; --Thanks

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• Searching for range overlaps in Ruby hashes

  - by mbm

  Say you have the following Ruby hash, hash = {:a => [[1, 100..300], [2, 200..300]], :b => [[1, 100..300], [2, 301..400]] } and the following functions, def overlaps?(range, range2) range.include?(range2.begin) || range2.include?(range.begin) end def any_overlaps?(ranges) # This calls to_proc on the symbol object; it's syntactically equivalent to # ranges.sort_by {|r| r.begin} ranges.sort_by(&:begin).each_cons(2).any? do |r1, r2| overlaps?(r1, r2) end end and it's your desire to, for each key in hash, test whether any range overlaps with any other. In hash above, I would expect hash[:a] to make me mad and hash[:b] to not. How is this best implemented syntactically?

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• Optimal way to initialize varying objects

  - by John Smith

  I have to initialize a lot of different types of objects based on an integer parameter. They all have the same overall initialization methods. At the moment I have the following code #def APPLE 1 #def PEAR 2 switch (t) { case APPLE: newobj = [[FApple alloc] init]; break; case PEAR: newobj = [[FPear] alloc] init]; break; default: retobj = nil; } I believe there must be a better way to do this. When I add FOrange I have to go and add another line here. What would be a better way?

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• How can I use Ruby to check if a domain exists?

  - by macek

  Something along the lines of: def domain_exists?(domain) # perform check # return true|false end puts "valid!" if domain_exists?("example.com")

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• Why is this Python class copying another class contents?

  - by fjfnaranjo

  Hello guys. I'm trying to understand an estrange behavior in Python. I have the next python code: class IntContainer: listOfInts = [] def __init__(self, initListOfInts): for i in initListOfInts: self.listOfInts.append(i) def printInts(self): print self.listOfInts if __name__ == "__main__": intsGroup1 = [1,2,3,4] intsGroup2 = [4,5,6,7] intsGroups = [intsGroup1,intsGroup2] intsContainers = [] for ig in intsGroups: newIntContainer = IntContainer(ig) intsContainers.append(newIntContainer) for ic in intsContainers: print ic.listOfInts I expect to get something like: [1, 2, 3, 4] [4, 5, 6, 7] But i get: [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7] [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7] I have check the next question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1876905/why-is-python-reusing-a-class-instance-inside-in-function And a lot of Python reference, but I can not understand what is happening. I think is related with the newIntContainer identifier reutilization, but I do not understand it deeply. Why Python appears to reused the last reference for the new object, even if I have added it to a permanent list? What can I do to resolve this behavior? Thanks ;)

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• Best way to make an attribute always an array?

  - by Shadowfirebird

  I'm using my MOO project to teach myself Test Driven Design, and it's taking me interesting places. For example, I wrote a test that said an attribute on a particular object should always return an array, so -- t = Thing.new("test") p t.names #-> ["test"] t.names = nil p t.names #-> [] The code I have for this is okay, but it doesn't seem terribly ruby to me: class Thing def initialize(names) self.names = names end def names=(n) n = [] if n.nil? n = [n] unless n.instance_of?(Array) @names = n end attr_reader :names end Is there a more elegant, Ruby-ish way of doing this? (NB: if anyone wants to tell me why this is a dumb test to write, that would be interesting too...)

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• Extending appengine's db.Property with caching

  - by Noio

  I'm looking to implement a property class for appengine, very similar to the existing db.ReferenceProperty. I am implementing my own version because I want some other default return values. My question is, how do I make the property remember its returned value, so that the datastore query is only performed the first time the property is fetched? What I had is below, and it does not work. I read that the Property classes do not belong to the instances, but to the model definition, so I guess that the return value is not cached for each instance, but overwritten on the model every time. Where should I store this _resolved variable? class PageProperty(db.Property): data_type = Page def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance): page = super(PageProperty, self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance) self._resolved = page return page.key().name() def make_value_from_datastore(self, value): if not hasattr(self, '_resolved'): self._resolved = Page.get_by_name(value) return self._resolved

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• Python metaclass to run a class method automatically on derived class

  - by Barry Steyn

  I want to automatically run a class method defined in a base class on any derived class during the creation of the class. For instance: class Base(object): @classmethod def runme(): print "I am being run" def __metclass__(cls,parents,attributes): clsObj = type(cls,parents,attributes) clsObj.runme() return clsObj class Derived(Base): pass: What happens here is that when Base is created, ''runme()'' will fire. But nothing happens when Derived is created. The question is: How can I make ''runme()'' also fire when creating Derived. This is what I have thought so far: If I explicitly set Derived's metclass to Base's, it will work. But I don't want that to happen. I basically want Derived to use the Base's metaclass without me having to explicitly set it so.

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• Scala puts precedence on implicit conversion over "natural" operations... Why? Is this a bug? Or am

  - by Alex R

  This simple test, of course, works as expected: scala var b = 2 b: Int = 2 scala b += 1 scala b res3: Int = 3 Now I bring this into scope: class A(var x: Int) { def +=(y:Int) { this.x += y } } implicit def int2A(i:Int) : A = new A(i) I'm defining a new class and a += operation on it. I never expected this would affect the way my regular Ints behave. But it does: scala var b:Int = 0 b: Int = 0 scala b += 1 scala b res29: Int = 0 scala b += 2 scala b res31: Int = 0 Scala seems to prefer the implicit conversion over the natural += that is already defined to Ints. That leads to several questions... Why? Is this a bug? Is it by design? Is there a work-around (other than not using "+=")? Thanks

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• Programmatic binding of accelerators in wxPython

  - by Inductiveload

  I am trying to programmatically create and bind a table of accelerators in wxPython in a loop so that I don't need to worry about getting and assigning new IDs to each accelerators (and with a view to inhaling the handler list from some external resource, rather than hard-coding them). I also pass in some arguments to the handler via a lambda since a lot of my handlers will be the same but with different parameters (move, zoom, etc). The class is subclassed from wx.Frame and setup_accelerators() is called during initialisation. def setup_accelerators(self): bindings = [ (wx.ACCEL_CTRL, wx.WXK_UP, self.on_move, 'up'), (wx.ACCEL_CTRL, wx.WXK_DOWN, self.on_move, 'down'), (wx.ACCEL_CTRL, wx.WXK_LEFT, self.on_move, 'left'), (wx.ACCEL_CTRL, wx.WXK_RIGHT, self.on_move, 'right'), ] accelEntries = [] for binding in bindings: eventId = wx.NewId() accelEntries.append( (binding[0], binding[1], eventId) ) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, lambda event: binding[2](event, binding[3]), id=eventId) accelTable = wx.AcceleratorTable(accelEntries) self.SetAcceleratorTable(accelTable) def on_move(self, e, direction): print direction However, this appears to bind all the accelerators to the last entry, so that Ctrl+Up prints "right", as do all the other three. How to correctly bind multiple handlers in this way?

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• Python Class Variables Question

  - by zyq524

  I have some doubt about python's class variables. As my understanding, if I define a class variable, which is declared outside the init() function, this variable will create only once as a static variable in C++. This seems right for some python types, for instance, dict and list type, but for those base type, e.g. int,float, is not the same. For example: class A: dict1={} list1=list() int1=3 def add_stuff(self, k, v): self.dict1[k]=v self.list1.append(k) self.int1=k def print_stuff(self): print self.dict1,self.list1,self.int1 a1 = A() a1.add_stuff(1, 2) a1.print_stuff() a2=A() a2.print_stuff() The output is: {1: 2} [1] 1 {1: 2} [1] 3 I understand the results of dict1 and list1, but why does int1 behavior different?

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• is the + in += on a Map a prefix operator of =?

  - by Steve

  In the book "Programming in Scala" from Martin Odersky there is a simple example in the first chapter: var capital = Map("US" -> "Washington", "France" -> "Paris") capital += ("Japan" -> "Tokyo") The second line can also be written as capital = capital + ("Japan" -> "Tokyo") I am curious about the += notation. In the class Map, I didn't found a += method. I was able to the same behaviour in an own example like class Foo() { def +(value:String) = { println(value) this } } object Main { def main(args: Array[String]) = { var foo = new Foo() foo = foo + "bar" foo += "bar" } } I am questioning myself, why the += notation is possible. It doesn't work if the method in the class Foo is called test for example. This lead me to the prefix notation. Is the + a prefix notation for the assignment sign (=)? Can somebody explain this behaviour?

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• ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

  - by MedicalMath

  This code: import numpy as p def firstfunction(): UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray = [] MeanOutputHeader=['TestID','ConditionName','FilterType','RRMean','HRMean','dZdtMaxVoltageMean','BZMean','ZXMean' ,'LVETMean','Z0Mean','StrokeVolumeMean','CardiacOutputMean','VelocityIndexMean'] dataMatrix = BeatByBeatMatrixOfMatrices[column] roughTrimmedMatrix = p.array(dataMatrix[1:,1:17]) trimmedMatrix = p.array(roughTrimmedMatrix,dtype=p.float64) myMeans = p.mean(trimmedMatrix,axis=0,dtype=p.float64) conditionMeansArray = [TestID,testCondition,'UnfilteredBefore',myMeans[3], myMeans[4], myMeans[6], myMeans[9] , myMeans[10], myMeans[11], myMeans[12], myMeans[13], myMeans[14], myMeans[15]] UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray.append(conditionMeansArray) secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray) return def secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray): RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] return firstfunction() Throws this error message: File "mypath\mypythonscript.py", line 3484, in secondfunction RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence. However, this code works: import numpy as p a=range(24) b = p.reshape(a,(6,4)) c=p.array(b,dtype=p.float64)[:,2] I re-arranged the code a bit to put it into a cogent posting, but it should more or less have the same result. Can anyone show me what to do to fix the problem in the broken code above so that it stops throwing an error message?

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