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• Can you make a python script behave differently when imported than when run directly?

  - by futuraprime

  I often have to write data parsing scripts, and I'd like to be able to run them in two different ways: as a module and as a standalone script. So, for example: def parseData(filename): # data parsing code here return data def HypotheticalCommandLineOnlyHappyMagicFunction(): print json.dumps(parseData(sys.argv[1]), indent=4) the idea here being that in another python script I can call import dataparser and have access to dataParser.parseData in my script, or on the command line I can just run python dataparser.py and it would run my HypotheticalCommandLineOnlyHappyMagicFunction and shunt the data as json to stdout. Is there a way to do this in python?

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• wxpython : button covers all in the frame

  - by Prakash

  Below is my code: #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import wx class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self): #super(Example, self).__init__(parent, title=title, size=(300, 200)) wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, 'wxButton', pos=(300, 150), size=(320, 250)) self.button1 = wx.Button(self, id=-1, label='Button1', pos=(8, 8), size=(10, 20)) self.button1.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.button1Click) self.Centre() self.Show() def button1Click(self,event): #self.button1.Hide() self.SetTitle("Button1 clicked") if __name__ == '__main__': app = wx.App() Example() app.MainLoop() Actually I am expecting the button1 on the frame to have a look like a button - a bit raised and be placed in center of frame - but it is just expanding to the full frame. Also text Button1 looks like a text which does not has a button look like feeling? What wrong am I doing?

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• function to efficiently check a change of value in a nested hashmap

  - by zcaudate

  the motivation is for checking what has changed in a deeply nest map, kind of like a reverse of update-in. This is a simple example: (def p1 {:a {:a1 :1 :a2 :2} :b {:b1 :1 :b2 :2}}) (def p2 (update-in p1 [:a :a1] (constantly :updated)) ;; => {:a {:a1 :updated :a2 :2} ;; :b {:b1 :1 :b2 :2}} (what-changed? p1 p2) ;; => {:keys [:a :a1] :value :updated) (what-changed? p2 p1) ;; => {:keys [:a :a1] :value :2) I'm hoping that because clojure maps are persistent data-structures, there may be a smart algorithm to figure this out by looking at the underlying structure as opposed to walking through the nested maps and comparing the difference.

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• Grails: can remoteField update multiple fields?

  - by Michael Bavin

  Hi, Assume i have a book entity with an isbn field. When entered a isbn number, i want 2 fields to be updated: title and author. My controller looks like this: def ajaxGetBook = { def book = Book.findByIsbn(params.isbn) if(book==null) book = new Book() render book as JSON } So my call works, and i get a full JSON Book. Now i would like to update 2 texfields by the update attribute <g:remoteField action="ajaxGetBook" update="title" name="isbn" value="${bookInstance?.book?.isbn}" paramName="isbn"/> Now the title field gets updated with the full book object, so that doesn't work. Is it possible to update field title with only the JSON book.title? Is it possible to update more fields at once? I could render book.title as JSON but that works for only one field. Thank you

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• How to read line after finding a pattern?

  - by Jonathan Low

  i've got a "CHANNEL(SYSTEM.DEF.SVRCONN) CHLTYPE(SVRCONN)" "id=3" what i want to do is to retrieve the id after i do a search on the file and found the first line. open (CHECKFILE8, "$file"); while (<CHECKFILE8>) #while loop to loop through each line in the file { chomp; #take out each line by line $datavalue = $_; #store into var , $datavalue. $datavalue =~ s/^\s+//; #Remove multiple spaces and change to 1 space from the front $datavalue =~ s/\s+$//; #Remove multiple spaces and change to 1 space from the back $datavalue =~ s/[ \t]+/ /g; #remove multiple "tabs" and replace with 1 space if($datavalue eq "CHANNEL(SYSTEM.DEF.SVRCONN) CHLTYPE(SVRCONN)") { // HOW TO READ THE NEXT LINE? } } } close(CHECKFILE8); } Thanks

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• Rails 2.3.5: flash[:notice] disappears after redirect_to call

  - by xyzman

  Here I've got two controller methods: def invite if request.post? begin email = AccountMailer.create_invite(@user,url) AccountMailer.deliver(email) flash[:notice] = "Invitation email sent to #{@user.email}" rescue #mail delivery failed flash[:error] = "Failed to deliver invitation" end redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @user.id end end and def show @title = "User #{@user.full_name}" end The problem is, when I send an invitation, and get redirected to ./show, I see no messages at all. If I change redirect_to to render, the message appears. Still, isn't it intended for flash to work in the immediate subsequent requests? BTW, I'm using Rails+Passenger setup, could it be so that redirected request goes to another application instance?

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• what does 'cgi.parse_qs' mean

  - by zjm1126

  i find this code : def _oauth_parse_response(body): p = cgi.parse_qs(body, keep_blank_values=False) but i don't know what is mean thanks

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• Globals across modules

  - by Coder1

  Wow, this seems so basic, but I can't get it to work. All I need to do is store a global dict which can be accessed and modified from other modules & threads. What's the "best practices" way of achieving this? test.py import testmodule class MyClassA(): def __init__(self, id): self.id = id if __name__ == '__main__': global classa_dict classa_dict = {} classa_dict[1] = MyClassA(1) classa_dict[2] = MyClassA(2) testing = testmodule.TestModule() testmodule.py class TestModule(): def __init__(self): global classa_dict print classa_dict[2] output $ python test.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 13, in <module> testing = testmodule.TestModule() File "/path/to/project/testmodule.py", line 4, in __init__ print classa_dict[2] NameError: global name 'classa_dict' is not defined

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• Weird NodeBuilder and GPath behaviour in Grails

  - by yogiebiz

  Hi, I am quite new with Grails and now I have a problem while using NodeBuilder and GPath. Here is the code snippet def builder = new NodeBuilder() def menu = builder.menu { header(title: "header 1") { submenu(title: "submenu 1.1") submenu(title: "submenu 1.2") } header(title: "header 2") } menu.grep { println it.'@title' When I executed it with Groovy 1.7.2, the result was: header 1 header 2 which just like I expected. But when I executed the code in Grails 1.3.1, the result was different. The result was: submenu 1.1 submenu 1.2 any idea why this happened?

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• How can I change ruby log level in unit tests based on context

  - by Stuart

  I'm new to ruby so forgive me if this is simple or I get some terminology wrong. I've got a bunch of unit tests (actually they're integration tests for another project, but they use ruby test/unit) and they all include from a module that sets up an instance variable for the log object. When I run the individual tests I'd like log.level to be debug, but when I run a suite I'd like log.level to be error. Is it possible to do this with the approach I'm taking, or does the code need to be restructured? Here's a small example of what I have so far. The logging module: #!/usr/bin/env ruby require 'logger' module MyLog def setup @log = Logger.new(STDOUT) @log.level = Logger::DEBUG end end A test: #!/usr/bin/env ruby require 'test/unit' require 'mylog' class Test1 < Test::Unit::TestCase include MyLog def test_something @log.info("About to test something") # Test goes here @log.info("Done testing something") end end A test suite made up of all the tests in its directory: #!/usr/bin/env ruby Dir.foreach(".") do |path| if /it-.*\.rb/.match(File.basename(path)) require path end end

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• how to exit recursive math formula and still get an answer

  - by calccrypto

  i wrote this python code, which from wolfram alpha says that its supposed to return the factorial of any positive value (i probably messed up somewhere), integer or not: from math import * def double_factorial(n): if int(n) == n: n = int(n) if [0,1].__contains__(n): return 1 a = (n&1) + 2 b = 1 while a<=n: b*=a a+= 2 return float(b) else: return factorials(n/2) * 2**(n/2) *(pi/2)**(.25 *(-1+cos(n * pi))) def factorials(n): return pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(2*n) the problem is , say i input pi to 6 decimal places. 2*n will not become a float with 0 as its decimals any time soon, so the equation turns out to be pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(loop(loop(loop(...))))) how would i stop the recursion and still get the answer? ive had suggestions to add an index to the definitions or something, but the problem is, if the code stops when it reaches an index, there is still no answer to put back into the previous "nests" or whatever you call them

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• is counter has certain value inside a class in python

  - by mazlor

  i am learning classes in python and when i was reading the documentation i found this example that i didn't understand : class MyClass: """A simple example class""" def __init__(self): self.data = [] i = 12345 def f(self): return 'hello world' then if we assign : x = MyClass() x.counter = 1 now if we implement while loop : while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 so the value of x.counter will be : 16 while for example if we have a variable y : y = 1 while y < 1 : y = y *2 then if we look for the value of y we find it 1 so i don't know how is the value of counter became 16 . thanks

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• Programming in Python; writing a Caesar Cipher using a zip() method

  - by user1068153

  I'm working on a python program for homework and the problem asks me to develop a program that encrypts a message using a caesar cipher. I need to be able to have the user input a number to shift the encryption by, such as 4: e.g. 'A' to 'E'. The user also needs to input the string to be translated. The book says to use a zip() to do the problem. I am confused on how I would do this though. I have this but it doesn't do anything >>>def ceasarCipher(string, shift): strings = ['abc', 'def'] shifts = [2,3] for string, shift in zip(strings, shifts): print ceasarCipher(string,shift) >>>string = 'hello world' >>>shift = 1

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• super(type,subclass) in simple singleton implementation

  - by Tianchen Wu

  when I was implementing naive singleton in python, I came up with a problem with super key word. As usual the behavior of super is always tricky and buggy, hope someone can shed light on it. Thanks :) The problem is that: class Singleton(object): def __new__(cls,*args,**kw): if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'): #create a instance of type cls, origin=super(Singleton,Singleton).__new__(cls,*args,**kw) cls._instance=origin return cls._instance class B(Singleton): def __init__(self,b): self.b=b It actually works, but I am wondering Will it be better if I change line 5 to the below, like in most of the books? origin=super(Singleton,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**ks) what's the difference to make?

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• difference between 2 pieces Python code

  - by draw

  Hello, I'm doing an exercise as following: # B. front_x # Given a list of strings, return a list with the strings # in sorted order, except group all the strings that begin with 'x' first. # e.g. ['mix', 'xyz', 'apple', 'xanadu', 'aardvark'] yields # ['xanadu', 'xyz', 'aardvark', 'apple', 'mix'] # Hint: this can be done by making 2 lists and sorting each of them # before combining them. sample solution: def front_x(words): listX = [] listO = [] for w in words: if w.startswith('x'): listX.append(w) else: listO.append(w) listX.sort() listO.sort() return listX + listO my solution: def front_x(words): listX = [] for w in words: if w.startswith('x'): listX.append(w) words.remove(w) listX.sort() words.sort() return listX + words as I tested my solution, the result is a little weird. Here is the source code with my solution: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/559353/list1.py. You might want to try it out.

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• Wait until a webpage finished loading to load the next one in a list

  - by envy

  Hi! I'm using PyQT webView to visit some webpages I have stored on a dictionary the code is something like this: def loadLink(self, url): manager = QNetworkAccessManager() request = QNetworkRequest(QUrl(url)) self.ui.webView.load(QUrl(visitar)) def readUnreadLinks(self): print "Links to read: " + str(len(self.unreadLinks)) for link in self.unreadLinks: print "link-> " + str(link) self.loadLink(link) the problem is it doesn't wait until finished loading the web page and starts loading the next one. I want to load a webpage, wait until it finished loading and then load the next one. Thanks, this is driving me crazy :)

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• testing existing attribute of a @classmethod function, yields AttributeError

  - by alex

  i have a function which is a class method, and i want to test a attribute of the class which may or may not be None, but will exist always. class classA(): def __init__(self, var1, var2 = None): self.attribute1 = var1 self.attribute2 = var2 @classmethod def func(self,x): if self.attribute2 is None: do something i get the error AttributeError: class classA has no attribute 'attributeB' when i access the attribute like i showed but if on command line i can see it works, x = classA() x.attributeB is None True so the test works. if i remove the @classmethod decorator from func, the problem disapears. if i leave the @classmethod decorator, it only seems to affect variables which are supplied default values in the super-class's constructor. whats going on in the above code?

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• before_filter not inheriting from parent controller correctly?

  - by Scott

  Sorry if this may be a stupid question but I'm unable get my filters to inherit the way the Rails 3 documentation is saying it should. Specifically I have an Admin controller that was generated via: rails generate controller admin I added only a single action to the admin controller, the before filter & the private filter method class AdminController < ApplicationController before_filter require_admin_creds def index end private def require_admin_creds unless current_user && current_user.admin? flash[:error] = ... redirect_to .... end end end I next then created my nested resources under the admin section with: rails generate scaffold admin/model While my admin index is indeed getting the filter, the admin/model index (or any other actions) are not. What is happening under the hood here that I must have excluded? Thanks in advance.

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• Why isn't the eigenclass equivalent to self.class, when it looks so similar?

  - by The Wicked Flea

  I've missed the memo somewhere, and I hope you'll explain this to me. Why is the eigenclass of an object different from self.class? class Foo def initialize(symbol) eigenclass = class << self self end eigenclass.class_eval do attr_accessor symbol end end end My train of logic that equates the eigenclass with class.self is rather simple: class << self is a way of declaring class methods, rather than instance methods. It's a shortcut to def Foo.bar. So within the reference to the class object, returning self should be identical to self.class. This is because class << self would set self to Foo.class for definition of class methods/attributes. Am I just confused? Or, is this a sneaky trick of Ruby meta-programming?

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• making a programming language

  - by None

  I was wondering which way would create a faster programming language, because I have tried both. Writing code that takes the text, splits it by whitespace or newlines or something, then processes each line and has a dictionary for variables. Or writing code that takes text and converts it to another programming language. This is an example of how a very simple version of the first way would be programmed in python: def run(code): text = code.split(";") for t in text: if t == "hello": print "hi" second: def run(code): rcode = "" text = code.split(";") for t in text: if t == "hello": rcode += "print 'hi'"

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• Tkinter mouse event initially triggered

  - by user3714884

  I'm currently learning Tkinter and I cannot find a solution for my problem here nor outside Stackoverflow. In a nutshell, all events that I bind to my widgets are triggered initialy and don't respond to my actions. In this example, the red rectangle appears on the canvas when I run the code, and color=random.choice(['red', 'blue']) revealed that the event binding doesn't work after that: import Tkinter as tk class application(tk.Frame): def __init__(self, master=None): tk.Frame.__init__(self, master) self.can = tk.Canvas(master, width=200, height=200) self.can.bind('<Button-2>', self.draw()) self.can.grid() def draw(self): self.can.create_rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100, fill='red') app = application() app.mainloop() I use a Mac platform, but I haven't got a clue about its role in the problem. Could anyone please point me at the mistake i did here?

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• Method overloading in groovy

  - by slojo

  I am trying to take advantage of the convenience of groovy's scripting syntax to assign properties, but having trouble with a specific case. I must be missing something simple here. I define class A, B, C as so: class A { A() { println "Constructed class A!" } } class B { B() { println "Constructed class B!" } } class C { private member C() { println "Constructed class C!" } def setMember(A a) { println "Called setMember(A)!" member = a } def setMember(B b) { println "Called setMember(B)!" member = b } } And then try the following calls in a script: c = new C() c.setMember(new A()) // works c.member = new A() // works c.setMember(new B()) // works c.member = new B() // doesn't work! The last assignment results in an error: 'Cannot cast object of class B to class A". Why doesn't it call the proper setMember method for class B like it does for class A?

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• Rails create_table query

  - by Steve

  Hi, I am a beginner in Rails. In the following code,there is an id which is set as false. What's the meaning of it? class CreateCoursesStudents < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :courses_students, :id => false do |t| t.integer :course_id, :null => false t.integer :student_id, :null => false end # Add index to speed up looking up the connection, and ensure # we only enrol a student into each course once add_index :courses_students, [:course_id, :student_id], :unique => true end def self.down remove_index :courses_students, :column => [:course_id, :student_id] drop_table :courses_students end end Thanks

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• Calling from a parent file in python

  - by Teifion

  I have a file called main.py and a file called classes.py main.py contains the application and what's happening while class.py contains some classes. main.py has the following code main.py import classes def addItem(text): print text myClass = classes.ExampleClass() And then we have classes.py classes.py class ExampleClass (object): def __init__(self): addItem('bob') Surprisingly enough that's not the actual code I am using because I've stripped out anything that'd get in the way of you seeing what I want to do. I want to be able to call a method that's defined in main.py from a class within classes.py. How do I do this? Thanks in advance

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• How do I find all the datetimes that happen on a particular date in ruby?

  - by Angela

  I have a method which goes through each day of the week: def dates_week(d, delim) "<tr>" + (d.beginning_of_week...(d.beginning_of_week+5)).map do |day| "<#{delim}> #{yield(day)} </#{delim}>" end.join + "</tr>" end For each day of the week, I plug that as an arg into a method (or maybe a named_scope, haven't figured out which), that will then output the .count for :all the emails that have a :date_sent on that date. However, :date_sent is a date-timestamp, so I can't use == as I have below. def sent_emails_by_date(date) ContactEmail.find(:all, :conditions => "date_sent = '#{date}'" " ).count end How do I find all the emails that fall on the day for the date passed through from the method which loops through a week as shown above?

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