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• What is the effect on LVM snapshot size when a file block is rewritten with it's original contents?

  - by NevilleDNZ

  I'm exploring using LVM snapshot's to off site incremental archives from a snapshot "master" file system. In essence: simply copy across only the files on the "master" that have changed since the last incremental copy to the "archive". Then snapshot the "archive" to retain the incremental. I am a bit puzzled as to the block usage behaviour of the archive's own incremental snapshot. I'm expecting that LVM is not smart enough to know that the "file block" is actually unchanged, and the a new copy will be allocated and written for the fresh "archive" file system. Can anyone confirm this, or point me to a document/page that gives some hints? BTW: the OS hard disk cache, hard disk physical cache and hard disk itself also doesn't need to do any actual "disk writes" as the "disk block" likewise is unnecessary. Any pointers to discussion of this style of optimisation would also be ineresting.

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• VMware virtual network adapters and Windows Firewall

  - by anonymous

  I am running VMware Workstation 7.1.4 on Windows 7 Enterprise SP1-U (x64). Aside from the physical network adapter, I have created a single virtual network adapter (VMware Virtual Ethernet Adapter for VMnet1) which is connected to (can be seen by) the host and the guests. My problem is, even after applying the "*NdisDeviceType = 1" tweak to the virtual adapter, making it disappear from the Network and Sharing Center, I still can't connect to programs running in the host from the guests, unless I specifically "allowed the program to communicate with the public network" using the Windows Firewall (which I don't want to do). This happens to all the programs and services running in the host (File and Printer Sharing, Database server, HTTP proxy, etc.) I am getting the impression that applying the "*NdisDeviceType = 1" tweak only hides a network from the Network and Sharing Center but not actually making it private. Any hints and suggestions?

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• How to connect 2 virtual hosts running on the same machine?

  - by Gabrielle

  I have 2 virtual hosts running on my Windows XP laptop. One is Ubuntu running inside vmware player. The other is MS virtual PC (so I can test with IE6 ). The Ubuntu virtual host is running my web application with apache. I can point my browser on my laptop at the Ubuntu IP and view my web app. I read this post http://stackoverflow.com/questions/197792/how-to-connect-to-host-machine-from-within-virtual-pc-image and was able to get my Virtual PC to ping my physical machine using the loopback adapter. But I'm stuck on getting my Virtual PC to see my web application running in the Ubuntu vmware player host. I appreciate any suggestions.

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• Use System Restore to rescue lost user profile in Win XP?

  - by im_chc

  Hi! My win XP account profile has recently been "reset". Many app settings are lost. For example, the "recent project" list in VS 2005 is empty. There should be lots of other stuffs that are painfully lost without me knowing! What can I do? Can I retrieve the app settings from System Restore? I don't have much confidence on this util, even tho I think restoring to a point when the profile still works, and back up away the C:\Documents and Settings (is it where all the app setting files are located?), that should work... Is it reliable to restore to a previous restore pt and then goes back to the latest RP? I've googled on System Restore, looks like what the util does is just back up some physical files, and restore them when doing System Restore. That sounds quite safe, but I am still uncomfortable to this. Thx for u guys' help in advance!

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• Flow of packets in network

  - by user58859

  I can't visualize in my mind the network traffic flow. eg. If there are 15 pc's in a LAN When packet goes from router to local LAN, do it passes all the computers? Does it go to the ethernet card of every computer and those computers accept the packet based on their physical address? To which pc the packet will go first? To the nearest to the router? What happens if that first pc captures that packet(though it is not for it)? What happens when a pc broadcast a message? Do it have to generate 14 packets for all the pc's or only one packet reach to all pc's? If it is one packet and captured by first pc, how other pc's can get that? I can't imagine how this traffic is exactly flows? May be my analogy is completely wrong. Can anybody explain me this?

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• How to control remote access to Sonicwall VPN beyond passwords?

  - by pghcpa

  I have a SonicWall TZ-210. I want an extremely easy way to limit external remote access to the VPN beyond just username and password, but I do not wish to buy/deploy a OTP appliance because that is overkill for my situation. I also do not want to use IPSec because my remote users are roaming. I want the user to be in physical possession of something, whether that is a pre-configured client with an encrypted key or a certificate .cer/.pfx of some sort. SonicWall used to offer "Certificate Services" for authentication, but apparently discontinued that a long time ago. So, what is everyone using in its place? Beyond the "Fortune 500" expensive solution, how do I limit access to the VPN to only those users who have possession of a certificate file or some other file or something beyond passwords? Thanks.

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• How to disable 3G USB Modem internal storage from being loaded by linux kernel?

  - by Krystian

  Hi, I've got a problem with my 3G modem [Huawei E122]. It has internal storage and kernel assigns a device [/dev/sdX] to it. Because of that, every second time my machine will not boot - kernel panic - as my usb hdd gets assigned /dev/sdb instead of /dev/sda. I cannot use LABEL nor UUID in root= kernel parameter, as it is only available when using initrd, and I can't use it - I am using Debian on my router - mips architecture machine. I have to prevent this from happening, as my router has to start everyday and I have to be sure it works ok. I don't have physical access to restart it when something goes wrong. I don't use my modem internal storage, there's no SD card inserted. However kernel detects the reader and loads it. I can not prevent loading od usb drivers since my hdd is on USB as well. I will appreciate any ideas.

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• Move the ESXi service console from eth0 to eth1.123

  - by Mircea Vutcovici

  I have an VMware ESXi 4.0.0 with 2 physical network cards. First one, eth0, has only the Service Console and the other one, eth1, is a trunk with all VLANs (including the management VLAN used by the Service Console). I would like to free eth0 port to be able to connect a network storage and I would like to move the management IP from eth0 to eth1/VLAN123. Can I do this remotely? Is it possible from vSphere client? Should I do it from the ESXi console?

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• JFFS2 poor mount performance

  - by Marcin Polkowski

  I run multiple ARM boards with Debian Linux installed. Board is equipped with 512 MB of NAND memory. I've observed that after ~3 months of continuous run booting time increased significantly - it takes over 3 minutes to mount filesystem (JFFS2). System was using about 35% of available storage so I’ve removed unnecessary files (got to ~18%) but this didn't change anything. Then I realized that my software produces directories that are left empty so I’ve removed ~500 empty and unnecessary dirs. This didn’t help either. After system is started I see JFFS2 garbage collector (jffs2_gcd_mtd4) running and occupying over 90% of CPU. Now my question: is there a way to „optimize” JFFS2 filesystem for better performance - faster booting (my system have limited timid to boot up)? It would be great if this optimization could be done remotely - I have no physical access to boards.

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• VMware postfix server drops connection

  - by nicoX

  Our physical server godzilla forwards mails to our virtuall VMware server b4. They are on the same net. Often connection drops, we can't ping godzilla with our b4. That means mails from godzilla won't reach b4 and the mails will be in handed into the mailq. Sometimes it takes some hours and the issue will auto fix itself, b4 will wake up and the mail will be delivered. Another thing if we remotely ssh into the b4, the b4 will wake up and and receive any mailq mails from godzilla and deliver them. netadmin@b4:/var/log$ arp -a ? (192.168.209.80) at 00:1E:C9:AE:79:9D [ether] on eth0 root@godzilla:/usr/local/bin# arp -a ? (192.168.209.20) at 00:50:56:91:7d:b2 [ether] on eth0

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• ESXi 5.1 - Unable to register host

  - by deanvz

  I download and successfully installed ESXi 5.1. I am however unable to get the licence key I received installed. An error occurred when assigning the specified licence key: The system Memory is not satisfied with the 32 GB of Maximum memory limit. Current with 80.00 GB of Memory. Is there now way around this? A quick google revealed that this is a global problem with no real answer or resolution. The only workaround is to remove the physical RAM chips, but as this is in going to be in production I dont want to do that as it would mean down time when I have to reinsert the memory

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• Slowness on Exchange 2007 Server (network related we think)

  - by Az

  We are seeing some odd behavior out of our exchange 2007 server. I believe it is network related as during the slowness in response from the exchange server. During these times downloading files to server is fraught with connection resets and extreme slow download speeds that are not affecting other servers right on the same subnet with the same gateway and ISP. We have about 50 users at a time using Outlook 2003 from a terminal server not displaying any other signs of slowness, all network slowness is confirmed trying downloads on the exchange server itself. Checked for virus issues, there are none. Checked for hardware issues, none found I am noticing between 200-400 TCPv4 connections established I am seeing around 100k tcpv4(active) connections according to perfmon are these numbers odd? Has anyone run into anything similar? Our server has a gigbabit NIC linked to a gigabit switch using cat6 so I do not believe it is "physical". Thanks!

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• What is the largest flatscreen monitor available for PC use?

  - by Avery Payne

  I'll qualify this specifically (by order of preference): must have the highest diagonal measurement, widescreen or "normal" aspect ratio doesn't matter here, just the diagonal. must have the highest resolution available, which means 72 inches of 1280x1024 won't cut it. must not have a TV tuner built into it, I'm not looking for a TV set, this is a monitor! must be available at a retail outlet that caters to the general public, i.e. Best Buy, Sears, Costco (all of these examples are in the U.S., although you can suggest something from whatever chain is in your area/nation/geography). Non-retail or non-physical venues like eBay, or businesses that only cater to other businesses, do not qualify under this requirement. I should be able to walk into this place and purchase it, not just whip up an order online. If you are unsure about this requirement, just ask yourself: can I physically see it before I open my wallet and purchase it?

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• What type of security problems are mitigated by this .NET architecture?

  - by Jonno

  Given the following physical layout for a .NET web application: DB (sql server, windows) - No public route (no table access, only stored procs) Web Service DAL (iis, windows) - No public route (can be accessed by web server via port 80 and 443) Web Server (iis, windows) - Public route (only via port 80 and 443) What type(s) / examples of attack could be used to compromise the public web server but would be blocked by the Web Service DAL? i.e. can you think of concrete attack types that the DAL stops? Please note, I am interested only in the security aspect, not scaling / fault tolerance / performance / etc. In my mind if the web server has been compromised using an attack over port 80/443, then the same attack would work over port 80/443 to the Web Service DAL box.

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• Can I create a virtual network interface to connect to a real network device?

  - by michelemarcon

  I have a networked windows pc with 2 network interfaces. The first connects to a lan with ip address 10.1.. The second connects to another lan with ip address 10.2.. Maybe it's a dumb question, however is it possible to virtualize the second network interface, so that the pc can connect to the 2 lans? If necessary, I may switch to linux or paravirtualization. CLARIFICATION: I want to send DHCP broadcast packets on the second lan, but not on the first lan. I want to do it with one single physical network interface. At the moment, I'm not using any virtualization software.

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• FastCgiModule Error 500 on Windows7 Ultimate + IIS 7.5

  - by user63179

  I'm running IIS 7.5 on Windows 7 Ultimate. I've installed PHP Version 5.2.14 using Microsoft Web Platform Installer. I've created a virtual directory and a file with which I can browse it and it returns all the PHP information just fine. I'm trying to install MantisBT, and when I copy all the file to my virtual directory and browse index.php I receive the following error detail: Error Summary HTTP Error 500.0 - Internal Server Error The page cannot be displayed because an internal server error has occurred. Detailed Error Information Module FastCgiModule Notification ExecuteRequestHandler Handler PHP_via_FastCGI Error Code 0x00000000 Requested URL http://localhost:80/mantisbt/index.php Physical Path V:\wwwroot\mantisbt\index.php Logon Method Anonymous Logon User Anonymous I've changed these in the php.ini file: fastcgi.impersonate = 1 fastcgi.logging = 0 cgi.fix_pathinfo=1 cgi.force_redirect = 0 The Handler Mappings have this information: Request path: *.php Module: FastCgiModule Executable: C:[Path to PHP installation]\php-cgi.exe Name: PHP_via_FastCGI Thank you for any advice on this!!

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• Configure iptables with a bridge and static IPs

  - by Andrew Koester

  I have my server set up with several public IP addresses, with a network configuration as follows (with example IPs): eth0 \- br0 - 1.1.1.2 |- [VM 1's eth0] | |- 1.1.1.3 | \- 1.1.1.4 \- [VM 2's eth0] \- 1.1.1.5 My question is, how do I set up iptables with different rules for the actual physical server as well as the VMs? I don't mind having the VMs doing their own iptables, but I'd like br0 to have a different set of rules. Right now I can only let everything through, which is not the desired behavior (as br0 is exposed). Thanks!

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• Why some recovery tools are still able to find deleted files after I purge Recycle Bin, defrag the disk and zero-fill free space?

  - by Ivan

  As far as I understand, when I delete (without using Recycle Bin) a file, its record is removed from the file system table of contents (FAT/MFT/etc...) but the values of the disk sectors which were occupied by the file remain intact until these sectors are reused to write something else. When I use some sort of erased files recovery tool, it reads those sectors directly and tries to build up the original file. In this case, what I can't understand is why recovery tools are still able to find deleted files (with reduced chance of rebuilding them though) after I defragment the drive and overwrite all the free space with zeros. Can you explain this? I thought zero-overwritten deleted files can be only found by means of some special forensic lab magnetic scan hardware and those complex wiping algorithms (overwriting free space multiple times with random and non-random patterns) only make sense to prevent such a physical scan to succeed, but practically it seems that plain zero-fill is not enough to wipe all the tracks of deleted files. How can this be?

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• Does lshw list the "factory" speed of a memory module or the effective speed and how to find the former?

  - by Panayiotis Karabassis

  I hope I phrased this correctly. lshw gives: description: DIMM Synchronous 400 MHz (2.5 ns) product: M378B5773CH0-CH9 vendor: Samsung physical id: 0 slot: DIMM0 size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 400MHz (2.5ns) And indeed the memory speed is set is set to 800MHz in the BIOS, which I think makes sense since it is a double rate. On the other hand, Googling strongly suggests that to this product number corresponds the PC3-10600 type, which is 1333MHz, not 800MHz. And this seems to be confirmed in the BIOS, where if I select Auto for memory bus speed, 1333MHz is selected "based on SPD settings". However in the latter case, the computer does not boot, i.e. the kernel panics, complaining that something attempted to kill the Idle process. So, I am I am beginning to suspect that I have been given defective memory, the technician that installed saw this, and lowered the bus speed. Is this a possibility?

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• What is the value/cost of enabling "spread spectrum clocking" on my hard drives?

  - by Stu Thompson

  I'm building up a biggish NAS box (10x WD RE4 2TB SATA RAID10) and ran into some problems. During the course of my research, debugging, investigations, etc, I discovered a jumper on the physical drives labeled "spread spectrum clocking". After some googling about this on teh internets, it seems to be a feature that some suggest (without reference or explanation) enabling in 'a storage configuration' that makes the drive less sussesptable to EMI. But why? I've got three core questions: Why is this feature not enabled by default? What are the actual benefits? Are there any costs?

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• Deleting a partition on dual boot

  - by blade4

  I have split my C:\ physical disk into 3 seperate partitions: C, H, and K. C has my original OS and is the active partition, H has another OS (dual boot), and K has song files. I want to keep the other OS (Windows Server) and when I am in this OS, I can't delete C ("Windows cannot format this partition"). What is the best way for me to get rid of C, keep all the songs intact, and the Server OS partition, so I replace C with another OS, and then get rid of the original Windows Server OS (So revert the dual boot to a single boot).

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• How to create a VPN between a Host and VMWare VMs?

  - by Anindya Chatterjee

  I have a set of machines as follows My home laptop running Win7 Ultimate with internet connection. A vmware workstation vm running Windows Server 2003 Standard edition server in my laptop w/o internet connectivity Some of my peers' machines connected to internet I want to create a VPN with these machines, provided the VM will not have any direct internet connection and my peers should able to connect to the SVN server application running on this Win2003 server VM. Can anybody please suggest me how to setup this network, what software I need to install in both physical machine and vm, what kind of network connectivity should be there between vmware guest and host machine? EDIT: I deliberately don't want to connect the VM with internet. The host will work more of a gateway of the VPN connection for the VM.

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• What is the best way to back up dedicated web server? (Amanda versus Rsync)

  - by Scott

  Hello everyone, I am trying to establish valid back ups for my web server. It is a linux box on CentOS. I have asked around and "rsync" was suggested by some of the server fault community. However, my coworker at work says that this is really only moving over the physical files and isn't really a usable "snapshot." He suggested using "amanda" and that this did full server snapshots that are more what I am accustomed to. I know at my company we have virtual machines that we take snapshots of and we can restore everything back to just as they were with little effort and little downtime. Is this possible with rsync? Or would I need to create a new server and then migrate the files back and do various configurations? I think I prefer being able to just reset everything to a point in time. Forgive my ignorance, Back ups are something that I have never really had to worry about before.

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• Network Block Device (NBD) clients for Windows or similar solutions

  - by przemoc

  Are there any NBD clients for Windows? Strangely, I cannot find any, or I am searching for them in a wrong way. Such client should be possibly a driver with front-end tool (may be a command-line one) allowing to create virtual drives and associate them with given hosts (or simply localhost) and ports where NBD servers are listening. From user perspective virtual drive should be close to what physical drive is, so it should be accessible as something like \\.\PhysicalDriveX (maybe \\.\VirtualDriveX?), be visible in Disk Management (diskmgmt.msc) and mountvol tools at least. (The only thing I found remotely close to NBD on Windows is ImDisk's proxy mode and companion tool devio, but AFAIK ImDisk only works at partition level (so no virtual drive) and devio uses different protocol.) Secondary question is: Are there any (preferably simple) Windows-specific solutions allowing creation of virtual drive delegating read/write request to user-space via some explicit way (like via TCP, IPC, DLL implementing given API, etc.)?

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• How do I make a virtualised WAN?

  - by EnchantedEggs

  I want to create a virtualised WAN. As in, I want to have a couple of VMs (VBox) on one physical host machine, that exist on separate LANs, but that can talk to each other. Do I make the VMs, set them up with different IP addresses (e.g. 1.2.3.4 and 5.6.7.8) and then configure port forwarding between them somehow??? I've seen articles that set up port forwarding on port 2222, but I don't really understand why this works. How is setting up the VM to listen to port 2222 and then port forward from there to, say, port 80, any different from just telling the VM to listen on port 80 in the first place? FYI, the VMs run Ubuntu Desktop 14.x.

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