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• Determining a realistic measure of requests per second for a web server

  - by Don

  I'm setting up a nginx stack and optimizing the configuration before going live. Running ab to stress test the machine, I was disappointed to see things topping out at 150 requests per second with a significant number of requests taking 1 second to return. Oddly, the machine itself wasn't even breathing hard. I finally thought to ping the box and saw ping times around 100-125 ms. (The machine, to my surprise, is across the country). So, it seems like network latency is dominating my testing. Running the same tests from a machine on the same network as the server (ping times < 1ms) and I see 5000 requests per second, which is more in-line with what I expected from the machine. But this got me thinking: How do I determine and report a "realistic" measure of requests per second for a web server? You always see claims about performance, but shouldn't network latency be taken into consideration? Sure I can serve 5000 request per second to a machine next to the server, but not to a machine across the country. If I have a lot of slow connections, they will eventually impact my server's performance, right? Or am I thinking about this all wrong? Forgive me if this is network engineering 101 stuff. I'm a developer by trade. Update: Edited for clarity.

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• Remote Desktop *from* Windows 2008 R2 Server

  - by freefaller

  Summary: how do I create an RDC connection from a Windows 2008 server to another server? Our client will only allow us to connect to their server via a static IP address (which is fair enough), but unfortunately as we're a very small company we don't have one in the office. As a work around, we had the connection working through our old Windows 2003 server (dynamic-cloud from 1and1). .. however we have just rebuilt the server to run under Windows 2008 R2 (don't ask, but it was necessary), and now I simply cannot get the connection working. I have added an "Outbound Rule" to Windows Firewall with Advanced Security (TCP, All local ports, 3389 remote port - I have also tried the other way around). I have added a packet filter IP security rule with the same details. The 1and1 firewall rules (through their online control panel) allows for 3389 TCP and UDP. But it is simply not connecting (yes, the server is definitely on and able to accept connections) with the general error of... Remote Desktop can’t connect to the remote computer for one of these reasons: 1) Remote access to the server is not enabled 2) The remote computer is turned off 3) The remote computer is not available on the network Is there anything obvious I've missed - or something I can use to find out where the request is being blocked? The new server is using the exact same IP address as before, so I don't believe that would be an issue. Unless it's trying to use an IPv6 address rather than the old IPv4 address that it was before? I apologise that I am not a network person by trade, but I know more than anybody else in my office!!

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• Tips for teaching Linux to beginners?

  - by chiborg

  I will teach Linux to people of the ages 20-75 with no prior Linux knowledge. I want to teach some basic concepts (what's an OS, what's a file system) and some practical knowlede: How to install it, network configuration, set up email client, installing software with a packet manager, etc. I have held a system administrators course in the past, but was under the impression that my method of teaching was not adequate. I've explained what I was about to show, showed students on the projector, told them to repeat it on their computers and summarized what they should have learned. They could ask questions all the time. But I fear they remembered only one-third of the knowledge I taught them. I have two questions here: Are there better methods to teach this particular subject in a classroom equipped with computers? Are there some tricks that "slow me down" when I teach stuff that I know inside-out?

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• Cabling: What to keep in stock?

  - by pehrs

  I have worked a few different places, each one with a different solution, so I would like to hear your suggestions and ideas. I am looking at a situation with multiple server-rooms. We have a mixture of copper (both ethernet and telephone), multi-mode fibre and single-mode fibre. We have all types of connectors: RJ-11, RJ-45, LC, SC, FC, SMA and several I probably forgot about. We have a lot of people working in the area, and keeping track of cables is turning into a full time job. So, here are a the questions: What types and lengths of cable do you keep in stock on site? Do you make your own or buy pre-made? Adapters? Dampeners? How do you manage cable inventory? How do you label the cables? Any other tricks to stop this from driving me crazy?

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• What's the best way to clean up after a fork bomb?

  - by raldi

  $ ls bash: no more processes Uh oh. Looks like someone made a fork bomb. Where I used to work, this pretty much meant that the shared server would need to be power-cycled, since even the sysadmins with root often couldn't get the problem cleaned up. Often, they couldn't even get a prompt. I've heard a few tricks (notably, to send STOP signals rather than KILL signals, since the latter would allow the remaining threads to immediately replace the killed ones), but I've never seen a comprehensive guide entitled So, You Have Yourself a Fork Bomb? Let's make one.

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• Is there a way to do something like LVM over NFS?

  - by warren

  I realize that since NFS is not block-level, LVM can't be used directly. However: is there a way to combine multiple NFS exports (from, say, 3 servers) into one mount point on a different server? Specifically, I'd like to be able to do this on RHEL 4 (or 5, and re-export the combined mount to my RHEL 4 server). expansion The reason I pegged lvm is that I want a bunch of exported mounts (servera:/mnt/export, serverb:/mnt/export, serverc:/mnt/export, etc) to all mount at /mnt/space so that my /mnt/space on this server (serverx) as one large filesystem. Yes, I know that re-exporting is generally a Bad Thing™ but thought it might work, if there was a way to accomplish this on a newer release as opposed to an older one From reading the unionfs docs, it appears that I can't use it over a remote connection - have I misread it? More accurately, since Union FS merges the contents of multiple branches, but makes them appear as one, it doesn't seem to go in reverse: I'm trying to mount a bunch of NFS points in a merged fashion, then write to them - not caring where data goes, a la LVM .

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• how to find a good data center?

  - by drewda

  At my start-up, we're getting to the point where we should be hosting our servers at a data center. I'd appreciate any tips and tricks y'all can offer on finding a reputable place to colocate our racks. Are there any Web sites with customer reviews of data centers or should I just be asking around at techie events? Are unlimited bandwidth plans a gimmick or becoming the norm? Is it worth establishing a redundant set of machines at a second data center from Day One? Or just do offsite back-ups? Thanks for your suggestions.

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• What program is making this sound and how can I make it stop

  - by DrFredEdison

  Some program is intermittently making this weird "chook ... chick" sound, no more than every 5 minutes, but sometimes hours or days between making it. There seems to be no pattern as to when it happens, but the sound is definitely coming from the speakers, and is always the same, so I'm pretty confident some piece of software I'm running is playing the sound. Today, I managed to record it, and I've posted it here: http://tristanhavelick.com/chook-chick.mp3 Short of closing my programs one by one, and seeing if the sound continues, are there any tricks for tracking down a problem like this? Is there any software that can trace what sounds come from what programs (something like tcpview with waveforms)? I am running windows xp.

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• Linux software raid robustness for raid1 vs other raid levels

  - by Waxhead

  I have a raid5 running and now also a raid1 that I set up yesterday. Since raid5 calculates parity it should be able to catch silent data corruption on one disk. However for raid1 the disks are just mirrors. The more I think about it I figure that raid1 is actually quite risky. Sure it will save me from a disk failure but i might not be as good when it comes to protecting the data on disk (who is actually more important for me). How does Linux software raid actually store raid1 type data on disk? How does it know what spindle is giving corrupt data (if the disk(subsystem) is not reporting any errors) If raid1 really is not giving me data protection but rather disk protection is there some tricks I can do with mdadm to create a two disk "raid5 like" setup? e.g. loose capacity but still keep redundancy also for data!?

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• How to boot RHEL with no bash?

  - by nmelmun

  How can I boot a RHEL VM if I deleted /bin/bash? When trying to boot, I now get the following error: "INIT: Cannot execute "/etc/rc/d/rc.sysinit" The next thing I tried was to modify the kernel boot parameters by adding init=/bin/ksh at the end of the line, which gave me a functional shell. After this, in order to get write permissions, I remounted the root partition with: mount -o remount,rw / Then I tried to boot using ksh as the shell by tricking the system into thinking it's bash: ln -s /bin/ksh /bin/bash Then restarted the system normally. Unfortunately this didnt work since ksh is not compatible and /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit uses several bash-specific tricks. Does anyone else have a suggestion on how I could get the system to boot normally without reinstalling bash?

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• Having trouble getting startup scripts to work in Server 2003

  - by Az

  Thanks for taking the time to read this. I am having trouble getting my startup scripts to run correctly on the domain I am administering. Before anyone gets upset and says "go read xxx article from microsoft",... I have. I am simply missing something or not understanding it properly. I understand how to assign the script, what I am curious about is where exactly it should be placed in the Windows folder structure. I have been able to get them to work by creating a share folder called "scripts" and pointing to that exact unc pathname IE \servername\scripts\xxx.bat. However, I would like to do it properly, would someone please tell me where they should be placed in Win2003 server, and what the path name should be when assigning a group policy to do something that applies to computer specific properties? Your assistance is very much appreciated by a junior admin trying to learn some new tricks!

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• RHN Satellite / Spacewalk custom channels, best practice?

  - by tore-

  Hi, I'm currently setting up RHN Satellite, and all works well. I'm in the process of creating custom channels, since we have certain software which should be available for all nodes of satellite, e.g. puppet, facter, subversion, php (newer version than present in base). I've tried to find documentation on best practices on this. How should they be set up, how to handle different arch, how to handle noarch packages. How to sync updates to dependencies when updating a custom package in a custom channel (e.g. php is updated, how to fetch all updated dependencies). The channel management documentation from RHEL (http://www.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Network_Satellite/5.3/Channel_Management_Guide/html/Channel_Management_Guide-Custom_Channel_and_Package_Management.html) doesn't provide me with enough information on how to solve any of theese issues. All tips, tricks and information regarding this would be great!

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• Preferred mail system/server for a company?

  - by Trevoke

  Say you are responsible for setting up an email solution at a company. Which would be your choice? I know of the following options, but many of them not well: Gordano Mail System Exchange Exim Postfix Qmail Zimbra For having used it a little over two years, I really, really like Gordano Mail System. They offer a whole bunch of things, like calendaring, anti-spam, anti-virus, extremely complete and filterable logging options, aliases, a customizable webmail interface... And their software can be installed on both a Windows or Linux OS. In addition, their support is top-notch, their knowledgebase comprehensive (and, I will admit with a touch of pride, I have contributed, with my questions, to the addition of a few articles in there). Of course, they're not free, which can be a problem, but they're not Exchange, and they do offer pretty much everything that Exchange offers -- which is great if you want to stay away from that, but need all the features. Although, if you need a Blackberry Exchange Server, or something similar, I'm not sure what you should go for. So.. What would your choice be? Why? I've never played with a more DIY email solution, but I'm sure many people here have and wouldn't trade their setup for the world :)

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• Best video codec to store my own collection

  - by Jack

  Hello! I think this question has already been asked but with different flavours. My problem resised in the fact that my camera (Canon G9) creates video with almost raw codec (I think it's plain old MPEG) so a 10 minutes video is almost 900mb. I would like to convert them in a format that has a good trade-off between space and quality, but I would prefer having the quality as good as the original (of course this is not possible because of lossy compression) just saving as much space is possible with a minimal lose of quality. Which codec should I look for? H264? It seems to be the champion of the moment.. otherwise which other ones could I try? XviD? Which parameters should I use? I mean how many kbits/s is a fair good bitrate to keep high quality? And what about audio codec? video specs are 640x480 at 30fps or 1024x768 at 15fps.. thanks in advance!

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• Kickstart virtual console: No 'Shell prompt' at Alt-F2

  - by Stefan Lasiewski

  I am installing Scientific Linux 6.1 via kickstart, and I am trying to debug a problem. According to Tips and tricks for anaconda and kickstart, I should have several virtual consoles available: What the different terminals display Alt-F1 The installation dialog when using text or cmdline Alt-F2 A shell prompt Alt-F3 The install log displaying messages from install program Alt-F4 The system log displaying messages from kernel, etc. Alt-F5 All other messages Alt-F7 The installation dialog when using the graphical installer The Virtual Consoles Alt-F1, F3, F4 & F5 all work and show various logging information. However, the Virtual Console at Alt-F2 does not do anything. I could really use access to the shell prompt (Alt-F2), however there is no Shell prompt available at the second virtual console (Alt-F2). All I have is a blinking '_'. Can I forge Alt-F2 to show me a shell prompt?

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• How to search with Spotlight more effectively

  - by Chris Adams

  I'm used to using various flags to modify the results of Google searches, to only show results from a particular site, or only certain kinds of files. For example you can restrict Spotlight searches to only look for pdf files like this example, when I'm looking for a pdf cheatsheet for using YUI's grid system css framework on my computer. YUI grid kind:pdf I'd be amazed if Apple's Spotlight didn't have loads of other handy flags to fine tune a search in the same way - what tricks do you use, or where do you look to find more tips to improve your Spotlight-fu?

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• Why is my connection to Playstation Network so unreliable? [closed]

  - by jammus

  Hello friends. I'm 28 and my girlfriend is 24. Our home internet connection is pretty reliable, it's almost always up and can get fairly high download speeds. However, my experience with the Playstation Network is pretty frustrating. I'm always getting kicked off or getting quite high latency. Are there any tips or tricks that you might help my on-line gaming run more smoothly? I'm using a wireless connection for the PS3, is this likely to affect things?

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• My computer has gone horribly slow, how can I dignose whats wrong?

  - by Chirag N.R.

  I have a computer based on AMD processor & 512 MB RAM. Lately the computer has gone horribly slow. I did many tricks but was of no avail. So, I reinstalled my Operating system - Win XP SP3, still the the response is very slow. I checked if there are any background applications consuming resources. There was nothing suspicious. I removed all the applications on start, still the computer is slow. I've heard that AMD processor based systems show this behavior when they get aged. Is it true? Should I just buy a new system?

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• How to sum cells depending on the content of a neighbor cell

  - by dannymcc

  I have an Excel document with the following columns; Date | Reference | Amount 23/01/11 | 111111111 | £20.00 25/09/11 | 222222222 | £30.00 11/11/11 | 111111111 | £40.00 01/04/11 | 333333333 | £10.00 31/03/11 | 333333333 | £33.00 20/03/11 | 111111111 | £667.00 21/11/11 | 222222222 | £564.00 I am trying to find a way of summarising the content in the following way; Reference : 111111111 Total: £727 So far the only way I have been able to achieve this is to filter the list by each reference number (manually) and then add a simple SUM formula to the bottom of the list of amounts. Are there any tricks that anyone knows that may speed this up? What I am trying to achieve is a spreadsheet that highlights each reference number that collectively exceeds over £2,000.

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• Unable to logoff, disconnect, or reset terminal server user in production environment

  - by l0c0b0x

  I'm looking for some ideas on how to disconnect, logoff, or reset a user's session in a 2008 Terminal Server (unable to login as the user either as it is completely locked-up). This is a production environment, so rebooting the server or doing something system-wide is out of the question for now. Any Powershell tricks to help us with this? We've tried to disconnect, log the user off and reset the session as well as killing the session's processes too, directly from the same terminal server (from the task manager, Terminal Services Manager and the Resource Monitor) with no results. Help! UPDATE: We ended up rebooting the server as no other attempts that we could think of worked. I'll leave this question open hoping someone might have more information about this one issue, and it's potential fixes

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• How to increase signal/range of your Wi-Fi antenna-less repeater/booster over the network?

  - by kenorb

  I've BT Home Hub in the upper flat (2-3 walls behind) and I'm using WPS Wireless-N Wifi Range Router Repeater Extender in my flat where I'm using my laptop. These are antenna-less devices. Are there any life-hack tricks to increase signal/range of my repeater without buying the new more powerful repeater? I've tried already to move my repeater closer to the ceiling or putting the aluminium foil underneath, but it didn't help. Are there any methods, specific plates or materials which can boost the signal? Specification: Model: WN518W2 Frequency range: 2.4-2.4835GHz Wireless transmit power: 14 ~17 dBm (Typical) Wireless Signal Rates With Automatic Fallback: 11n: Up to 300Mbps(dynamic), 11g: Up to 54Mbps(dynamic), 11b: Up to 11Mbps(dynamic) Modulation Technology: DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK, OFDM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM Receiver Sensitivity: 300M: -68dBm@10% PER / 150M: -68dBm@10% PER / 108M: -68dBm@10% PER / 54M: -68dBm@10% PER / 11M: -85dBm@8% PER / 6M: -88dBm@10% PER / 1M: -90dBm@8% PER Product dimensions: 11 * 6 * 7cm

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• Webserver python update script

  - by ThePyCoder

  So i have made this website on which you can trade stocks based on real stock quotes with virtual money. The stock quotes are in a MySQL database and are updated using a python script which runs every minute or so. Now, this works fine on my local machine with xampp but how about moving the project to a commercial web server? Basically I want my page hosted by a professional company but do those kind of servers support python scripts running in the background? Because a dedicated server would be to expensive and the script does some other sql tasks too so it can't be replaced by PHP or so... So, are there any good web hosting services out there who give me the possibility of running a script in the background and hosting a website in the foreground? For what server specifications do i have to look for? Thnx in advance! PS: I've done some research, and I found a python supporting web host WITH ssh support. Is that what I need? Or is the ssh not allowed to start processes?

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• Missing disk space in Windows XP

  - by Jørn Schou-Rode

  On my mother's Lenovo laptop, Windows XP claims that the hard drive is almost full. According to the properties window, 52.7 out of 55.2 GB is in use: By deleting temp files from Internet Explorer, System Restore, Recycle bin, Windows Update, System Cleanup, I managed to free up about one GB. That's still 50 GB in use, which still is a lot more than I expected. Hence, I gave good old WinDirStat a spin, and here's the output: It might be hard to read here, but the first line says that the total amount of disk space in use on drive C is 24.3 GB. So Windows claims usage of 52.7 GB and WinDirStat can only account for 24.3 GB. Where is the other half of that disk space being used? I hope someone has an answer, or some tricks or tips to do further research. UPDATE: The laptop in question has an SSD hard drive. I am aware that these disk (at least the earlier ones) have a limited life-time. Could the symptoms described be caused by wear and tear on the SSD?

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• DNS: domain2 points to domain1

  - by Yar

  I have one domain ("domain1") that is set up with hosting and mail (hosted by Gmail Apps). This domain works perfectly. I want a second domain ("domain2") to forward to domain1, but I don't want to use "DNS Forwarding." I would like to have it act EXACTLY like domain1, so that domain2/whatever points to the same resource as domain1/whatever WITHOUT AN HTTP REDIRECT NOR BROWSER TRICKS LIKE FRAMES. I would also love to be able to send mail to "blah@domain2" and have it go to "blah@domain1". Can this be set up, and how? I am using GoDaddy as registrar and DNS host for both domains. GoDaddy is also the web host for domain1, and mail hosting is with Google Apps.

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• Internal Code Signing: Key Distribution, or Certificate Server?

  - by Myrddin Emrys

  I should first note that we have nobody in IT with significant familiarity with self-signed certification. We have a moderately sprawling network (one forest, many locations), and we are now rolling out internal code signing; until now users have run untrusted code, or we even disabled(!) the warnings. Intranet applications, scripts, and sites will now be signed with self certification. I am aware of two obvious ways we can deploy this: Distributing the keys directly via a group policy, and setting up a cert server. Can someone explain the trade-offs between these two methods? How many certs before the group policy method is unwieldy? Are they large enough that remote users will have issues? Does the group policy method distribute duplicates on every login? Is there a better method I am not aware of? I can find a lot of documentation on certifications and various ways to create them, but I have not been able to find something that summarizes the difference between the distribution methods and what criteria make one or the other superior.

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