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• EC2 persistence of machine

  - by Seagull

  I notice that EBS-backed AMIs are much like a VMWare instances -- I can stop them and also persist them to disk, and all this is done relatively quickly. However, I believe that S3 backed machines are different. They cannot be 'stopped', but rather can only be shut-down, written to S3 disk and started up again; with at least a 15 min delay in doing so. Why the difference? How do AMI providers decide whether to use EBS or S3? If I need to stop/persist/restart machines relatively frequently, then I am implicitly limited to just the EBS-backed machines?

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• Which is faster for read access on EC2; local drive or EBS?

  - by Phillip Oldham

  Which is faster for read access on an EC2 instance; the "local" drive or an attached EBS volume? I have some data that needs to be persisted so have placed this on an EBS volume. I'm using OpenSolaris, so this volume has been attached as a ZFS pool. However, I have a large chunk of EC2 disk space that's going to go unused, so I'm considering re-purposing this as a ZFS cache volume but I don't want to do this if the disk access is going to be slower than that of the EBS volume as it would potentially have a detrimental effect.

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• Problems migrating an EBS backed instance over AWS Regions

  - by gshankar

  Note: I asked this question on the EC2 forums too but haven't received any love there. Hopefully the ServerFault community will be more awesome. The new AWS Sydney region opening up is something that we've been waiting for for a long time but I'm having a lot of trouble migrating our instances over from N. California. I managed to migrate 1 instance over using CloudyScripts to move a snapshot and then firing up a new instance in the Sydney region. This was a very new instance so both the source and destination were running on a Ubuntu 12.04 LTS server and I had no issues there. However, the rest of our instances are all Ubuntu 10.04 LTS and with these, I'm having a lot of problems. I've tried following: 1- following the AWS whitepaper on moving instances which was given to us at the recent Customer Appreciation Day in Sydney where the new region was launched. The problem with this approach was with the last step (Step 19) here you register the image: ec2-register -s snap-0f62ec3f -n "Wombat" -d "migrated Wombat" --region ap-southeast-2 -a x86_64 --kernel aki-937e2ed6 --block-device-mapping "/dev/sdk=ephemeral0" I keep getting this error: Client.InvalidAMIID.NotFound: The AMI ID 'ami-937e2ed6' does not exist which I think is due to the kernel_id not existing in the Sydney region? 2- Using CloudyScripts to move a snapshot and then creating a new volume and attaching to a new instance in Sydney This results in the instance just hanging on boot and failing the status checks. I can't SSH in or look at the server log I suspect that my issue is with finding the right kernel_id for the volume in the new region. However I can't seem to work out how to go about finding this kernel_id, the ones I've tried (from the original instance) don't result in the Client.InvalidAMIID.NotFound: The AMI ID 'ami-937e2ed6' error and any other kernel_id just won't boot. I've tried both 12.04 and 10.04 versions of Ubuntu. Nothing seems to work, I've been banging my head against a wall for a while now, please help! New (broken) instance i-a1acda9b ami-9b8611a1 aki-31990e0b Source instance i-08a6664e ami-b37e2ef6 aki-937e2ed6 p.s. I also tried following this guide on updating my Ubuntu LTS version to 12.04 before doing the migration but it didn't seem to work either, still getting stuck on updating the kernel_id http://ubuntu-smoser.blogspot.com.au/2010/04/upgrading-ebs-instance.html

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• Disable disk caches in AWS EBS for PostgreSQL?

  - by Alexandr Kurilin

  It's my understanding that, without correctly disabling OS-level and drive-level caching, there is a chance that in case of system failure the Write-Ahead Log might not be saved correctly and in fact might get corrupted, possibly preventing data recovery. I've already made sure that wal_sync_method=fdatasync however I was unable to make any configuration changes with hdparm since I get the following: $ sudo htparm -I /dev/xvdf /dev/xvdf: HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Invalid argument Looks like that option is not available in the kind of setup you get in EC2. Am I missing anything here? Are there any other obvious caches I have to disable to ensure the WAL's safety?

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• How to upgrade a single instance's size without downtime

  - by Justin Meltzer

  I'm afraid there may not be a way to do this since we're not load balancing, but I'd like to know if there is any way to upgrade an EC2 EBS backed instance to a larger size without downtime. First of all, we have everything on one instance: both our app and our database (mongodb). This is along the lines i'm thinking: I know you can create snapshots of your EBS and an AMI of your instance. We already have an AMI and we create hourly snapshots. If I spin up a new separate instance of a larger size and then implement (not sure what the right term is here) the snapshots so that our database is up to date, then I could switch the A record of our domain from the old ip address to the new one. However, I'm afraid that after copying over the data from the snapshot, by the time it takes to change the A record and have that change propagate, the data could potentially be stale. Is there a way to prevent this, and is there a better way to do this than I am suggesting?

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• Create image (EBS AMI) takes forever - possibly caused MySQL Server to break?

  - by fuzzybee

  I'm trying to create an EBS AMI from my running EC2 instance to reuse my LAMP fully configured (for my needs). I got my website up and running yesterday on this EC2 instance my MySQL was working fine until this morning (it's not that difficult to install LAMP thanks to yum so I can't see how I could go wrong with this; having said that, it's always difficult for one to realise his own errors) I have seen "Loading, please wait ..." for a few hours now. How do I know whether this is completed or its progress? Shortly after I tried to create the AMI image from my EC2 instance, I encountered database connection error can't connect to local mysql server through socket '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' I was able to restart mysqld at first. But database connection was down again. This time, I could not restart mysqld anymore. It shows MySQL Daemon failed to start. Could my attempt to create the AMI by any chance cause the MySQL server to reboot or corrupt? I did a lot of searched and have done the following although I think I shouldn't have to do any workaround for MySQL server to work here chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/ I also found this workaround but I'm very reluctant to follow due to my belief and the fact I would need to understand this problem first. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Getting back to searching for a solution for the MySQL server problem ... Thanks, Eric

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• AWS: Should my EC2 and RDS instances be in the same Availability Zone?

  - by DOOManiac

  I just noticed that all of our EC2 instances are in zone us-west-2b, but our Multi-AZ RDS instance is in us-west-2a. Performance-wise everything seems to be okay, and it will be a hassle to "move" the instances to one place since you have to stop and re-create them all. However if either of the two zones goes down when we will have some downtime; if everything is in one zone then at least we have a higher chance of not being in the zone that has downtime... Is this something worth fixing, or am I over-thinking it? (I was about to purchase some EC2 Reserved Instances, which are tied to specific AZs, so I wanted to make sure before going through with it) Thanks!

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• Picking only the value field out of Cloudwatch Dimensions, Java

  - by GroovyUser

  I have some data that are retried from the cloudwatch api's. Specifically I have used listMetrics. The data that I got from this call is : {Metrics: [{Namespace: Metric from grails, MetricName: hello123, Dimensions: [{Name: name, Value: 1425, }], }, {Namespace: Metric from grails, MetricName: hello123, Dimensions: [{Name: name, Value: 1068, }], }, That was the correct data as I would expect. I need a way to return only the value fields. Not others things. Is there any way to do this, in java? Thanks in advance.

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• Disk doesn't contain a valid partition table

  - by Jeevan Dongre

  I was running a m1.small instance ec2 ubuntu instance. I was running out of disk space, so I upgraded my instance to medium. When I upgraded I actually got 429.5 GB of space and after that I added 10 gb of volume too. When I run the "sudo fdisk -l" command I got this results. Disk /dev/sda1: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sda2: 429.5 GB, 429461078016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 52212 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda2 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sdf: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 sda1 is the primary parition and sda2 is what I got added upgrading my system to medium. But the problem persists, I am not able to pull the code from git, it is giving me this error. remote: Counting objects: 409, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (236/236), done. fatal: write error: No space left on device fatal: index-pack failed

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• How to address an EC2 instance from both inside and outside datacenter?

  - by Alexandr Kurilin

  I'm trying to find a good way of being able to address my EC2 database instance from both inside and outside of the datacenter. Other EC2 instances need to be able to call into it, and other clients like pgAdmin might need to connect to it from the outside world as well. It's my understanding that using the internal and external DNS names is sustainable long term as each reboot leads to a change. I'm thinking of associating an Elastic IP with the instance and giving it an A record (say db1.mydomain.com) which I then will use both within and outside the datacenter. Further instances in the same role will get the same treatment and a DNS record of db2.mydomain.com etc. Now, is there a cleaner and more stable way of achieving this result? Am going about this the wrong way? Suggestions?

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• Persistent Spot Instance Request with CloudFormation

  - by PapelPincel

  Is it possible to create "Persistent Spot Instance" with AWS CloudFormation ? I'm going through the Autoscale and EC2 CloudFormation's template references but there is no mention how to set a property so the Spot requests stay persistent. When the price bid lower than the actual spot price AWS brings the instances down. I would like the instances to be started automatically when the instance price is cheaper again. This can be set manually when creating a new spot instance request by checking the option "Persistent Request" in the "Request Instances Wizard".

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• Detaching EBS Volumes (in LVM) take a lot of time

  - by Cheezo

  I have an EC2 Instance(EBS Backed-root partition) with EBS volumes configured via LVM. I have formatted it as ext4 and can mount it to store data etc. Now i want take a snapshot of the root partition, hence in that case i go and detach the other non-root EBS volumes (configured in LVM). Here a regular detach does not work, and i have "force" detach almost always. Although, i another similar setup with RAID instead of LVM and there after stopping RAID, i can easily detach. The whole setup is running Ubuntu Maverick 10.10 Please assist me in the same.

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• How to change the computer name on a server configured by Puppet

  - by David Sulpy

  I am new to Puppet and I'm trying to get Puppet to configure my EC2 instances after they're started from a Cloud Formation Template in AWS. The problem is that all the nodes that get started from the Cloud Formation Template all have the same name (the name from the AMI that the new nodes derive from). I would love to find a way to have puppet rename the nodes when the nodes start up. (although, as far as I know, a Computer Name change requires reboot, a separate issue...) If you can point me to some documentation that can help me figure this out or if you have any ideas that would be great. My ultimate goal is to have each EC2 start with a unique name so that I can use New Relic server monitoring to report the different servers.

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• How can I tell my dd-wrt router to use someone's Amazon Affiliates link when I point my browser to amazon.com?

  - by Michael Paul

  Here's what I'd like to do. Instead of a one-time donation to one of my favorite free tools (junecloud.com) I'd like to do what they suggest here and use their Amazon Affiliates link to do all my Amazon shopping. I shop at amazon once or twice a week, so this is a great way to let them earn lots of long-term cash without me dropping a dime. My thought was to go into my dd-wrt enabled router and tell it, "any time I go to amazon.com on any computer in the house, please go to http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?link_code=ur2&tag=junecloud-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&location=%2F instead. (That URL simply redirects me to amazon.com but every purchase I make during that session is credited to JuneCloud.) Once logged into dd-wrt, I went to Services Services DNSMasq but I'm not really sure how to get it to work from there, or if it's even possible. I know I can redirect IP addresses, but I'm looking to redirect someone on my network from amazon.com to the special amazon affiliate code link. Hope that's clear. Thanks for any replies!

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• C# code to GZip and upload a string to Amazon S3

  - by BigJoe714

  Hello. I currently use the following code to retrieve and decompress string data from Amazon C#: GetObjectRequest getObjectRequest = new GetObjectRequest().WithBucketName(bucketName).WithKey(key); using (S3Response getObjectResponse = client.GetObject(getObjectRequest)) { using (Stream s = getObjectResponse.ResponseStream) { using (GZipStream gzipStream = new GZipStream(s, CompressionMode.Decompress)) { StreamReader Reader = new StreamReader(gzipStream, Encoding.Default); string Html = Reader.ReadToEnd(); parseFile(Html); } } } I want to reverse this code so that I can compress and upload string data to S3 without being written to disk. I tried the following, but I am getting an Exception: using (AmazonS3 client = Amazon.AWSClientFactory.CreateAmazonS3Client(AWSAccessKeyID, AWSSecretAccessKeyID)) { string awsPath = AWSS3PrefixPath + "/" + keyName+ ".htm.gz"; byte[] buffer = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(content); using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream()) { using (GZipStream zip = new GZipStream(ms, CompressionMode.Compress)) { zip.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); PutObjectRequest request = new PutObjectRequest(); request.InputStream = ms; request.Key = awsPath; request.BucketName = AWSS3BuckenName; using (S3Response putResponse = client.PutObject(request)) { //process response } } } } The exception I am getting is: Cannot access a closed Stream. What am I doing wrong?

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• Amazon Web services - retrieving a wishlist

  - by izb

  I've been tinkering with Yahoo Pipes and the Amazon E-Commerce Service (ECS) SDK to retrieve my wishlist. The problem is that although I can get all the items on my wishlist just fine, it seems to include items that I've deleted too. Has anyone else used this API and noticed this? Is there a way around it? UPDATE: Requested additional information in comments... Here is the URL I use to fetch the wishlist XML: http://webservices.amazon.co.uk/onca/xml?SubscriptionId=[my subs id]&Service=AWSECommerceService&ResponseGroup=ListItems&ProductPage=1&ProductGroup=Book&Operation=ListLookup&ListType=WishList&ListId=[my list id] And here is the relevant part of the XML response: <ListId>[my list id]</ListId> <ListName>Wishlist</ListName> <TotalItems>132</TotalItems> <TotalPages>14</TotalPages> <ListItem> <ListItemId>EPIE5559HKT391</ListItemId> <DateAdded>2003-11-17</DateAdded> <QuantityDesired>1</QuantityDesired> <QuantityReceived>0</QuantityReceived> <Item> <ASIN>5557205521</ASIN> <ItemAttributes> <Title>Horton hears a who</Title> </ItemAttributes> </Item> </ListItem> ... The rest of the XML is just either more list items like that, or information about the request at the top of the response.

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• Issues with Rails, Amazon S3, and protected URLs

  - by Shpigford

  So I followed this little tutorial about protecting downloads of files that are uploaded to Amazon S3 with Paperclip. When I've developed locally, it's worked fine, but since pushing the exact same code to a production server...I now get this error from Amazon when I try to access the files: <Error> <Code>InvalidArgument</Code> <Message>Either the Signature query string parameter or the Authorization header should be specified, not both</Message> <ArgumentValue>Basic dGVjaHVrdWxlbGU6ZWxlbHVrdWhjZXQ=</ArgumentValue> <ArgumentName>Authorization</ArgumentName> <RequestId>F6E455857C54F95A</RequestId> <HostId>X4QA2pw9wpHtJtJ2T8qxCyINjq4PLHQVF4VrlYjpX7Ayh694BgQprh5p8H7NRCAt</HostId> </Error> Example URL: http://s3.amazonaws.com/media.example.com/assets/videos/1/original.mov?AWSAccessKeyId=MY_ACCESS_KEY&Expires=1271972624&Signature=7wWH2WYHPO0o9szwPJbimUMqAig%3D That URL is generated using AWS::S3::S3Object.url_for using the aws-s3 gem. So...not even sure where to start. The fact that it works fine when the app is running locally but not when in production really doesn't make sense. The production server is running Ubuntu 8.04.4 LTS (Hardy).

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• What settings need to be changed to allow EC2 instances to use Amazon's Route 53 for DNS?

  - by ks78

  I have a number of Amazon EC2 instances, all running Ubuntu, which I'd like to configure to use Amazon's Route 53. I setup a script, following Shlomo Swidler's article, but ran into script-related issues, which were answered here. Now, I have the script working, but my instances are still not able to access Route 53's DNS. By this I mean, they are not able to resolve hostnames to IP addresses. My instances are currently configured with the DNS server IP address Amazon pushes out to them by default, does that need to be changed when using Route 53? I'm also IP-restricting my instances using the Security Groups. Could that be the problem? Is there a certain IP address or port I should open to allow communication with Route 53? It seems that DNS requests should be originating from my instances so the Security Groups shouldn't be an issue, but I've been wrong before. If anyone has any ideas, I'd really appreciate it.

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• AWS Load balancer connection reset

  - by joshmmo

  I have an ELB set up with two instances. The issue I have with it is that when I do not add www. to it, the ELB just hangs. This is some info I get when I spider with wget: Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists. --2013-06-20 13:40:54-- http://learning.example.com/ Resolving learning.example.com... 54.xxx.x.x53, 50.xx.xxx.x71 Connecting to learning.example.com|54.xxx.x.x53|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... No data received. Retrying. when I add www. it works great. I have a GoDaddy SSL cert that I added to the listener section that covers 3 domains, www.learning.example.com, files.learning.example.com and learning.example.com. These are my listener settings: - HTTP 80 HTTPS 443 N/A N/A - SSL 443 SSL 443 Change canvasNew (Change) My EC2 instances are running apache2 on Ubuntu 12.04. I will be happy to post my vhosts file if needed. However, when I ran the server with the domains pointing to just one EC2 instance things worked fine. How can I fix this issue for learning.example.com? Why does www work just fine? A second question would be what is the difference between instance protocol and load balancer protocol? EDIT: Here are the dig results for learning.example.com from yesterday. I changed the DNS entry to point to one instance to make sure it was the elb. When I switch it back I will do it for www.learning.example.com ; <<>> DiG 9.9.1-P2 <<>> learning.example.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 20210 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;learning.example.com. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: learning.example.com. 2559 IN CNAME canvas-22222222222.us-west-1.elb.amazonaws.com. canvas-22222222222.us-west-1.elb.amazonaws.com. 60 IN A 54.xxx.x.x53 canvas-22222222222.us-west-1.elb.amazonaws.com. 60 IN A 50.xx.xxx.x71 ;; Query time: 83 msec ;; SERVER: 10.x.xx.20#53(10.x.xx.20) ;; WHEN: Thu Jun 20 13:40:47 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 137 EDIT 2: Here is some more info that might be helpful. Port Configuration: 80 (HTTP) forwarding to 443 (HTTPS) Backend Authentication: Disabled Stickiness: Disabled(edit) 443 (SSL, Certificate: canvasNew) forwarding to 443 (SSL) Backend Authentication: Disabled So I switched everything to one EC2 IP address to bypass the elb to make sure things are working. It's running great. www and the non-www url work perfectly fine. Its only when I switch things to the ELB that learning.example.com hangs and www.learning.example.com works. Hopefully you can get some ideas flowing.

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• How can I get the size of an Amazon S3 bucket?

  - by Garret Heaton

  I'd like to graph the size (in bytes, and # of items) of an Amazon S3 bucket and am looking for an efficient way to get the data. The s3cmd tools provide a way to get the total file size using s3cmd du s3://bucket_name, but I'm worried about its ability to scale since it looks like it fetches data about every file and calculates its own sum. Since Amazon charges users in GB-Months it seems odd that they don't expose this value directly. Although Amazon's REST API returns the number of items in a bucket, [s3cmd] doesn't seem to expose it. I could do s3cmd ls -r s3://bucket_name | wc -l but that seems like a hack. The Ruby AWS::S3 library looked promising, but only provides the # of bucket items, not the total bucket size. Is anyone aware of any other command line tools or libraries (prefer Perl, PHP, Python, or Ruby) which provide ways of getting this data?

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• Amazon CloudFront Cache Invalidation – Fill out the Survey!

  - by joelvarty

  Amazon have come up with a survey regarding how cache can be invalidated on object stored in their CloudFront servers. http://survey.amazonwebservices.com/survey/s?s=1369   This is a key feature for Agility CMS, and for a lot of other applications. If it’s important to you, I suggest you spend a few minutes and fill it out. more later - joel

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• How to setup IPSec with Amazon EC2

  - by bonzi

  How to setup an IPSec connection from my ubuntu laptop to Amazon EC2 instance? I tried setting it up using elastic IP and VPC with the following openswan configuration but it is not working. conn host-to-host left=%defaultroute leftsubnet=EC2PRIVATEIP/32 # Local netmask leftid=ELASTICIP leftrsasigkey= connaddrfamily=ipv4 right=1laptopip # Remote IP address rightid=laptopip rightrsasigkey= ike=aes128 # IKE algorithms (AES cipher) esp=aes128 # ESP algorithns (AES cipher) auto=add pfs=yes forceencaps=yes type=tunnel

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• How to setup IPSec with Amazon EC2

  - by bonzi

  How to setup an IPSec connection from my ubuntu laptop to Amazon EC2 instance? I tried setting it up using elastic IP and VPC with the following openswan configuration but it is not working. conn host-to-host left=%defaultroute leftsubnet=EC2PRIVATEIP/32 # Local netmask leftid=ELASTICIP leftrsasigkey= connaddrfamily=ipv4 right=1laptopip # Remote IP address rightid=laptopip rightrsasigkey= ike=aes128 # IKE algorithms (AES cipher) esp=aes128 # ESP algorithns (AES cipher) auto=add pfs=yes forceencaps=yes type=tunnel

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• What is a good Amazon S3 client?

  - by Eyal

  I've been using the Amazon S3 Management console to browse my S3 files. Unfortunately, it doesn't seem to be able to sort files (in a given bucket) by anything other than whatever its default is (which seems to be by name). I'd like a nice GUI client for seeing these files which will let me sort them by date, so the newest will appear on top. I did find a Firefox plug-in - S3Fox - but it doesn't work for the current version of Firefox.

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• Controlling number of downloads on Amazon S3

  - by m7d

  Is there a way to control number of downloads of digital content on Amazon S3 or via some middle man software that talks to S3? I already use their timed links, but I would like to control number of downloads also. Any ideas of how to accomplish this using S3 or suggestions about alternative services that could? Thanks!

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