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• RAID degraded on Ubuntu server

  - by reano

  We're having a very weird issue at work. Our Ubuntu server has 6 drives, set up with RAID1 as follows: /dev/md0, consisting of: /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/md1, consisting of: /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/md2, consisting of: /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/md3, consisting of: /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/md4, consisting of: /dev/sde1 /dev/sdf1 As you can see, md0, md1 and md2 all use the same 2 drives (split into 3 partitions). I also have to note that this is done via ubuntu software raid, not hardware raid. Today, the /md0 RAID1 array shows as degraded - it is missing the /dev/sdb1 drive. But since /dev/sdb1 is only a partition (and /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3 are working fine), it's obviously not the drive that's gone AWOL, it seems the partition itself is missing. How is that even possible? And what could we do to fix it? My output of cat /proc/mdstat: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1] 24006528 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1] 1441268544 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] 1464710976 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] md3 : active raid1 sdd1[1] sdc1[0] 2930133824 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md4 : active raid1 sdf2[1] sde2[0] 2929939264 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> FYI: I tried the following: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1 But got this error: mdadm: add new device failed for /dev/sdb1 as 2: Invalid argument Output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 is: /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Dec 29 17:09:45 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Used Dev Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 7 15:55:07 2013 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : lia:0 (local to host lia) UUID : eb302d19:ff70c7bf:401d63af:ed042d59 Events : 26216 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 0 0 1 removed

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• centos install / partitioning

  - by ServerSideX

  I'm using NOC-PS to remotely install Centos 6.2 via KVM / IPMI. I'm going to install cPanel as well and they recommend this layout /boot (99MB) swap (2x server RAM) / (remainder) In the o/s install profile within NOC-PS software, it shows as this: part /boot --fstype ext2 --size 250 part pv.01 --size 1 --grow volgroup vg pv.01 logvol / --vgname=vg --size=1 --grow --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=root logvol /tmp --vgname=vg --size=1024 --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=tmp logvol swap --vgname=vg --recommended --name=swap By the time the default partition setup was done installing Centos, I get this [root@server005 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg-root 532G 907M 504G 1% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 243M 28M 202M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg-tmp 1008M 34M 924M 4% /tmp [root@server005 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Dec 7 18:47:24 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/vg-root / ext4 discard,noatime 1 1 UUID=58b31aaf-5072-4fb1-a858-33bc316fa793 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-tmp /tmp ext4 discard,noatime 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 My question is, how should the NOC-PS install profile look like to get the recommended cPanel partitioning? The server has 16GB RAM, dual 600GB SAS drives and will be used for cPanel shared hosting.

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• Linux RAID: Replacing Failed Drive...permanantly

  - by user137519

  Okay, odd question here. I have a server with RAID 5. A drive failed, in a really physically in a really odd way. On the machine it boots and is seen by the BIOS but...no partition can be seen on the drive consistantly (in and out). 2 out of 3 drives working...I made new spare disk and added it, RAID 5 rebuilt clean. All appears well but...when I reboot it keeps trying to use the 2nd drive which doesn't give any partition data, so of course the RAID 5 gets 2 out of 3...again. The status of my drive is as follows: /dev/sda2:Good /dev/sdb2 (drive has physical problem so no partition data) bad, /dev/sdc2:good /dev/sdd2:good. Every time I reboot the mdadm system seems to keep trying to use /dev/sdb which has physical failure (although spins and is detected). /dev/sdd is the new drive I created. I added /dev/sdd to the raid and it rebuilds the raid but this action isn't memorized upon reboot so it keeps listing /dev/sda and /dev/sdc but doesn't use the perfectly good /dev/sdd until I re-add manually. I've tried removing the dead drive with the mdadm tool, but as it cannot see /dev/sdb paritions it will not fail or remove it (says partition doesn't exist). the /etc/mdadm.conf was automatically made on the original OS install which only lists: DEVICE partitions MAILADDR root ARRAY /dev/md2 super-minor=2 ARRAY /dev/md0 super-minor=0 ARRAY /dev/md1 super-minor=1 Basically just the raids to use on boot. I need to remove this semi-dead drive (/dev/sdb) but I'd prefer to know why this is happening before I do. any ideas or suggestions. I supposed I could attempt to clone/replace /dev/sdb (the partitions on drive show up, then disappear shortly after) but given the partition "chester cat" behaviour this seems risky to me and as I have a working "spare" it seems unnecessary. Thanks in advance for your insight.

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• OpenLDAP 2.4.23 - Debian 6.0 - Import schema - Insufficient access (50)

  - by Yosifov

  Good day to everybody. I'm trying to add a new schema inside OpenLDAP. But getting an error: ldap_add: Insufficient access (50) root@ldap:/# ldapadd -c -x -D cn=admin,dc=domain,dc=com -W -f /tmp/test.d/cn\=config/cn\=schema/cn\=\{5\}microsoft.ldif root@ldap:/# cat /tmp/test.d/cn\=config/cn\=schema/cn\=\{5\}microsoft.ldif dn: cn=microsoft,cn=schema,cn=config objectClass: olcSchemaConfig cn: microsoft olcAttributeTypes: {0}( 1.2.840.113556.1.4.302 NAME 'sAMAccountType' DESC 'Fss ssully qualified name of distinguished Java class or interface' SYNTAX 1.3.6. 1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcAttributeTypes: {1}( 1.2.840.113556.1.4.146 NAME 'objectSid' DESC 'Fssssull y qualified name of distinguished Java class or interfaced' SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4. 1.1466.115.121.1.40 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcAttributeTypes: {2}( 1.2.840.113556.1.4.221 NAME 'sAMAccountName' DESC 'Fds sssully qualified name of distinguished Java class or interfaced' SYNTAX 1.3. 6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcAttributeTypes: {3}( 1.2.840.113556.1.4.1412 NAME 'primaryGroupToken' SYNTA X 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcAttributeTypes: {4}( 1.2.840.113556.1.2.102 NAME 'memberOf' SYNTAX 1.3.6.1. 4.1.1466.115.121.1.12 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcAttributeTypes: {5}( 1.2.840.113556.1.4.98 NAME 'primaryGroupID' SYNTAX 1.3 .6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) olcObjectClasses: {0}( 1.2.840.113556.1.5.6 NAME 'securityPrincipal' DESC 'Cso ntainer for a Java object' SUP top AUXILIARY MUST ( objectSid $ sAMAccountNam e ) MAY ( primaryGroupToken $ memberOf $ primaryGroupID ) ) I also tried to add the schema by phpldapadmin, but gain the same error. I'm using the admin user which is specified by default from the begging of the slpad installation. How may I add permissions to this user ? Best wishes

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• Over gigabit connection, Teracopy does 31MB/s, but Windows 8 does it at ~109MB per second?

  - by Gaurang

  I got my brain-melting first taste of Gigabit networking today, between my 2011 MacMini and Windows 8 Pro desktop connected via Cat.5e to Linksys WRT320N(sporting dd-WRT). After making sure that the line speed on both systems showed 1Gbps, I proceeded to copying a 2.4GB MP4 from the Mini to the Win 8 desktop (SMB sharing). Although satisfied with the 30-34 MB/s that Teracopy was showing (that was a proper step-up for me from 10 MB/s), I still was curious about this massive difference in the advertised and real-world speed. 2 hours of Google had me believing that there were other factors that resulted in less speed, SMB being one. So just for the sake of doing it, I iPerf'd both the systems and guess what that showed - around 875mbps on both systems! I then stumbled upon this little piece of info after which I turned off Teracopy and copied the same file through Windows 8's regular copier. 109 MB/s. Molten brains :) What exactly is causing this? And can I enable such speeds via Teracopy? I really dig the extra features that Teracopy has, will surely miss them now :D

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• How to add a user to Wheel group?

  - by Natasha Thapa

  I am trying to add a use to wheel group using in a Ubuntu server. sudo usermod -aG wheel john I get: usermod: group 'wheel' does not exist On my /etc/sudoers I have this: > cat /etc/sudoers > # sudoers file. > # > # This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root. > # > # See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file. > # > > # Host alias specification > > # User alias specification > > # Cmnd alias specification > > # Defaults specification > > # User privilege specification root ALL=(ALL) ALL %root ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL > > %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL Do I have to do groupadd of wheel?

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• sudo or acl or setuid/setgid?

  - by Xavier Maillard

  for a reason I do not really understand, everyone wants sudo for all and everything. At work we even have as many entries as there are way to read a logfile (head/tail/cat/more, ...). I think, sudo is defeating here. I'd rather use a mix of setgid/setuid directories and add ACL here and there but I really need to know what are the best practices before starting up. Our servers have %admin, %production, %dba, %users -i.e many groups and many users. Each service (mysql, apache, ...) has its own way to install privileges but members of the %production group must be able to consult configuration file or even log files. There is still the solution to add them into the right groups (mysql...) and set the good permission. But I do not want to usermod all users, I do not want to modify standards permissions since it could change after each upgrade. On the other hand, setting acls and/or mixing setuid/setgid on directories is something I could easily do without "defacing" the standard distribution. What do you think about this ? Taking the mysql example, that would look like this: setfacl d:g:production:rx,d:other::---,g:production:rx,other::--- /var/log/mysql /etc/mysql Do you think this is good practise or should I definetely usermod -G mysql and play with standard permissions system ? Thank you

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• Enabling http access on port 80 for centos 6.3 from console

  - by Hugo

  Have a centos 6.3 box running on Parallels and I'm trying to open port 80 to be accesible from outside tried the gui solution from this post and it works, but I need to get it done from a script. Tried to do this: sudo /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT sudo /sbin/iptables-save sudo /sbin/service iptables restart This creates exactly the same iptables entries as the GUI tool except it does not work: $ telnet xx.xxx.xx.xx 80 Trying xx.xxx.xx.xx... telnet: connect to address xx.xxx.xx.xx: Connection refused telnet: Unable to connect to remote host UPDATE: $ netstat -ntlp (No info could be read for "-p": geteuid()=500 but you should be root.) Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6379 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:37439 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 :::60472 :::* LISTEN - $ sudo cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.7 on Wed Dec 12 18:04:25 2012 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [5:640] -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT # Completed on Wed Dec 12 18:04:25 2012

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• RTL8188CE doesn't connect to any wifi access points

  - by Drakmail

  I'm using network manager to connect. Also, tryed iwconfig. Results are same. I even try to connect to open access point — results are same. More information: Drakmail@thinkpad-x220:~$ lspci | grep Network | grep -v Ethernet 03:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8188CE 802.11b/g/n WiFi Adapter (rev 01) Drakmail@thinkpad-x220:~$ uname -a Linux thinkpad-x220 3.1.0 #1 SMP PREEMPT Wed Oct 26 02:19:49 UTC 2011 x86_64 Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2410M CPU @ 2.30GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux Drakmail@thinkpad-x220:~$ dmesg | tail -n 10 [ 846.901574] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin [ 906.812461] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin [ 966.728810] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin [ 1026.639676] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin [ 1030.925574] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin At this moment I try to connect to open wifi ap: [ 1031.252403] wlan0: direct probe to 00:24:8c:55:fa:ed (try 1/3) [ 1031.451943] wlan0: direct probe to 00:24:8c:55:fa:ed (try 2/3) [ 1031.651658] wlan0: direct probe to 00:24:8c:55:fa:ed (try 3/3) [ 1031.851354] wlan0: direct probe to 00:24:8c:55:fa:ed timed out [ 1086.544960] rtl8192c_common: Loading firmware file rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin My distribution: Drakmail@thinkpad-x220:~$ cat /etc/*version AgiliaLinux release 8.0.0 (Sammy) (Something between Slackware and Archlinux). Also, I saw that wifi module to often trying to load a firmware file. Any ideas what it would be?

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• How can I automate or script daily downloads for any new anti- virus databases, and then have the program scan my drive?

  - by Macgrimm

  Howdy all Super Users" I humbly ask if any Super User can direct this long time, gray haired Apple Tech in the right direction on this issue. I believe there probably are many ways to skin this cat. But I am looking to find simply the best, most unattended way to get it done. Any help will be greatly appreciated. also (I know there are much better softwares out there for the Mac so please don't go there! The politics of this company dictate which Anti virus we have to use) anyway without any further wait: basically I am trying to automate 2 very important functions of Mc'Afee anti-virus for Mac. First I want to automate the process of retrieving new virus definition files, and second I want to automate the process of scanning for viruses. It turns out that Using Mc'Afee Anti-Virus for the Mac are both manual functions. And they left up to the user (per user account) to perform. Depending on all of about 150 MAc users to perform these 2 tasks themselves is around 65% compliance. My question then is: If I wanted to use the command line such as (open /Applications/McAfee\ Security.app) It will open up the Security Console. But how can I make command Mc'Afee go out and grab the definition files and scan the computer? I have to admit I am at a crossroad and Macaltimers has set in. I would really appreciate it if any of you "Super ~ Users" can help me out with this MacAltimers loss of how to what to do. Thanks to All up Front Macgrimm

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• Assembling Software RAID in Live CD for data recovery

  - by Maletor

  I need help recovering some data that's on my RAID which is on a LVM on my server running Ubuntu. What happened was I deleted the logical volume that controlled my swap space which was on a partition on drives sda2, sdb2, sdc2, and sdd2 in RAID1. This foobared my whole system for one reason or another. Booting leave me with grub rescue and an error saying that it is an unknown filesystem. When I boot to a live cd I can see my RAID arrays and I can even start them up. However, it doesn't appear to mount them anywhere so I can't see the data. I am in the live cd now and I have done sudo apt-get install mdadm lvm2 so it should be mounting them correctly. I just can't see why it wouldn't. Please any help is appreciated here. Here is some output. By the way, there are 3 RAIDs, 1) /boot 100mb RAID1, 2) swap 10gb RAID1, 3) root 990GB RAID5 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on aufs 124M 101M 18M 86% / none 2.0G 324K 2.0G 1% /dev /dev/sde1 2.0G 826M 1.2G 42% /cdrom /dev/loop0 667M 667M 0 100% /rofs none 2.0G 164K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 2.0G 28K 2.0G 1% /tmp none 2.0G 92K 2.0G 1% /var/run none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /var/lock none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/md1 91M 73M 15M 84% /media/5ac3dbf1-a6c5-409c-96ae-edc6e27992c7 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab aufs / aufs rw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdd2 swap swap defaults 0 0

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• Linux as a gateway (no NAT)

  - by Hugo

  I'm trying to configure a linux server as a gateway/router, but I can't get it to work, and all information I've managed to find is NAT-related. I have a public IP block for the gateway and devices behind it, so I want the gateway to simply route packets to the internet - again: no NATing! I've managed to get the gateway to access the internet successfully (that was just a matter of configuring the IP and GW), and the computers behind it can communicate with it. [EDIT: more info] This is actually an IPv6 block (2800:40:403::0/48) (but I've found that most utilities and instructions can be easily adapted from IPv4 to IPv6 with little hastle). The server has too ports: wan: 2800:40:403::1/48 lan: 2800:40:403::3/48 One of the computers behind it is connected to it via a switch; 2800:40:403::7/48 The wan interface on the server can ping6 www.google.com without issues. The lan interface on the server and the client can mutually ping each other without issues (as well as SSH, etc). I've tried setting the server as a default gateway for the client, with no luck: client # route -A inet6 add default gw 2800:40:403::3 dev eth1 server # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding 1 I don't want any filtering/firewalling/etc, just plain routing. Thanks.

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• less maximum buffer size?

  - by Tyzoid

  I was messing around with my system and found a novel way to use up memory, but it seems that the less command only holds a limited amount of data before stopping/killing the command. To test, run (careful! uses lots of system memory very fast!) $ cat /dev/zero | less From my testing, it looks like the command is killed after less reaches 2.5 gigabytes of memory, but I can't find anything in the man page that suggests that it would limit it in such a way. In addition, I couldn't find any documentation via the google on the subject. Any light to this quite surprising discovery would be great! System Information: Quad core intel i7, 8gb ram. $ uname -a Linux Tyler-Work 3.13.0-32-generic #57-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jul 15 03:51:08 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux $ less --version less 458 (GNU regular expressions) Copyright (C) 1984-2012 Mark Nudelman less comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. For information about the terms of redistribution, see the file named README in the less distribution. Homepage: http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less $ lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Release: 14.04 Codename: trusty

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• Boot stuck at blinking cursor before GRUB - only works via BIOS boot menu

  - by delta1

  I have a new box running Debian Squeeze. Grub is installed on /dev/sda, but when booting up I just get a blinking cursor, before the Grub menu. I can only boot to grub successfully when I choose boot options (during post) and select that specific drive! I have made sure the correct drive is set to boot first in the BIOS. So Grub works, but the system won't boot to that drive automatically? Any ideas on what could cause this? Drives sda/b/c are all 2TB (sda runs the system with b/c as raid device md0) with the following partitions: $ cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 1953514584 sda 8 1 977 sda1 8 2 9765625 sda2 8 3 6445313 sda3 8 4 1937302627 sda4 8 32 1953514584 sdc 8 16 1953514584 sdb 9 0 1953513424 md0 but # fdisk -l /dev/sda gives WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 243202 1953514583+ ee GPT Any insight into this strange behaviour would be greatly appreciated.

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• Having an issue trying to get Gigabit speed across my network (Ubuntu Server)

  - by user94217

  I've just started looking into the network speeds at my office, the entire network is setup to be "Gigabit". This includes Gb switches, Gb Network cards and Cat 5e cabling. I'm not expecting the full speed, I just want more than ~90 Mb/s. I've been running some tests with iperf the linux tools and checking the hardware with ethtool. I have 3 servers and when doing my checks/test I discovered that the two backup servers can access each other at around 450 Mb/s but when using either one of them to connect and test the main server, I only get the 90Mb/s even though ethtool shows the networking card running at 1000/Full. The only difference between all the server/networking cards is the "Port" which ethtool shows. On the two backup servers the "Port" is shown as MII yet on the other it's shown as "Twisted Pair". When using ethtool -s to manually set the "Port" to MII on the main server, it looses all connectivity and does not show "Speed" or "Duplex". Anyway, Am i doing something wrong? Is there a specific reason my main server cannot use Gb when there appears to be no difference except the "Port"?

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• environment variables generated by at command

  - by Jordan Arseno

  I'm inspecting /var/spool/cron/atjobs/a001cf01570e44 with cat, after running the at command from PHP using exec(). It looks like at has prepended the script with lots of APACHE environment variables. #!/bin/sh # atrun uid=33 gid=33 # mail www-data 0 umask 22 APACHE_RUN_DIR=/var/run/apache2; export APACHE_RUN_DIR APACHE_PID_FILE=/var/run/apache2.pid; export APACHE_PID_FILE PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin; export PATH APACHE_LOCK_DIR=/var/lock/apache2; export APACHE_LOCK_DIR LANG=C; export LANG APACHE_RUN_USER=www-data; export APACHE_RUN_USER APACHE_RUN_GROUP=www-data; export APACHE_RUN_GROUP APACHE_LOG_DIR=/var/log/apache2; export APACHE_LOG_DIR PWD=/home/jordanarseno/webroot/public_html/myapp; export PWD cd /home/jordanarseno/webroot/public\_html/myapp || { echo 'Execution directory inaccessible' >&2 exit 1 } curl -k http://localhost/myapp/crons/this_action/3 The last line is the only real command I sent along with at via stdin. What is the purpose of these variables? Where is this procedure stored?

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• Calculating memory footprints using /proc/sysvipc/shm

  - by MarkTeehan

  This is for a SLES 10 database server. One of my servers runs three databases and three app servers; I am analyzing how their shared memory segments grow and shrink to avoid intermittent out-of-memory scenarios. "Top" is hot helpful for this since its calculations for RES and VIRT are inconsistent. I am doing this by matching up the contents of /proc/sysvipc/shm with memory usage reported by the database admin console. I do this by totaling up saving the contents of /proc/sysvipc/shm and then total up "bytes" for all of the segments for the offending userid. This is a large server with hundreds of segments and tens (or hundreds) of GB of allocated memory per userid. However it doesn't match up - the database management software claims to be using around 25% more memory than the total I calculate. Negligible swap space is in use, so I am ignoring that. I am running it as root so I am sure I see all shared memory segments. My question is : is all (significant) allocated memory recorded in /proc/sysvipc/shm, or is this only shared memory (*and not "un-shared" memory?). If this is incorrect, what is the correct way to calculate out the total allocated memory for each userid? Also: I believe doing a 'cat' on this file locks server IPC. I check it every 5 seconds - is it likely that this frequency could be problematic? Thanks! Mark Teehan Singapore

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• SSH with public/private key to iMac fails.

  - by bennedich

  I'm trying to connect to my iMac (server) from my macbook (client) on my LAN. Both have Mac OS X 10.6.4. Server running on a new clean install of the OS. When just activating Remote Login in System Preferences everything works fine. But when setting up ssh to only work with public/private key I get the following error messages from the server log depending on if I use a rsa passphrase or not: With passphrase (case 1): PAM: user account has expired for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X via 192.168.X.Y Without passphrase (case 2): Failed publickey for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X port AAAAA ssh2 This is my setup algorithm: Create a private and public key on client with command ssh-keygen -t rsa. In case 1 I also set a passphrase. Move the id_rsa.pub to the server path /Users/<myServerUserName>/.ssh/ In this folder I execute cat id_rsa.pub > authorized_keys Making sure Remote Login isn't active, I now execute sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -d on the server. Back on the client I now type ssh -v -v -v <myServerUserName>@192.168.X.Y and get prompted to accept RSA key fingerprint. This is NOT the same fingerprint as the one from when I created the private/public key (should it be?). I accept. Depending on case: CASE 1: Client gets halted for password and the response is permission denied even though correct password is given. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 1: PAM: user account has expired... CASE 2: Client gets message Connection closed by 192.168.X.Y. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 2: Failed publickey... What could possibly cause this?

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• Hungry hungry BIOS: why do I have less than 4 GiB of memory?

  - by Rhymoid

  I thought I had 4 GiB of memory, but just to be sure, let's ask the BIOS about that: ?: sudo dmidecode --type 20 # dmidecode 2.12 SMBIOS 2.6 present. Handle 0x000B, DMI type 20, 19 bytes Memory Device Mapped Address Starting Address: 0x00000000000 Ending Address: 0x0007FFFFFFF Range Size: 2 GB Physical Device Handle: 0x000A Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x000E Partition Row Position: Unknown Interleave Position: Unknown Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown Handle 0x000D, DMI type 20, 19 bytes Memory Device Mapped Address Starting Address: 0x00080000000 Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF Range Size: 2 GB Physical Device Handle: 0x000C Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x000E Partition Row Position: Unknown Interleave Position: Unknown Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown Alright, 4 GiB it is. But I can't use all of it: ?: cat /proc/meminfo | head -n 1 MemTotal: 3913452 kB Somehow, somewhere, I lost 274 MiB. Where did 6% of my memory go? Now I know the address ranges in DMI are incorrect, because the ACPI memory map reports usable ranges well beyond the ending address of the second memory module: ?: dmesg | grep -E "BIOS-e820: .* usable" [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009e7ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000dee7bfff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x0000000117ffffff] usable I get pretty much the same info from /proc/iomem (except for the 4 kiB hole 0x000-0xFFF), which also shows that the kernel only accounts for less than 8 MiB. I guess 0x00000000-0x7FFFFFFF is indeed mapped to the first memory module, and 0x80000000-0xDFFFFFFF to part of the second memory module (a bunch of ACPI NVS things live between 0xDEE7C000 and 0xDEF30FFF, and the remaining 16-something MiB of that range are just 'reserved'). I guess the highest 0x18000000 bytes of the second memory module are mapped above the 4 GiB mark. But even then, there are two problems: 128 MiB (0x08000000 bytes, living somewhere between 0xE0000000 and 0xFFFFFFFF) are still completely unaccounted for. To note, my graphics card is on PCI-Express and (allegedly) has 1 GiB dedicated memory, so that shouldn't be the culprit. Did the BIOS screw up in moving the memory, leaving it partially shadowed by MMIO? Even with this mediocre explanation, I only 'found' 128 MiB. But /proc/meminfo is reporting a much larger deficit; where's the other 146 MiB? How does Linux count MemTotal?

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• Am I obliged to use ipv6 tunnel services if I want to be able to use it?

  - by Zagorax

  I was looking for configuring Slackware to use ipv6 but all instruction I found speak about using an ipv6 tunnel that encapsulate ipv6 request into ipv4 packet and send them to an external router that extracts ipv6 request and sends a reply (or, at least, this is what I understood). Is that necessary? Isn't there a way to configure a pure ipv6 system? If yes, could you please point me to a guide that clearly explain how to enable ipv6 without this trick? I would like to configure my Slackware desktop at first, and then do the same with my Centos server. EDIT: maybe I gave you too few information. Sorry. I'll write some more information thanks to the posted guide. ~$ test -f /proc/net/if_inet6 && echo "Running kernel is IPv6 ready" Running kernel is IPv6 ready So, it seems ipv6 is enabled in my kernel. Some other output from ifconfig, route and /etc/resolv.conf content (with opendns): ~$ /sbin/ifconfig wlan0 | grep inet6 inet6 addr: fe80::21f:3bff:fe60:cc5b/64 Scope:Link ~$ /sbin/route -A inet6 | grep wlan0 fe80::/64 :: U 256 0 0 wlan0 ff00::/8 :: U 256 0 0 wlan0 ~$ cat /etc/resolv.conf inet6 nameserver 2620:0:ccc::2 nameserver 208.67.222.222 nameserver 208.67.220.220 But still, with ping6 I can only ping localhost (::1). Everything else is unreachable. Normal ping works fine. That is why I was asking if I am obliged to use a tunnel.

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• apt unable to install particular version of package (but gives no error)

  - by Arc2009

  I'd like to install particular version of libstd++6 with following command: # apt-get install libstdc++6=4.9.0-8 -V Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: libstdc++6 (4.8.2-16) 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 216 not upgraded. It gives no error, but apt keeps version that was already installed. And also it refers to this package as "extra". There's no apt preferences set in /etc/apt/preferences.d. And the desirable version is definetely available through our local mirror. (If I try to run "apt-get download libstdc++6=4.9.0-8" it will download exactly desirable version.) System info: # cat /etc/issue.net "Debian GNU/Linux jessie/sid" # uname -a Linux www27 3.13-1-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.13.7-1 (2014-03-25) x86_64 GNU/Linux. # dpkg -l |egrep -i "apt|dpkg" ii apt 0.9.16.1 amd64 commandline package manager ii dpkg 1.17.6 amd64 Debian package management system Any suggestions?

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• php mail() function painfully slow on local development machine

  - by Michael B

  Background: If you have set up a local apache server for development purposes you may have run into the problem where sendmail takes a long time (at least one minute) to send emails. This is extremely frustrating if you are trying to debug a problem with an email you have generated. There are several forum posts on the internet that discuss this problem. However, none of theme described what to do in enough detail for my limited knowledge. Here are the steps that worked for me: 1) find your hostname (in case you've forgotten it) using this command: :~$ cat /hosts/hostname myhostname 2) edit the file /etc/hosts and make sure the first line is the following: 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname 3) edit the sendmail configuration file ( /etc/mail/sendmail.cf in Ubuntu) and Uncomment the line #O HostsFile=/etc/hosts 4) Restart the computer. The computer should boot up much faster now and the mail() function should return almost immediately. HOWEVER, the emails won't actually be sent unless you follow step 5. 5) You must new use the sendmail '-f' option whenever using the mail function. For example: mail('[email protected]', 'the subject', 'the message', null, '[email protected]'); My question for my fellow serverfaulters is: What further changes can be made so that I don't have to use the sendmail -f option? Although it's not very hard to add the -f option, it is a problem when your CMS (such as Drupal) does not use the -f option when sending mail. You would need to hack a core module to add this option.

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• Sed issue with numbers exceeding 9

  - by Imane Fateh

  May be my problem is kinda obvious for you but I really need to get a solution. I need to generate a file.sql file from a file.csv, so I use this command : cat file.csv |sed "s/\(.*\),\(.*\)/insert into table(value1, value2) values\('\1','\2'\);/g" > file.sql It works perfectly, but when the values exceed 9 (for example for \10, \11 etc...) it takes consideration of only the first number (which is \1 in this case) and ignores the rest. I want to know if I missed something or if there is another way to do it. Thank you ! EDIT : The not working example : My file.csv looks like 2013-04-01 04:00:52,2,37,74,40233964,3860,0,0,4878,174,3,0,0,3598,27.00,27 What I get insert into table val1,val2,val3,val4,val5,val6,val7,val8,val9,val10,val11,val12,val13,val14,val15,val16 values ('2013-04-01 07:39:43',2,37,74,36526530,3877,0,0,6080,2013-04-01 07:39:430,2013-04-01 07:39:431,2013-04-01 07:39:432,2013-04-01 07:39:433,2013-04-01 07:39:434,2013-04-01 07:39:435,2013-04-01 07:39:436); After the ninth element I get the first one instead of the 10th,11th etc...

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• Howto detect fake RAM

  - by Michael

  I just bought a virtual server which should have 2GB of RAM. Now i got a server with 4gb which looks very strange to me. I think it is just a virtual RAM. dmidecode only ouputs /dev/mem: Operation not permitted How can i check if it's a real RAM or just a virtual one? free -m outputs: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 4093 364 3728 0 0 346 -/+ buffers/cache: 18 4074 Swap: 0 0 0 Output from cat /proc/user_beancounters Version: 2.5 uid resource held maxheld barrier limit failcnt 137: kmemsize 8922287 10194944 2145910784 2145910784 0 lockedpages 0 0 523904 523904 0 privvmpages 13387 59112 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 shmpages 769 785 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dummy 0 0 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numproc 22 54 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 physpages 93377 106010 0 1047808 0 vmguarpages 0 0 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 oomguarpages 2471 2473 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numtcpsock 5 21 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numflock 4 13 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numpty 1 1 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numsiginfo 0 39 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 tcpsndbuf 102592 381632 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 tcprcvbuf 81920 4820184 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 othersockbuf 4624 61632 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dgramrcvbuf 0 9248 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numothersock 39 56 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dcachesize 4178917 4232732 1072955392 1072955392 0 numfile 378 535 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dummy 0 0 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dummy 0 0 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 dummy 0 0 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0 numiptent 24 24 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775807 0

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• mdadm lvm and ext4 slowness - How can I speed it up?

  - by beatbreaker

  I can't figure out why I'm getting such terrible times out of my mdadm and in particular the lvm partitions in it. I made the raid: mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --chunk=1024 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md0 : active raid5 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1] 2930279424 blocks level 5, 1024k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] I then created the physical volume, volume group, and logical volumes, I then formatted the logical volumes to ext4 using the following commands I got from here: http://busybox.net/~aldot/mkfs_stride.html mkfs.ext3 -b 4096 -E stride=256,stripe-width=768 /dev/datavg/blah Now I'm confused, I had these lvs running real quick before in mdadm but now that I've 'optimized' everything it's slower, eg, before: /dev/datavg/lv_audio: Timing buffered disk reads: 598 MB in 3.01 seconds = 198.85 MB/sec but now after: /dev/datavg/audio: Timing buffered disk reads: 198 MB in 3.00 seconds = 65.96 MB/sec That's pitiful! What's happened here? Did I not follow the instructions correctly? Can i reshape the ext4 partitons to default back to what they were? (I used defaults before and they were fine!)

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