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  • Error While Linking Multiple C Object files in Delphi 2007

    - by Ramnish
    Hello Everyone. I am new to delphi. I was trying to add C Object files in my Delphi project and link them directly since Delphi Supports C Object Linking. I got it working when i link a single Object file. But when i try to link multiple object files, i am getting error 'Unsatisfied forward or external declaration'. I have tried this in Delphi 2007 as well as XE.So what am i doing wrong here? Working Code: function a_function():Integer;cdecl; implementation {$Link 'a.obj'} function a_function():Integer;cdecl;external; end. Error Code: function a_function():Integer;cdecl; function b_function();Integer;cdecl; function c_function();Integer;cdecl; implementation {$LINK 'a.obj'} {$LINK 'b.obj'} {$LINK 'c.obj'} function a_function():Integer;cdecl;external; function b_function();Integer;cdecl;external; function c_function();Integer;cdecl;external; end.

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  • How do I solve this error, "error while trying to deserialize parameter"

    - by Paul Rowland
    I have a web service that is working fine in one environment but not in another. The web service gets document meta data from SharePoint, it running on a server where I cant debug but with logging I confirmed that the method enters and exits successfully. What could be the reason for the errors? The error message is, The formatter threw an exception while trying to deserialize the message: There was an error while trying to deserialize parameter http://CompanyName.com.au/ProjectName:GetDocumentMetaDataResponse. The InnerException message was 'Error in line 1 position 388. 'Element' 'CustomFields' from namespace 'http://CompanyName.com.au/ProjectName' is not expected. Expecting element 'Id'.'. Please see InnerException for more details. The InnerException was System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.NetDispatcherFaultException was caught Message="The formatter threw an exception while trying to deserialize the message: There was an error while trying to deserialize parameter http://CompanyName.com.au/ProjectName:GetDocumentMetaDataResponse. The InnerException message was 'Error in line 1 position 388. 'Element' 'CustomFields' from namespace 'http://CompanyName.com.au/ProjectName' is not expected. Expecting element 'Id'.'. Please see InnerException for more details." Source="mscorlib" Action="http://schemas.microsoft.com/net/2005/12/windowscommunicationfoundation/dispatcher/fault" StackTrace: Server stack trace: at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.DataContractSerializerOperationFormatter.DeserializeParameterPart(XmlDictionaryReader reader, PartInfo part, Boolean isRequest) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.DataContractSerializerOperationFormatter.DeserializeParameter(XmlDictionaryReader reader, PartInfo part, Boolean isRequest) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.DataContractSerializerOperationFormatter.DeserializeParameters(XmlDictionaryReader reader, PartInfo[] parts, Object[] parameters, Boolean isRequest) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.DataContractSerializerOperationFormatter.DeserializeBody(XmlDictionaryReader reader, MessageVersion version, String action, MessageDescription messageDescription, Object[] parameters, Boolean isRequest) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.OperationFormatter.DeserializeBodyContents(Message message, Object[] parameters, Boolean isRequest) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.OperationFormatter.DeserializeReply(Message message, Object[] parameters) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.ProxyOperationRuntime.AfterReply(ProxyRpc& rpc) at System.ServiceModel.Channels.ServiceChannel.HandleReply(ProxyOperationRuntime operation, ProxyRpc& rpc) at System.ServiceModel.Channels.ServiceChannel.Call(String action, Boolean oneway, ProxyOperationRuntime operation, Object[] ins, Object[] outs, TimeSpan timeout) at System.ServiceModel.Channels.ServiceChannel.Call(String action, Boolean oneway, ProxyOperationRuntime operation, Object[] ins, Object[] outs) at System.ServiceModel.Channels.ServiceChannelProxy.InvokeService(IMethodCallMessage methodCall, ProxyOperationRuntime operation) at System.ServiceModel.Channels.ServiceChannelProxy.Invoke(IMessage message) Exception rethrown at [0]: at System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RealProxy.HandleReturnMessage(IMessage reqMsg, IMessage retMsg) at System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RealProxy.PrivateInvoke(MessageData& msgData, Int32 type) at CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies.SharepointProjectNameSiteService.ProjectNameSiteSoap.GetDocumentMetaData(GetDocumentMetaDataRequest request) at CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies.SharepointProjectNameSiteService.ProjectNameSiteSoapClient.CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies.SharepointProjectNameSiteService.ProjectNameSiteSoap.GetDocumentMetaData(GetDocumentMetaDataRequest request) in D:\Source\TFSRoot\ProjectName\trunk\CodeBase\External\CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies\Service References\SharepointProjectNameSiteService\Reference.cs:line 2141 at CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies.SharepointProjectNameSiteService.ProjectNameSiteSoapClient.GetDocumentMetaData(ListSummaryDto listSummary, FileCriteriaDto criteria, List`1 customFields) in D:\Source\TFSRoot\ProjectName\trunk\CodeBase\External\CompanyName.ProjectName.External.Sharepoint.WebServiceProxies\Service References\SharepointProjectNameSiteService\Reference.cs:line 2150 at CompanyName.ProjectName.Services.Shared.SharepointAdapter.GetDocumentMetaData(ListSummaryDto listSummary, FileCriteriaDto criteria, List`1 customFields) in D:\Source\TFSRoot\ProjectName\trunk\CodeBase\Services\CompanyName.ProjectName.Services\Shared\SharepointAdapter.cs:line 260 at CompanyName.ProjectName.Services.Project.ProjectDocumentService.SetSharepointDocumentData(List`1 sourceDocuments) in D:\Source\TFSRoot\ProjectName\trunk\CodeBase\Services\CompanyName.ProjectName.Services\Project\ProjectDocumentService.cs:line 1963 at CompanyName.ProjectName.Services.Project.ProjectDocumentService.GetProjectConversionDocumentsImplementation(Int32 projectId) in D:\Source\TFSRoot\ProjectName\trunk\CodeBase\Services\CompanyName.ProjectName.Services\Project\ProjectDocumentService.cs:line 3212 InnerException: System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationException Message="Error in line 1 position 388. 'Element' 'CustomFields' from namespace 'http://CompanyName.com.au/ProjectName' is not expected. Expecting element 'Id'." Source="System.Runtime.Serialization" StackTrace: at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.ThrowRequiredMemberMissingException(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Int32 memberIndex, Int32 requiredIndex, XmlDictionaryString[] memberNames) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.GetMemberIndexWithRequiredMembers(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, XmlDictionaryString[] memberNames, XmlDictionaryString[] memberNamespaces, Int32 memberIndex, Int32 requiredIndex, ExtensionDataObject extensionData) at ReadFileMetaDataDtoFromXml(XmlReaderDelegator , XmlObjectSerializerReadContext , XmlDictionaryString[] , XmlDictionaryString[] ) at System.Runtime.Serialization.ClassDataContract.ReadXmlValue(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, XmlObjectSerializerReadContext context) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.ReadDataContractValue(DataContract dataContract, XmlReaderDelegator reader) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator reader, String name, String ns, DataContract& dataContract) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Int32 id, RuntimeTypeHandle declaredTypeHandle, String name, String ns) at ReadArrayOfFileMetaDataDtoFromXml(XmlReaderDelegator , XmlObjectSerializerReadContext , XmlDictionaryString , XmlDictionaryString , CollectionDataContract ) at System.Runtime.Serialization.CollectionDataContract.ReadXmlValue(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, XmlObjectSerializerReadContext context) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.ReadDataContractValue(DataContract dataContract, XmlReaderDelegator reader) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator reader, String name, String ns, DataContract& dataContract) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Int32 id, RuntimeTypeHandle declaredTypeHandle, String name, String ns) at ReadMetaDataSearchResultsDtoFromXml(XmlReaderDelegator , XmlObjectSerializerReadContext , XmlDictionaryString[] , XmlDictionaryString[] ) at System.Runtime.Serialization.ClassDataContract.ReadXmlValue(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, XmlObjectSerializerReadContext context) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.ReadDataContractValue(DataContract dataContract, XmlReaderDelegator reader) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator reader, String name, String ns, DataContract& dataContract) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Int32 id, RuntimeTypeHandle declaredTypeHandle, String name, String ns) at ReadGetDocumentMetaDataResponseBodyFromXml(XmlReaderDelegator , XmlObjectSerializerReadContext , XmlDictionaryString[] , XmlDictionaryString[] ) at System.Runtime.Serialization.ClassDataContract.ReadXmlValue(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, XmlObjectSerializerReadContext context) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.ReadDataContractValue(DataContract dataContract, XmlReaderDelegator reader) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator reader, String name, String ns, DataContract& dataContract) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializerReadContext.InternalDeserialize(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Type declaredType, DataContract dataContract, String name, String ns) at System.Runtime.Serialization.DataContractSerializer.InternalReadObject(XmlReaderDelegator xmlReader, Boolean verifyObjectName) at System.Runtime.Serialization.XmlObjectSerializer.ReadObjectHandleExceptions(XmlReaderDelegator reader, Boolean verifyObjectName) at System.Runtime.Serialization.DataContractSerializer.ReadObject(XmlDictionaryReader reader, Boolean verifyObjectName) at System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher.DataContractSerializerOperationFormatter.DeserializeParameterPart(XmlDictionaryReader reader, PartInfo part, Boolean isRequest) InnerException:

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  • Externalize Javascript in YAP

    - by Haseeb Khan
    I am working on a Yahoo! App which requires certain external Javascript Frameworks to be loaded and used. Also in the Yahoo! App Best Practices Guide, it is also mentioned that the sources should be externalized, however, externalization isn't working for me. I am using the standard procedure to load the external JS file like the following: <script src="http://www.google.com/js/nxsl.1.js"></script> But the above statement is giving me an error that external sources are not allowed. Is there any way to use external JS files as I don't want to include all of my JS Login inline, it doesn't make sense to me and majorly my code won't be re-usable. Any thoughts ?

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  • How do I escape ampersands in batch files?

    - by Peter Mortensen
    How do I escape ampersands in a batch file (or from the Windows command line) in order to use the start command to open web pages with ampersands in the URL? Double quotes will not work with start; this starts a new command line window instead. Update 1: Wael Dalloul's solution works. In addition, if there are URL encoded characters (e.g. space is encoded as %20) in the URL and it is in a batch file then '%' must be encoded as '%%'. This is not the case in the example. Example, from the command line (CMD.EXE): start http://www.google.com/search?client=opera&rls=en&q=escape+ampersand&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 will result in http://www.google.com/search?client=opera being opened in the default browser and these errors in the command line window: 'rls' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. 'q' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. 'sourceid' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. 'ie' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. 'oe' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. Platform: Windows XP 64 bit SP2.

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  • How to exit SW quickly

    - by Yigang Wu
    I have a SW which reside in external HDD, it will run automatically when user plug external HDD, of course, the SW have to close automatically when user unplug the external HDD. I can receive the device lost message, however my SW will not be respond druing releasing all objects, if I call exit(0) directly, the SW will show a crash message. Is there any way to quickly exit SW?

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  • Dynamic linking in Visual Studio

    - by ILya
    I have to link dynamically with OpenSSL libeay32.dll. I'm writing native c++ console application using Visual C++ Express 2008. I'm including a header evp.h from OpenSSL distribution. Building and...: error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _EVP_aes_256_cbc error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _EVP_DecryptInit error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init How to make calls to libeay32.dll methods? I don't know where to specify it's filename

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  • Can i upload my apk to SD Card instead of internal storage?

    - by Ahmed Al Khashab
    My APK is big, 70 MB. I don't have any problems when I install it in external storage, but when I upload it to phone before installing, the APK goes to internal storage and my testing phone doesn't have enough space in internal storage and a lot of android phones don't have enough internal space for 70 MB... Can I upload my APK straight to the SD Card instead of internal storage first? upload mean "upload from my eclipse while runnig , or download from market, apk will go to internal storage but i want apk go to external and start install from external"

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  • Bug in XCode debugger?

    - by John Smith
    I am working on an iPhone app which is using an external library for which I have the source. During debugging some of the objects are listed as 0x0 in the debugger but the app runs fine. Also, some of the objects addresses point to the wrong thing. These symbols are in the external library. The addresses are fine if I am tracing through a file actually in the external library. Does anyone have suggestions how to stop this behavior?

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  • Can a CWinApp be placed in a DLL?

    - by jmucchiello
    I'm updating some legacy apps to Visual Studio 10 and am in linker hell. All of these DLLs derive classes from CWinApp and use AfxGetApp() to get access to the object. When I link the DLLs I get unresolved externals that look like global static objects that would get pulled in by a normal app's main(): Shell.lib(SHELL.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static struct CRuntimeClass const CException::classCException" (?classCException@CException@@2UCRuntimeClass@@B) Shell.lib(SHELL.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static struct CRuntimeClass const CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd" (?classCFrameWnd@CFrameWnd@@2UCRuntimeClass@@B) Shell.lib(SHELL.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static class CRect const CFrameWnd::rectDefault" (?rectDefault@CFrameWnd@@2VCRect@@B) My current combination of ignore default libraries and additional libraries (the method you can easily google to find the answer to linker hell) is: msvcprtd.lib,mfc100d.lib,mfcs100d.lib,libcmtd.lib When I add nafxcwd.lib (the mfc library), these three external symbols resolve but I end up with a bunch of other duplicate symbols (requiring the use of /FORCE:MULTIPLE) and in end __argc and __argv become unresolved. So the basic question is: Can you link a DLL containing a CWinApp in VS10? How do you setup the linker to do it?

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  • Redirecting input to another view

    - by Jon
    My application is working fine on the normal iPad display, but I also need to output to VGA out. When I do this, I need to add the view to the external screen's window which seems to mean that I can't use it to accept input from the iPad screen. I want to redirect input from the iPad's window to the window displaying on the external screen. As far as I can tell there's no standard method of doing this. I've tried overriding hitTest on the iPad's window view to send it to the window on the external display, but the coordinates seem to get messed up in the process which makes it nigh unusable. I've also tried subclassing the iPad's UIWindow and catching events in sendEvent, then trying to send them to the external window, but this doesn't seem to work at all. Any help would be appreciated, I'm happy to post any code you would like to see. Thanks, Jon

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  • Is it possible to craft your own packets with python?

    - by Rob
    Well, I know its possible, using external libraries and modules such as scapy. But how about without external modules? Without running the script as root? No external dependencies? I've been doing a lot of googling, but haven't found much help. I'd like to be able to create my own packets, but without running as root, or installing extra dependencies. Any suggestions?

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  • Return ActionResult to a Dialog. ASP.NET MVC

    - by Stacey
    Given a method.. public ActionResult Method() { // program logic if(condition) { // external library // external library returns an ActionResult } return View(viewname); } I cannot control the return type or method of the external library. I want to catch its results and handle that in a dialog on the page - but I cannot figure out how to get back to the page to execute the jQuery that would be responsible for it. Any ideas?

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  • How do I put an ASP.NET website project and class library projects in one .sln file on Subversion

    - by JustinP8
    My company has several class libraries we use in multiple website projects (not web application projects). Website projects don't have .sln files, but I'm sure I've read in my past research that you can make a blank solution and put your website and class library projects in it. After answers to my previous questions, this is the direction that I'm going (based slightly on [http://amadiere.com/blog/2009/06/multiple-subversion-projects-in-one-visual-studio-solution-using-svnexternals/][1]: /websites /website1 /trunk /website1 /libraries /library1 /trunk /library1 /library2 /trunk /library2 /etc... Then I planed on using svn:externals to copy /library1, /library2, and so on into the working_copy/websites/website1/ folder. I want my team members to be able to checkout the /trunk folder for website1 and get a .sln file, /library1 external, /library2 external, etc. I want that .sln file to contain the website1 website project, and all of the library external projects. Hopefully that would look something like: /working_copy /websites /website1 /trunk /website1 /library1 (svn:external of libraries/library1/trunk/library1) /library2 (svn:external of libraries/library2/trunk/library2) /etc. website1.sln So, at the end of all of this, the goal is that my teammates check out the trunk, open the solution, and everyone has the exact same solution. When we commit, everything is committed appropriately to subversion (the website code, and the libraries are committed to their appropriate place on the repo). How have others solved these issues? How can I make a .sln file that my team members and I can share in this manner? [1]: "This Article"

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  • How can i Put java Scripts at the Bottom

    - by Hemant Kothiyal
    Hi, In my asp.net page, i am refring external javascript file. As per my learning in web, it's recommended that always put inline java script at the bottom of page. There is no information i get about external javascript refrence I want to know that if i am refing external javascript file then where should i write? Inside top of the page bottom after closing tag of

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  • How can i Put java Scripts at the Bottom of asp.net page?

    - by Hemant Kothiyal
    Hi, In my asp.net page, i am refring external javascript file. As per my learning in web, it's recommended that always put inline java script at the bottom of page. There is no information i get about external javascript refrence I want to know that if i am refing external javascript file then where should i write? Inside top of the page bottom after closing tag of

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  • What does "Set an Input handler" mean in Eclipse?

    - by Scrubbie
    In Eclipse, when configuring an external tool (Run-External Tools-External Tools Configurations...), specifically an Ant Build, under the Main tab there is a checkbox labeled "Set an Input Handler". This is checked by default. What does this do? When would you want to uncheck it and what would the benefits be?

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  • Can I keep git from pushing the master branch to all remotes by default?

    - by Curtis
    I have a local git repository with two remotes ('origin' is for internal development, and 'other' is for an external contractor to use). The master branch in my local repository tracks the master in 'origin', which is correct. I also have a branch 'external' which tracks the master in 'other'. The problem I have now is that my master brach ALSO wants to push to the master in 'other' as well, which is an issue. Is there any way I can specify that the local master should NOT push to other/master? I've already tried updating my .git/config file to include: [branch "master"] remote = origin merge = refs/heads/master [branch "external"] remote = other merge = refs/heads/master [push] default = upstream But remote show still shows that my master is pushing to both remotes: toko:engine cmlacy$ git remote show origin Password: * remote origin Fetch URL: <REPO LOCATION> Push URL: <REPO LOCATION> HEAD branch: master Remote branches: master tracked refresh-hook tracked Local branch configured for 'git pull': master merges with remote master Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (up to date) Those are all correct. toko:engine cmlacy$ git remote show other Password: * remote other Fetch URL: <REPO LOCATION> Push URL: <REPO LOCATION> HEAD branch: master Remote branch: master tracked Local branch configured for 'git pull': external merges with remote master Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (local out of date) That last section is the problem. 'external' should merge with other/master, but master should NEVER push to other/master. It's never gong to work.

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  • Django: Inject errors into already validated form?

    - by Parand
    After my form.Form validates the user input values I pass them to a separate (external) process for further processing. This external process can potentially find further errors in the values. Is there a way to inject these errors into the already validated form so they can be displayed via the usual form error display methods? Or, are there better alternative approaches? One suggestions was to include the external processing in the form validation. I'm not crazy about this since the external process does a lot more than just validate.

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  • ADDS: 1 - Introducing and designing

    - by marc dekeyser
    Normal 0 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} What is ADDS?  Every Microsoft oriented infrastructure in today's enterprises will depend largely on the active directory version built by Microsoft. It is the foundation stone on which all other products (Exchange, update services, office communicator, the system center family, etc) rely on to get their information. And that is just looking at it from an infrastructure perspective. A well designed and implemented Active Directory implementation makes life for IT personnel and user alike a lot easier. Centralised management and the abilities opened up  by having it in place are ample.  But what is Active Directory Domain Services? We can look at ADDS as a centralised directory containing all objects your infrastructure runs on in one way or another. Since it is a Microsoft product you'll obviously not be seeing linux or mac clients listed in here (exceptions exist) but in general we can say it contains everything your company has in place in one form or another.  The domain name services. The domain naming service (or DNS for short) is a service which translates IP address (the identifiers for each computer in your domain) into readable and easy to understand names. This service is a prequisite for ADDA to work and having wrong record in a DNS server will make any ADDS service fail. Generally speaking a DNS service will be run on the same server as the ADDS service but it is worth wile to remember that this is not necessary. You could, for example, run your DNS services on a linux box (which would need special preparing to host an ADDS integrated DNS zone) and run the ADDS service of another box… Where to start? If the aim is to put in place a first time implementation of ADDS in your enterprise there are plenty of things to consider depending on what you are going to do in the long run. Great care has to be taken when first designing and implementing as having it set up wrong will cause a headache down the line. It is for that reason that I like to start building from the bottom up and start with a generic installation of ADDS (which will still differ for every client) and make it adaptable for future services which can hook in to the existing environment. Adapting existing environments is out of scope for this document (and series) although it is possible to take the pointers and change your existing environment to run in a smoother manor. Take great care when changing things as one small slip of the hand can give you a forest wide failure… Whenever starting with an ADDS deployment I ask the client the following questions:  What are your long term plans and goals?  How flexible do you want it? Are you currently linux heavy and want to keep this or can we go for an all Microsoft design? Those three questions should give some sort of indicator what direction can be taken and if the client has thought about some things themselves :).  The technical side of things  What is next to consider is what kind of infrastructure is already in place. For these series I'll keep it simple and introduce some general concepts without going in to depth on integrating ADDS with other DNS services.  Building from the ground up means we need to consider our layers on which our infrastructure will rely. In my view that goes as follows:  Network (WAN/LAN links and physical sites DNS Namespacing All in one domain or split up in different domains/forests? Security (both for ADDS and physical sites) The network side of things  Looking at how the network is currently set up can potentially teach us a large deal about the client. Do they have multiple physical site? What network speeds exist between these sites, etc… Depending on this information we will design our site links (which controls replication) in future stages. DNS Namespacing Maybe the single most intresting thing to know is what the domain will be named (ADDS will need a DNS domain with the same name) and where this will be hosted. Note that active directory can be set up with a singe name (aka contoso instead of contoso.com) but it is highly recommended to never do this. If you do end up with a domain like that for some reason there will be a lot of services that are going to give you good grief in the future (exchange being one of them). So one of the best practises would be always to use a double name (contoso.com or contoso.lan for example). Internal namespace A single namespace is just what it sounds like. You have a DNS domain which is different internally from what the client has as an external namespace. f.e. contoso.com as an external name (out on the internet) and contoso.lan on the internal network. his setup is has its advantages in that you have more obscurity from the internet in the DNS side of this but it will require additional work to publish services to the web. External namespace Quite like the internal namespace only here you do not differ the internal namespace of the company from what is known on the internet. In this implementation you would host your own DNS servers for the external domain inside the network. Or in other words, any external computer doing a DNS lookup would contact your internal DNS server for the resolution. Generally speaking this set up is a bad idea from the security side of things. Split DNS Whilst using an external namespace design is fairly easy it involves a lot of security risks. Opening up you ADDS DSN servers for lookups exposes your entire network to the internet and should be avoided at any cost. And that is where the "split DNS" design comes in. In this setup up would still have the same namespace internally and externally but you would be using different DNS servers for lookups on the external network who have no records of your internal resources unless you explicitly publish them. All in one or not? In determining your active directory design you can look at the following possibilities:  Single forest, Single domain Single forest, multiple domains Multiple forests, multiple domains I've listed the possibilities for design in increasing order of administrative magnitude. Microsoft recommends trying to use a single forest, single domain in as much situations as possible. It is, however, always possible that you require your services to be seperated from your users in a resource forest with trusts set up between the different forests. To start out I would go with the single forest design to avoid complexity unless there are strict requirements to have multiple forests. Security What kind of security is required on the domain and does this reflect the physical security on the sites? Not every client can afford to have a domain controller in a secluded server room on every site and it is exactly for that reason that Microsoft introduced the RODC (read only domain controller). A RODC is a domain controller that has been limited in functionality, in essence it will only cache the data you explicitly tell it to cache and in the case of a DC compromise (it being stolen) only a limited number of accounts will need to be affected. Th- Th- Th- That’s all folks! Well at least for now! In future editions of this series we’ll be walking through the different task that need to be done and the thought which needs to be put in to it. But for all editions we’ll be going from the concept of running a single forest, single domain with a split DNS setup… See you next time!

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  • DNS lookup failures while accessing my website some proxy error

    - by Bond
    Here is a situation until today morning,every thing has been working perfectly fine with me. From past 6 months many of my domains wer accessible as http://site1.myserver.com http://site2.myserver.com http://site3.myserver.com http://site4.myserver.com All these were Reverse Proxy configurations. I have some applications on each of them. until today morning some people reported me that http://site1.myserver.com/app1 is not working but http://site1.myserver.com is accessible but http://site2.myserver.com is accessible but http://site3.myserver.com is accessible but http://site4.myserver.com not accessible In past 6 months I have not changed any of these Apache configurations (things were working perfectly so) The error which can be seen in browser are while accessing http://site1.myserver.com/app1 Proxy Error The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream server. The proxy server could not handle the request GET /app1. Reason: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com and same is the error for http://site4.myserver.com So what should I check in I have checked all the apache logs to an extent which I could see and 192.168.1.25 - - [10/Jan/2011:14:50:48 +0530] "GET /app1 HTTP/1.1" 502 531 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.2.3) Gecko/20100401 Firefox/3.6.3" Mon Jan 10 14:27:42 2011] [error] (113)No route to host: proxy: HTTP: attempt to connect to 192.168.1.3:80 (192.168.1.3) failed [Mon Jan 10 14:27:42 2011] [error] ap_proxy_connect_backend disabling worker for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:44 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:44 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:44 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:45 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:45 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:45 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:45 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:46 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:47 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:48 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:48 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:27:48 2011] [error] proxy: HTTP: disabled connection for (192.168.1.3) [Mon Jan 10 14:35:29 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com returned by /app1 [Mon Jan 10 14:35:30 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com returned by /app1 [Mon Jan 10 14:35:30 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com returned by /app1 [Mon Jan 10 14:50:30 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com returned by /app1 [Mon Jan 10 14:50:48 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: myserver.com returned by /app1 and for site4.myserver.com I get [Mon Jan 10 14:57:40 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /favicon.ico [Mon Jan 10 14:57:40 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /favicon.ico [Mon Jan 10 14:57:43 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /favicon.ico [Mon Jan 10 15:02:38 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by / [Mon Jan 10 15:03:04 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /, referer: http://site4.myserver.com/ [Mon Jan 10 15:03:04 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /favicon.ico [Mon Jan 10 15:03:08 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /, referer: http://site4.myserver.com/ [Mon Jan 10 15:03:08 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /favicon.ico [Mon Jan 10 15:03:10 2011] [error] [client <some external IP>] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /, referer: http://site4.myserver.com/ [Mon Jan 10 15:06:21 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by / [Mon Jan 10 15:06:31 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /, referer: http://site4.myserver.com/ [Mon Jan 10 15:26:03 2011] [error] [client 192.168.1.25] proxy: DNS lookup failure for: site4.myserver.com returned by /

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  • Is there a Telecommunications Reference Architecture?

    - by raul.goycoolea
    @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Abstract   Reference architecture provides needed architectural information that can be provided in advance to an enterprise to enable consistent architectural best practices. Enterprise Reference Architecture helps business owners to actualize their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. It evaluates the IT systems, based on Reference Architecture goals, principles, and standards. It helps to reduce IT costs by increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc. Telecom Reference Architecture provides customers with the flexibility to view bundled service bills online with the provision of multiple services. It provides real-time, flexible billing and charging systems, to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Enterprises. It lays the foundation for a Telecom Reference Architecture by articulating the requirements, drivers, and pitfalls for telecom service providers. It describes generic reference architecture for telecom enterprises and moves on to explain how to achieve Enterprise Reference Architecture by using SOA.   Introduction   A Reference Architecture provides a methodology, set of practices, template, and standards based on a set of successful solutions implemented earlier. These solutions have been generalized and structured for the depiction of both a logical and a physical architecture, based on the harvesting of a set of patterns that describe observations in a number of successful implementations. It helps as a reference for the various architectures that an enterprise can implement to solve various problems. It can be used as the starting point or the point of comparisons for various departments/business entities of a company, or for the various companies for an enterprise. It provides multiple views for multiple stakeholders.   Major artifacts of the Enterprise Reference Architecture are methodologies, standards, metadata, documents, design patterns, etc.   Purpose of Reference Architecture   In most cases, architects spend a lot of time researching, investigating, defining, and re-arguing architectural decisions. It is like reinventing the wheel as their peers in other organizations or even the same organization have already spent a lot of time and effort defining their own architectural practices. This prevents an organization from learning from its own experiences and applying that knowledge for increased effectiveness.   Reference architecture provides missing architectural information that can be provided in advance to project team members to enable consistent architectural best practices.   Enterprise Reference Architecture helps an enterprise to achieve the following at the abstract level:   ·       Reference architecture is more of a communication channel to an enterprise ·       Helps the business owners to accommodate to their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. ·       Evaluates the IT systems based on Reference Architecture Principles ·       Reduces IT spending through increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc ·       A Real-time Integration Model helps to reduce the latency of the data updates Is used to define a single source of Information ·       Provides a clear view on how to manage information and security ·       Defines the policy around the data ownership, product boundaries, etc. ·       Helps with cost optimization across project and solution portfolios by eliminating unused or duplicate investments and assets ·       Has a shorter implementation time and cost   Once the reference architecture is in place, the set of architectural principles, standards, reference models, and best practices ensure that the aligned investments have the greatest possible likelihood of success in both the near term and the long term (TCO).     Common pitfalls for Telecom Service Providers   Telecom Reference Architecture serves as the first step towards maturity for a telecom service provider. During the course of our assignments/experiences with telecom players, we have come across the following observations – Some of these indicate a lack of maturity of the telecom service provider:   ·       In markets that are growing and not so mature, it has been observed that telcos have a significant amount of in-house or home-grown applications. In some of these markets, the growth has been so rapid that IT has been unable to cope with business demands. Telcos have shown a tendency to come up with workarounds in their IT applications so as to meet business needs. ·       Even for core functions like provisioning or mediation, some telcos have tried to manage with home-grown applications. ·       Most of the applications do not have the required scalability or maintainability to sustain growth in volumes or functionality. ·       Applications face interoperability issues with other applications in the operator's landscape. Integrating a new application or network element requires considerable effort on the part of the other applications. ·       Application boundaries are not clear, and functionality that is not in the initial scope of that application gets pushed onto it. This results in the development of the multiple, small applications without proper boundaries. ·       Usage of Legacy OSS/BSS systems, poor Integration across Multiple COTS Products and Internal Systems. Most of the Integrations are developed on ad-hoc basis and Point-to-Point Integration. ·       Redundancy of the business functions in different applications • Fragmented data across the different applications and no integrated view of the strategic data • Lot of performance Issues due to the usage of the complex integration across OSS and BSS systems   However, this is where the maturity of the telecom industry as a whole can be of help. The collaborative efforts of telcos to overcome some of these problems have resulted in bodies like the TM Forum. They have come up with frameworks for business processes, data, applications, and technology for telecom service providers. These could be a good starting point for telcos to clean up their enterprise landscape.   Industry Trends in Telecom Reference Architecture   Telecom reference architectures are evolving rapidly because telcos are facing business and IT challenges.   “The reality is that there probably is no killer application, no silver bullet that the telcos can latch onto to carry them into a 21st Century.... Instead, there are probably hundreds – perhaps thousands – of niche applications.... And the only way to find which of these works for you is to try out lots of them, ramp up the ones that work, and discontinue the ones that fail.” – Martin Creaner President & CTO TM Forum.   The following trends have been observed in telecom reference architecture:   ·       Transformation of business structures to align with customer requirements ·       Adoption of more Internet-like technical architectures. The Web 2.0 concept is increasingly being used. ·       Virtualization of the traditional operations support system (OSS) ·       Adoption of SOA to support development of IP-based services ·       Adoption of frameworks like Service Delivery Platforms (SDPs) and IP Multimedia Subsystem ·       (IMS) to enable seamless deployment of various services over fixed and mobile networks ·       Replacement of in-house, customized, and stove-piped OSS/BSS with standards-based COTS products ·       Compliance with industry standards and frameworks like eTOM, SID, and TAM to enable seamless integration with other standards-based products   Drivers of Reference Architecture   The drivers of the Reference Architecture are Reference Architecture Goals, Principles, and Enterprise Vision and Telecom Transformation. The details are depicted below diagram. @font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; } Figure 1. Drivers for Reference Architecture @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Today’s telecom reference architectures should seamlessly integrate traditional legacy-based applications and transition to next-generation network technologies (e.g., IP multimedia subsystems). This has resulted in new requirements for flexible, real-time billing and OSS/BSS systems and implications on the service provider’s organizational requirements and structure.   Telecom reference architectures are today expected to:   ·       Integrate voice, messaging, email and other VAS over fixed and mobile networks, back end systems ·       Be able to provision multiple services and service bundles • Deliver converged voice, video and data services ·       Leverage the existing Network Infrastructure ·       Provide real-time, flexible billing and charging systems to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. ·       Support charging of advanced data services such as VoIP, On-Demand, Services (e.g.  Video), IMS/SIP Services, Mobile Money, Content Services and IPTV. ·       Help in faster deployment of new services • Serve as an effective platform for collaboration between network IT and business organizations ·       Harness the potential of converging technology, networks, devices and content to develop multimedia services and solutions of ever-increasing sophistication on a single Internet Protocol (IP) ·       Ensure better service delivery and zero revenue leakage through real-time balance and credit management ·       Lower operating costs to drive profitability   Enterprise Reference Architecture   The Enterprise Reference Architecture (RA) fills the gap between the concepts and vocabulary defined by the reference model and the implementation. Reference architecture provides detailed architectural information in a common format such that solutions can be repeatedly designed and deployed in a consistent, high-quality, supportable fashion. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Application Usage and how to achieve the Enterprise Level Reference Architecture using SOA.   • Telecom Reference Architecture • Enterprise SOA based Reference Architecture   Telecom Reference Architecture   Tele Management Forum’s New Generation Operations Systems and Software (NGOSS) is an architectural framework for organizing, integrating, and implementing telecom systems. NGOSS is a component-based framework consisting of the following elements:   ·       The enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) is a business process framework. ·       The Shared Information Data (SID) model provides a comprehensive information framework that may be specialized for the needs of a particular organization. ·       The Telecom Application Map (TAM) is an application framework to depict the functional footprint of applications, relative to the horizontal processes within eTOM. ·       The Technology Neutral Architecture (TNA) is an integrated framework. TNA is an architecture that is sustainable through technology changes.   NGOSS Architecture Standards are:   ·       Centralized data ·       Loosely coupled distributed systems ·       Application components/re-use  ·       A technology-neutral system framework with technology specific implementations ·       Interoperability to service provider data/processes ·       Allows more re-use of business components across multiple business scenarios ·       Workflow automation   The traditional operator systems architecture consists of four layers,   ·       Business Support System (BSS) layer, with focus toward customers and business partners. Manages order, subscriber, pricing, rating, and billing information. ·       Operations Support System (OSS) layer, built around product, service, and resource inventories. ·       Networks layer – consists of Network elements and 3rd Party Systems. ·       Integration Layer – to maximize application communication and overall solution flexibility.   Reference architecture for telecom enterprises is depicted below. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 2. Telecom Reference Architecture   The major building blocks of any Telecom Service Provider architecture are as follows:   1. Customer Relationship Management   CRM encompasses the end-to-end lifecycle of the customer: customer initiation/acquisition, sales, ordering, and service activation, customer care and support, proactive campaigns, cross sell/up sell, and retention/loyalty.   CRM also includes the collection of customer information and its application to personalize, customize, and integrate delivery of service to a customer, as well as to identify opportunities for increasing the value of the customer to the enterprise.   The key functionalities related to Customer Relationship Management are   ·       Manage the end-to-end lifecycle of a customer request for products. ·       Create and manage customer profiles. ·       Manage all interactions with customers – inquiries, requests, and responses. ·       Provide updates to Billing and other south bound systems on customer/account related updates such as customer/ account creation, deletion, modification, request bills, final bill, duplicate bills, credit limits through Middleware. ·       Work with Order Management System, Product, and Service Management components within CRM. ·       Manage customer preferences – Involve all the touch points and channels to the customer, including contact center, retail stores, dealers, self service, and field service, as well as via any media (phone, face to face, web, mobile device, chat, email, SMS, mail, the customer's bill, etc.). ·       Support single interface for customer contact details, preferences, account details, offers, customer premise equipment, bill details, bill cycle details, and customer interactions.   CRM applications interact with customers through customer touch points like portals, point-of-sale terminals, interactive voice response systems, etc. The requests by customers are sent via fulfillment/provisioning to billing system for ordering processing.   2. Billing and Revenue Management   Billing and Revenue Management handles the collection of appropriate usage records and production of timely and accurate bills – for providing pre-bill usage information and billing to customers; for processing their payments; and for performing payment collections. In addition, it handles customer inquiries about bills, provides billing inquiry status, and is responsible for resolving billing problems to the customer's satisfaction in a timely manner. This process grouping also supports prepayment for services.   The key functionalities provided by these applications are   ·       To ensure that enterprise revenue is billed and invoices delivered appropriately to customers. ·       To manage customers’ billing accounts, process their payments, perform payment collections, and monitor the status of the account balance. ·       To ensure the timely and effective fulfillment of all customer bill inquiries and complaints. ·       Collect the usage records from mediation and ensure appropriate rating and discounting of all usage and pricing. ·       Support revenue sharing; split charging where usage is guided to an account different from the service consumer. ·       Support prepaid and post-paid rating. ·       Send notification on approach / exceeding the usage thresholds as enforced by the subscribed offer, and / or as setup by the customer. ·       Support prepaid, post paid, and hybrid (where some services are prepaid and the rest of the services post paid) customers and conversion from post paid to prepaid, and vice versa. ·       Support different billing function requirements like charge prorating, promotion, discount, adjustment, waiver, write-off, account receivable, GL Interface, late payment fee, credit control, dunning, account or service suspension, re-activation, expiry, termination, contract violation penalty, etc. ·       Initiate direct debit to collect payment against an invoice outstanding. ·       Send notification to Middleware on different events; for example, payment receipt, pre-suspension, threshold exceed, etc.   Billing systems typically get usage data from mediation systems for rating and billing. They get provisioning requests from order management systems and inquiries from CRM systems. Convergent and real-time billing systems can directly get usage details from network elements.   3. Mediation   Mediation systems transform/translate the Raw or Native Usage Data Records into a general format that is acceptable to billing for their rating purposes.   The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Mediation system in the end-to-end solution.   ·       Collect Usage Data Records from different data sources – like network elements, routers, servers – via different protocol and interfaces. ·       Process Usage Data Records – Mediation will process Usage Data Records as per the source format. ·       Validate Usage Data Records from each source. ·       Segregates Usage Data Records coming from each source to multiple, based on the segregation requirement of end Application. ·       Aggregates Usage Data Records based on the aggregation rule if any from different sources. ·       Consolidates multiple Usage Data Records from each source. ·       Delivers formatted Usage Data Records to different end application like Billing, Interconnect, Fraud Management, etc. ·       Generates audit trail for incoming Usage Data Records and keeps track of all the Usage Data Records at various stages of mediation process. ·       Checks duplicate Usage Data Records across files for a given time window.   4. Fulfillment   This area is responsible for providing customers with their requested products in a timely and correct manner. It translates the customer's business or personal need into a solution that can be delivered using the specific products in the enterprise's portfolio. This process informs the customers of the status of their purchase order, and ensures completion on time, as well as ensuring a delighted customer. These processes are responsible for accepting and issuing orders. They deal with pre-order feasibility determination, credit authorization, order issuance, order status and tracking, customer update on customer order activities, and customer notification on order completion. Order management and provisioning applications fall into this category.   The key functionalities provided by these applications are   ·       Issuing new customer orders, modifying open customer orders, or canceling open customer orders; ·       Verifying whether specific non-standard offerings sought by customers are feasible and supportable; ·       Checking the credit worthiness of customers as part of the customer order process; ·       Testing the completed offering to ensure it is working correctly; ·       Updating of the Customer Inventory Database to reflect that the specific product offering has been allocated, modified, or cancelled; ·       Assigning and tracking customer provisioning activities; ·       Managing customer provisioning jeopardy conditions; and ·       Reporting progress on customer orders and other processes to customer.   These applications typically get orders from CRM systems. They interact with network elements and billing systems for fulfillment of orders.   5. Enterprise Management   This process area includes those processes that manage enterprise-wide activities and needs, or have application within the enterprise as a whole. They encompass all business management processes that   ·       Are necessary to support the whole of the enterprise, including processes for financial management, legal management, regulatory management, process, cost, and quality management, etc.;   ·       Are responsible for setting corporate policies, strategies, and directions, and for providing guidelines and targets for the whole of the business, including strategy development and planning for areas, such as Enterprise Architecture, that are integral to the direction and development of the business;   ·       Occur throughout the enterprise, including processes for project management, performance assessments, cost assessments, etc.     (i) Enterprise Risk Management:   Enterprise Risk Management focuses on assuring that risks and threats to the enterprise value and/or reputation are identified, and appropriate controls are in place to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. The identified risks may be physical or logical/virtual. Successful risk management ensures that the enterprise can support its mission critical operations, processes, applications, and communications in the face of serious incidents such as security threats/violations and fraud attempts. Two key areas covered in Risk Management by telecom operators are:   ·       Revenue Assurance: Revenue assurance system will be responsible for identifying revenue loss scenarios across components/systems, and will help in rectifying the problems. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Revenue Assurance system in the end-to-end solution. o   Identify all usage information dropped when networks are being upgraded. o   Interconnect bill verification. o   Identify where services are routinely provisioned but never billed. o   Identify poor sales policies that are intensifying collections problems. o   Find leakage where usage is sent to error bucket and never billed for. o   Find leakage where field service, CRM, and network build-out are not optimized.   ·       Fraud Management: Involves collecting data from different systems to identify abnormalities in traffic patterns, usage patterns, and subscription patterns to report suspicious activity that might suggest fraudulent usage of resources, resulting in revenue losses to the operator.   The key roles and responsibilities of the system component are as follows:   o   Fraud management system will capture and monitor high usage (over a certain threshold) in terms of duration, value, and number of calls for each subscriber. The threshold for each subscriber is decided by the system and fixed automatically. o   Fraud management will be able to detect the unauthorized access to services for certain subscribers. These subscribers may have been provided unauthorized services by employees. The component will raise the alert to the operator the very first time of such illegal calls or calls which are not billed. o   The solution will be to have an alarm management system that will deliver alarms to the operator/provider whenever it detects a fraud, thus minimizing fraud by catching it the first time it occurs. o   The Fraud Management system will be capable of interfacing with switches, mediation systems, and billing systems   (ii) Knowledge Management   This process focuses on knowledge management, technology research within the enterprise, and the evaluation of potential technology acquisitions.   Key responsibilities of knowledge base management are to   ·       Maintain knowledge base – Creation and updating of knowledge base on ongoing basis. ·       Search knowledge base – Search of knowledge base on keywords or category browse ·       Maintain metadata – Management of metadata on knowledge base to ensure effective management and search. ·       Run report generator. ·       Provide content – Add content to the knowledge base, e.g., user guides, operational manual, etc.   (iii) Document Management   It focuses on maintaining a repository of all electronic documents or images of paper documents relevant to the enterprise using a system.   (iv) Data Management   It manages data as a valuable resource for any enterprise. For telecom enterprises, the typical areas covered are Master Data Management, Data Warehousing, and Business Intelligence. It is also responsible for data governance, security, quality, and database management.   Key responsibilities of Data Management are   ·       Using ETL, extract the data from CRM, Billing, web content, ERP, campaign management, financial, network operations, asset management info, customer contact data, customer measures, benchmarks, process data, e.g., process inputs, outputs, and measures, into Enterprise Data Warehouse. ·       Management of data traceability with source, data related business rules/decisions, data quality, data cleansing data reconciliation, competitors data – storage for all the enterprise data (customer profiles, products, offers, revenues, etc.) ·       Get online update through night time replication or physical backup process at regular frequency. ·       Provide the data access to business intelligence and other systems for their analysis, report generation, and use.   (v) Business Intelligence   It uses the Enterprise Data to provide the various analysis and reports that contain prospects and analytics for customer retention, acquisition of new customers due to the offers, and SLAs. It will generate right and optimized plans – bolt-ons for the customers.   The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Business Intelligence system at the Enterprise Level:   ·       It will do Pattern analysis and reports problem. ·       It will do Data Analysis – Statistical analysis, data profiling, affinity analysis of data, customer segment wise usage patterns on offers, products, service and revenue generation against services and customer segments. ·       It will do Performance (business, system, and forecast) analysis, churn propensity, response time, and SLAs analysis. ·       It will support for online and offline analysis, and report drill down capability. ·       It will collect, store, and report various SLA data. ·       It will provide the necessary intelligence for marketing and working on campaigns, etc., with cost benefit analysis and predictions.   It will advise on customer promotions with additional services based on loyalty and credit history of customer   ·       It will Interface with Enterprise Data Management system for data to run reports and analysis tasks. It will interface with the campaign schedules, based on historical success evidence.   (vi) Stakeholder and External Relations Management   It manages the enterprise's relationship with stakeholders and outside entities. Stakeholders include shareholders, employee organizations, etc. Outside entities include regulators, local community, and unions. Some of the processes within this grouping are Shareholder Relations, External Affairs, Labor Relations, and Public Relations.   (vii) Enterprise Resource Planning   It is used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the enterprise and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment.   The key roles and responsibilities for Enterprise System are given below:   ·        It will handle responsibilities such as core accounting, financial, and management reporting. ·       It will interface with CRM for capturing customer account and details. ·       It will interface with billing to capture the billing revenue and other financial data. ·       It will be responsible for executing the dunning process. Billing will send the required feed to ERP for execution of dunning. ·       It will interface with the CRM and Billing through batch interfaces. Enterprise management systems are like horizontals in the enterprise and typically interact with all major telecom systems. E.g., an ERP system interacts with CRM, Fulfillment, and Billing systems for different kinds of data exchanges.   6. External Interfaces/Touch Points   The typical external parties are customers, suppliers/partners, employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders. External interactions from/to a Service Provider to other parties can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including:   ·       Exchange of emails or faxes ·       Call Centers ·       Web Portals ·       Business-to-Business (B2B) automated transactions   These applications provide an Internet technology driven interface to external parties to undertake a variety of business functions directly for themselves. These can provide fully or partially automated service to external parties through various touch points.   Typical characteristics of these touch points are   ·       Pre-integrated self-service system, including stand-alone web framework or integration front end with a portal engine ·       Self services layer exposing atomic web services/APIs for reuse by multiple systems across the architectural environment ·       Portlets driven connectivity exposing data and services interoperability through a portal engine or web application   These touch points mostly interact with the CRM systems for requests, inquiries, and responses.   7. Middleware   The component will be primarily responsible for integrating the different systems components under a common platform. It should provide a Standards-Based Platform for building Service Oriented Architecture and Composite Applications. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Middleware component in the end-to-end solution.   ·       As an integration framework, covering to and fro interfaces ·       Provide a web service framework with service registry. ·       Support SOA framework with SOA service registry. ·       Each of the interfaces from / to Middleware to other components would handle data transformation, translation, and mapping of data points. ·       Receive data from the caller / activate and/or forward the data to the recipient system in XML format. ·       Use standard XML for data exchange. ·       Provide the response back to the service/call initiator. ·       Provide a tracking until the response completion. ·       Keep a store transitional data against each call/transaction. ·       Interface through Middleware to get any information that is possible and allowed from the existing systems to enterprise systems; e.g., customer profile and customer history, etc. ·       Provide the data in a common unified format to the SOA calls across systems, and follow the Enterprise Architecture directive. ·       Provide an audit trail for all transactions being handled by the component.   8. Network Elements   The term Network Element means a facility or equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. Such terms also includes features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such facility or equipment, including subscriber numbers, databases, signaling systems, and information sufficient for billing and collection or used in the transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service.   Typical network elements in a GSM network are Home Location Register (HLR), Intelligent Network (IN), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), SMS Center (SMSC), and network elements for other value added services like Push-to-talk (PTT), Ring Back Tone (RBT), etc.   Network elements are invoked when subscribers use their telecom devices for any kind of usage. These elements generate usage data and pass it on to downstream systems like mediation and billing system for rating and billing. They also integrate with provisioning systems for order/service fulfillment.   9. 3rd Party Applications   3rd Party systems are applications like content providers, payment gateways, point of sale terminals, and databases/applications maintained by the Government.   Depending on applicability and the type of functionality provided by 3rd party applications, the integration with different telecom systems like CRM, provisioning, and billing will be done.   10. Service Delivery Platform   A service delivery platform (SDP) provides the architecture for the rapid deployment, provisioning, execution, management, and billing of value added telecom services. SDPs are based on the concept of SOA and layered architecture. They support the delivery of voice, data services, and content in network and device-independent fashion. They allow application developers to aggregate network capabilities, services, and sources of content. SDPs typically contain layers for web services exposure, service application development, and network abstraction.   SOA Reference Architecture   SOA concept is based on the principle of developing reusable business service and building applications by composing those services, instead of building monolithic applications in silos. It’s about bridging the gap between business and IT through a set of business-aligned IT services, using a set of design principles, patterns, and techniques.   In an SOA, resources are made available to participants in a value net, enterprise, line of business (typically spanning multiple applications within an enterprise or across multiple enterprises). It consists of a set of business-aligned IT services that collectively fulfill an organization’s business processes and goals. We can choreograph these services into composite applications and invoke them through standard protocols. SOA, apart from agility and reusability, enables:   ·       The business to specify processes as orchestrations of reusable services ·       Technology agnostic business design, with technology hidden behind service interface ·       A contractual-like interaction between business and IT, based on service SLAs ·       Accountability and governance, better aligned to business services ·       Applications interconnections untangling by allowing access only through service interfaces, reducing the daunting side effects of change ·       Reduced pressure to replace legacy and extended lifetime for legacy applications, through encapsulation in services   ·       A Cloud Computing paradigm, using web services technologies, that makes possible service outsourcing on an on-demand, utility-like, pay-per-usage basis   The following section represents the Reference Architecture of logical view for the Telecom Solution. The new custom built application needs to align with this logical architecture in the long run to achieve EA benefits.   Packaged implementation applications, such as ERP billing applications, need to expose their functions as service providers (as other applications consume) and interact with other applications as service consumers.   COT applications need to expose services through wrappers such as adapters to utilize existing resources and at the same time achieve Enterprise Architecture goal and objectives.   The following are the various layers for Enterprise level deployment of SOA. This diagram captures the abstract view of Enterprise SOA layers and important components of each layer. Layered architecture means decomposition of services such that most interactions occur between adjacent layers. However, there is no strict rule that top layers should not directly communicate with bottom layers.   The diagram below represents the important logical pieces that would result from overall SOA transformation. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 3. Enterprise SOA Reference Architecture 1.          Operational System Layer: This layer consists of all packaged applications like CRM, ERP, custom built applications, COTS based applications like Billing, Revenue Management, Fulfilment, and the Enterprise databases that are essential and contribute directly or indirectly to the Enterprise OSS/BSS Transformation.   ERP holds the data of Asset Lifecycle Management, Supply Chain, and Advanced Procurement and Human Capital Management, etc.   CRM holds the data related to Order, Sales, and Marketing, Customer Care, Partner Relationship Management, Loyalty, etc.   Content Management handles Enterprise Search and Query. Billing application consists of the following components:   ·       Collections Management, Customer Billing Management, Invoices, Real-Time Rating, Discounting, and Applying of Charges ·       Enterprise databases will hold both the application and service data, whether structured or unstructured.   MDM - Master data majorly consists of Customer, Order, Product, and Service Data.     2.          Enterprise Component Layer:   This layer consists of the Application Services and Common Services that are responsible for realizing the functionality and maintaining the QoS of the exposed services. This layer uses container-based technologies such as application servers to implement the components, workload management, high availability, and load balancing.   Application Services: This Service Layer enables application, technology, and database abstraction so that the complex accessing logic is hidden from the other service layers. This is a basic service layer, which exposes application functionalities and data as reusable services. The three types of the Application access services are:   ·       Application Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application level functionalities as a reusable service between BSS to BSS and BSS to OSS integration. This layer is enabled using disparate technology such as Web Service, Integration Servers, and Adaptors, etc.   ·       Data Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application data services as a reusable reference data service. This is done via direct interaction with application data. and provides the federated query.   ·       Network Access Service: This Service Layer exposes provisioning layer as a reusable service from OSS to OSS integration. This integration service emphasizes the need for high performance, stateless process flows, and distributed design.   Common Services encompasses management of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data such as information services, portal services, interaction services, infrastructure services, and security services, etc.   3.          Integration Layer:   This consists of service infrastructure components like service bus, service gateway for partner integration, service registry, service repository, and BPEL processor. Service bus will carry the service invocation payloads/messages between consumers and providers. The other important functions expected from it are itinerary based routing, distributed caching of routing information, transformations, and all qualities of service for messaging-like reliability, scalability, and availability, etc. Service registry will hold all contracts (wsdl) of services, and it helps developers to locate or discover service during design time or runtime.   • BPEL processor would be useful in orchestrating the services to compose a complex business scenario or process. • Workflow and business rules management are also required to support manual triggering of certain activities within business process. based on the rules setup and also the state machine information. Application, data, and service mediation layer typically forms the overall composite application development framework or SOA Framework.   4.          Business Process Layer: These are typically the intermediate services layer and represent Shared Business Process Services. At Enterprise Level, these services are from Customer Management, Order Management, Billing, Finance, and Asset Management application domains.   5.          Access Layer: This layer consists of portals for Enterprise and provides a single view of Enterprise information management and dashboard services.   6.          Channel Layer: This consists of various devices; applications that form part of extended enterprise; browsers through which users access the applications.   7.          Client Layer: This designates the different types of users accessing the enterprise applications. The type of user typically would be an important factor in determining the level of access to applications.   8.          Vertical pieces like management, monitoring, security, and development cut across all horizontal layers Management and monitoring involves all aspects of SOA-like services, SLAs, and other QoS lifecycle processes for both applications and services surrounding SOA governance.     9.          EA Governance, Reference Architecture, Roadmap, Principles, and Best Practices:   EA Governance is important in terms of providing the overall direction to SOA implementation within the enterprise. This involves board-level involvement, in addition to business and IT executives. At a high level, this involves managing the SOA projects implementation, managing SOA infrastructure, and controlling the entire effort through all fine-tuned IT processes in accordance with COBIT (Control Objectives for Information Technology).   Devising tools and techniques to promote reuse culture, and the SOA way of doing things needs competency centers to be established in addition to training the workforce to take up new roles that are suited to SOA journey.   Conclusions   Reference Architectures can serve as the basis for disparate architecture efforts throughout the organization, even if they use different tools and technologies. Reference architectures provide best practices and approaches in the independent way a vendor deals with technology and standards. Reference Architectures model the abstract architectural elements for an enterprise independent of the technologies, protocols, and products that are used to implement an SOA. Telecom enterprises today are facing significant business and technology challenges due to growing competition, a multitude of services, and convergence. Adopting architectural best practices could go a long way in meeting these challenges. The use of SOA-based architecture for communication to each of the external systems like Billing, CRM, etc., in OSS/BSS system has made the architecture very loosely coupled, with greater flexibility. Any change in the external systems would be absorbed at the Integration Layer without affecting the rest of the ecosystem. The use of a Business Process Management (BPM) tool makes the management and maintenance of the business processes easy, with better performance in terms of lead time, quality, and cost. Since the Architecture is based on standards, it will lower the cost of deploying and managing OSS/BSS applications over their lifecycles.

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  • Handling bounced email when using a postfix smarthost

    - by Mark Rose
    I'm running a high availability cluster, and so far, most things work great. I have two external machines that act as outgoing mail hosts (smarthosts). The internal hosts are configured to relay all email through these two external facing hosts. My smarthosts' main.cf looks like this: myhostname = lb1.example.com alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases mydestination = lb1.example.com, localhost relayhost = mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 10.1.248.0/24 My internal hosts' main.cf looks like this: mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 myhostname = web1.example.com mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost relayhost = [10.1.248.3] smtp_fallback_relay = [10.1.248.2] lb1's internal IP is 10.1.248.2, and lb2's internal IP is 10.1.248.3. On the external hosts, email for root and www-data is forwarded to [email protected] with /etc/aliases. One advantage to using the smarthost setup is that spam filters and the like can connect back to the sending sending server. All email is sent fine, and headers look like this: Received: from lb2.example.com ([198.51.100.3]) by mx.google.com with ESMTP id y17si1571259icb.76.2011.01.13.18.20.32; Thu, 13 Jan 2011 18:20:32 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: neutral (google.com: 198.51.100.3 is neither permitted nor denied by best guess record for domain of [email protected]) client-ip=198.51.100.3; Received: from db1.example.com (unknown [10.1.248.20]) by lb2.example.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id D364823C0BE for <[email protected]>; Thu, 13 Jan 2011 21:20:31 -0500 (EST) Received: by db1.example.com (Postfix) id C9FA7760D6A; Thu, 13 Jan 2011 21:20:31 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: www-data@localhost Received: by db1.example.com (Postfix, from userid 0) id C1632760D6C; Thu, 13 Jan 2011 21:20:31 -0500 (EST) The problem is bounced/reject email. The external machine tries to forward the email back to the internal machine, e.g. www-data on web1 sending an email that bounces (such as a user signing up with a bad email address). An additional complication is using Google mail for the main example.com domain. In lieu of specifying every internal host in the external hosts' mydestination, is there a better way of setting things up, keeping in mind I can't adjust touch the mx for example.com?

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  • Essbase 11.1.2 - JVM_OPTION settings for Essbase

    - by sujata
    When tuning the heap size for Essbase, there are two JVM_OPTIONS settings available for Essbase - one for the Essbase agent and one for the Essbase applications that are using custom-defined functions (CDFs), custom-defined macros (CDMs), data mining, triggers or external authentication. ESS_JVM_OPTION setting is used for the application and mainly for CDFs, CDMs, data mining, triggers, external authentication ESS_CSS_JVM_OPTION setting is used to set the heap size for the Essbase agent

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  • Different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET

    - by Aamir Hasan
    ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management.In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server.This requires the a "sticky-server" (or no load-balancing) so that the user is always reconnected to the same web server.Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external data source.The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service.Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.Linkhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178586%28VS.80%29.aspx

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