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• Installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2

  - by Chris

  Hello all I'm having some difficulty installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2 I have compiled a giant list of every single step I have taken so far I installed RHEL 6.2 on VMWARE it did it's easy install automatically I Selected 4gb of memory Selected max size of 80Gb Selected 2 processors Sorry for the bad styling copy paste isn't working correctly The version of oracle i downloaded is Linux x86-64 11.2.0.1 I am installing this on a local machine NOT a remote machine I followed the following documentation http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e24326/toc.htm I bolded the steps which I was least sure about from my research Easy installed with RHEL 6.2 for VMWARE Registered with red hat so I can get updates Reinstalled vmware-tools by pressing enter at every choice Sudo yum update at the end something about GPG key selected y then y Checked Memory Requirements grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 3921368 kb uname -m x86_64 grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo SwapTotal: 6160376 kb free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3921368 2032012 1889356 0 76216 1533268 -/+ buffers/cache: 422528 3498840 Swap: 6160376 0 6160376 df -h /dev/shm Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm df -h /tmp Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 291M 58M 219M 21% /boot All looked fine to me except maybe for swap? Software Requirements cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.4.5 20110214 (Red Hat 4.4.5-6) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Wed Nov 9 08:03:13 EST 2011 uname -r 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 (same as above but whatever) According to the tutorial should be On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 or later These are the versions of software I have installed binutils-2.20.51.0.2-5.28.el6.x86_64 compat-libcap1-1.10-1.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-69.el6.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33.i686 0:3.2.3-69.el6 gcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 gcc-c++.x86_64 0:4.4.6-3.el6 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.i686 glibc-devel-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.47.el6_2.12 ksh.x86_64 0:20100621-12.el6_2.1 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.i686 libstdc++-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libstdc++.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 make-3.81-19.el6.x86_64 sysstat-9.0.4-18.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 8. Probably screwed up here or step 9 /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall /usr/sbin/groupadd dba(not sure why this isn't in the tutorial) /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle passwd oracle /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem Xkernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 kernel.shmmni = 4096 vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 0 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max Xfs.file-max = 384629 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range Xnet.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 32768 61000 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default Xnet.core.rmem_default = 124928 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max Xnet.core.rmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max Xnet.core.wmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default Xnet.core.wmem_default = 124928 Here is my sysctl.conf file I only added the items that were bigger: Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux # For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and sysctl.conf(5) for more details. Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Controls source route verification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 Do not accept source routing net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq = 0 Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 Controls the use of TCP syncookies net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 Disable netfilter on bridges. net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0 Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes kernel.msgmnb = 65536 Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue kernel.msgmax = 65536 Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 /sbin/sysctl -p net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 kernel.sysrq = 0 kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables" is an unknown key kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.msgmax = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 su - oracle ulimit -Sn 1024 ulimit -Hn 1024 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Hu 30482 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Ss 10240 ulimit -Hs unlimited su - nano /etc/security/limits.conf *added to the end of the file * oracle soft nproc 2047 oracle hard nproc 16384 oracle soft nofile 1024 oracle hard nofile 65536 oracle soft stack 10240 exit exit su - mkdir -p /app/ chown -R oracle:oinstall /app/ chmod -R 775 /app/ 9. THIS IS PROBABLY WHERE I MESSED UP I then exited out of the root account so now I'm back in my account chris then I su - oracle echo $SHELL /bin/bash umask 0022 (so it should be set already to what is neccesary) Also from what I have read I do not need to set the DISPLAY variable because I'm installing this on the localhost I then opened the .bash_profile of the oracle and changed it to the following .bash_profile Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH ORACLE_BASE=/app/oracle ORACLE_SID=orcl export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID I then shutdown the virtual machine shared my desktop folder from my windows 7 then turned back on the virtual machine logged in as chris opened up a terminal then: su - for some reason the shared folder didn't appear so I reinstalled vmware tools again and restarted then same as before su - cp -R linux_oracle/database /db; chown -R oracle:oinstall /db; chmod -R 775 /db; ll /db drwxrwxr-x. 8 oracle oinstall 4096 Jun 5 06:20 database exit su - oracle cd /db/database ./runInstaller AND FINALLY THE INFAMOUS JAVA:132 ERROR MESSAGE Starting Oracle Universal Installer... Checking Temp space: must be greater than 80 MB. Actual 65646 MB Passed Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 6015 MB Passed Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors. Actual 16777216 Passed Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM. Please wait ...[oracle@localhost database]$ Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM/jdk/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so: libXext.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1647) at java.lang.Runtime.load0(Runtime.java:769) at java.lang.System.load(System.java:968) at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1668) at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:822) at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:993) at sun.security.action.LoadLibraryAction.run(LoadLibraryAction.java:50) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.awt.Toolkit.loadLibraries(Toolkit.java:1509) at java.awt.Toolkit.(Toolkit.java:1530) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.isLowResolution(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.plastic.PlasticLookAndFeel.(PlasticLookAndFeel.java:122) at java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:242) at javax.swing.SwingUtilities.loadSystemClass(SwingUtilities.java:1783) at javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.java:480) at oracle.install.commons.util.Application.startup(Application.java:758) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:164) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:181) at oracle.install.commons.base.driver.common.Installer.startup(Installer.java:265) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.startup(DBInstaller.java:114) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.main(DBInstaller.java:132)

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• What are Windows code pages?

  - by Mike D

  I'm trying to gain a basic understanding of what is meant by a Windows code page. I kind of get the feeling it's a translation between a given 8 bit value and some 'abstraction' for a given character graphic. I made the following experiment. I created a "" character literal with two versions of the letter u with an umlaut. One created using the ALT 129 (uses code page 437) value and one using the ALT 0252 (uses code page 1252) value. When I examined the literal both characters had the value 252. Is 252 the universal 8 bit abstraction for u with an umlaut? Is it the Unicode value? Aside from keyboard input are there any library routines or system calls that use code pages? For example is there a function to translate a string using a given code table (as above for the ALT 129 value)?

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• Generic type parameters using out

  - by Mikael

  Im trying to make a universal parser using generic type parameters, but i can't grasp the concept 100% private bool TryParse<T>(XElement element, string attributeName, out T value) where T : struct { if (element.Attribute(attributeName) != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(element.Attribute(attributeName).Value)) { string valueString = element.Attribute(attributeName).Value; if (typeof(T) == typeof(int)) { int valueInt; if (int.TryParse(valueString, out valueInt)) { value = valueInt; return true; } } else if (typeof(T) == typeof(bool)) { bool valueBool; if (bool.TryParse(valueString, out valueBool)) { value = valueBool; return true; } } else { value = valueString; return true; } } return false; } As you might guess, the code doesn't compile, since i can't convert int|bool|string to T (eg. value = valueInt). Thankful for feedback, it might not even be possible to way i'm doing it. Using .NET 3.5

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• iPhone: Howto get notified when an UIView becomes visible

  - by arne_

  Is there a way to get a notification, a callback or some other means to call a method whenever a UIView becomes visible for the user, i.e. when a UIScrollview is the superview of some UIViews, and the ViewController of such a UIView shall get notified when its view is now visible to the user? I am aware of the possible, but not so elegant solution of checking to which position the ScrollView scrolled (via UIScrollViewDelegate-methods) and compute if either one of the subviews is visible... But I'm looking for a more universal way of doing this.

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• C# - Fingerprint Biometrics

  - by Jonathan.Peppers

  We are wanting to add support for fingerprint authentication in a .Net 3.5 application. We currently are only using the sdk from Griaule. But this only supports like 5 usb plug-and-play devices. We are wanting to support most readers included with laptops, tablets, etc. Is there a universal way to support many devices? I know there is a new standard starting with Windows 7, but we want to support XP and higher. Is there even a .Net SDK out there for UPEK or Authentec devices? Any ideas or help would be appreciated.

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• Purple line on left side of screen when I use graphics card's hdmi port

  - by fab

  My graphics card is a nVidia GeForce GTX 660 2GB. When I plug HDMI into mobo it works fine. When I plug it into the graphics card (with 2nd monitor too) it shows a purple vertical line on the left side. It adds 2 pixels to the width and I can't adjust it with my monitor. It doesn't come up when I print screen. I tried changing the driver to the binary one (at the top) but that made it not show up at all. What do I do? Are some graphics cards just not compatible?

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• OpenGL on the iPad

  - by Joe Cannatti

  I have an OpenGL project that is a universal project for iPhone/iPad. Basically it is just rendering simple models to the screen. It works great with no OpenGL errors on the iPhone device and iPad simulator. On the iPad device however, i get an OpenGL error and nothing renders. 1282 GL_INVALID_OPERATION immediately after calling [context renderbufferStorage:GL_RENDERBUFFER_OES fromDrawable:layer]; I can't seem to come up with any reason for this. Any help?

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• Finding the contact point with SAT

  - by Kai

  The Separating Axis Theorem (SAT) makes it simple to determine the Minimum Translation Vector, i.e., the shortest vector that can separate two colliding objects. However, what I need is the vector that separates the objects along the vector that the penetrating object is moving (i.e. the contact point). I drew a picture to help clarify. There is one box, moving from the before to the after position. In its after position, it intersects the grey polygon. SAT can easily return the MTV, which is the red vector. I am looking to calculate the blue vector. My current solution performs a binary search between the before and after positions until the length of the blue vector is known to a certain threshold. It works but it's a very expensive calculation since the collision between shapes needs to be recalculated every loop. Is there a simpler and/or more efficient way to find the contact point vector?

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• AdMob SDK for iPad?

  - by pix0r

  Trying to get my Universal app released and I rely on AdMob ads for revenue in this particular app. I'm having an issue getting AdMob support working, though I keep finding references to people actually running AdMob on their iPad Simulators. Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'AdMobInvalidLibaryVersionException', reason: 'This version of AdMob SDK is incompatible with the iPhone 3.2 SDK or above. Make sure your Active SDK is set to 3.1.X . If you need to build with 3.2, use the 3.2 preview library.' I have not been able to find this "3.2 preview library" anywhere. Any ideas?

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• Not getting correct time from UniversalDateTime

  - by Nakul Chaudhary

  I send a vcal through mail in web application with convert datetime to universal datetime. If i run web application locally (local sevser in India) i get correct time in my vcal. But run appication live (server in US) then not get corret time with a difference of 1 and half hour.Please suggest me. code : Dim result As StringBuilder = New StringBuilder() result.AppendFormat("BEGIN:VCALENDAR{0}", System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("BEGIN:VEVENT{0}", System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("SUMMARY:{0}{1}", subject, System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("LOCATION:{0}{1}", location, System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("DTSTART:{0}{1}", startDate.ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMdd\THHmmss\Z"), System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("DTEND:{0}{1}", endDate.ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMdd\THHmmss\Z"), System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("DTSTAMP:{0}{1}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMdd\THHmmss\Z"), System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("DESCRIPTION:{0}{1}", description, System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("END:VEVENT{0}", System.Environment.NewLine) result.AppendFormat("END:VCALENDAR{0}", System.Environment.NewLine) Return result.ToString()

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• Which is better : Storing/retrieving images on/from SQL server or in a directory on server

  - by Pankaj Upadhyay

  I am working on a project in Asp.net MVC and need to work with images. There is an SQL database with a Product table. Every product in the table will have it's own image. I have two ways to do this : 1) Save the image in a web directory and store the URL on database. 2) Store the image in SQL itself in binary format and then retrieve it. Which is a better approach ? Mind you, I have no idea how second method works :-P . I will only learn this if there are merits to the second method

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• How to check any undocumented methods provided by apple?

  - by Mahbubur R Aaman

  The following tools is provided by Apple dlopen dlsym objc_getClass sel_registerName objc_msgSend Those are listing Objective-C selectors, or strings. Objective-C selectors are stored in a special region of the binary, and therefore Apple could extract the content from there, and check if you've used some undocumented Objective-C methods. How to utilize these tools to find undocumented Objective-C methods? EDIT: Recently, one of my App rejected due to using one undocumented methods. -[UIDevice setOrientation] Since, selectors are independent from the class you're messaging, even if my custom class defines -setOrientation: irrelevant to UIDevice, there will be a possbility of being rejected.

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• C++ Library API Design

  - by johannes

  I'm looking for a good resource for learning about good API design for C++ libraries, looking at shared objects/dlls etc. There are many resources on writing nice APIs, nice classes, templates and so on at source level, but barely anything about putting things together in shared libs and executables. Books like Large-Scale C++ Software Design by John Lakos are interesting but massively outdated. What I'm looking for is advice i.e. on handling templates. With templates in my API I often end up with library code in my executable (or other library) so if I fix a bug in there I can't simply roll out the new library but have to recompile and redistribute all clients of that code. (and yes, I know some solutions like trying to instantiate at least the most common versions inside the library etc.) I'm also looking for other caveats and things to mind for keeping binary compatibility while working on C++ libraries. Is there a good website or book on such things?

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• Script or utility to export from ScrewTurn Wiki into Confluence?

  - by jrummell

  Has anyone tried migrating from ScrewTurn to Confluence? I'm hoping that I can export the ScrewTurn database to xml and then use a utility to put it in a format that Confluence can understand - perhaps the format used by the Universal Wiki Converter. Has anyone used such a utility? Is there anything I should know before I try to write one myself? Update: I've installed the Confluence trial and I took a look at the backup. There's an entities.xml file that looks like the data store. The root tag is <hibernate-generic>, which leads me to believe that they use Hibernate. I'm not familiar with Hibernate, but this should be useful.

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• Can I use Sikuli as an Jython library in my project?

  - by Yinan

  Sikuli is really cool, but it's working in its buildin Jython environment, the Sikuli IDE. So I m wondering is it possible to import Sikuli as an external library to my Jython library? I saw from Sikuli's website that they have this Python module which provides all Sikuli actions like click and type. Here is the link: http://sikuli.org/documentation.shtml#doc/pythondoc-python.edu.mit.csail.uid.Sikuli.html I have tried importing the skiuli-script.jar and add the skiuli-script/Lib to the PYTHONPATH. Then in my spike.py script, I try to do this: import python.edu.mit.csail.uid.Sikuli capture() #enter to screen capture mode then when execute the script, I got this error: java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /eclipse_3.4.2/workspace/Jython/src/tmplib/libVDictProxy.jnilib: no suitable image found. Did find: /eclipse_3.4.2/workspace/Jython/src/tmplib/libVDictProxy.jnilib: no matching architecture in universal wrapper I m using Jython 2.2.1 and Mac 10.6.2 (32-bit mode). I have also set to use 32-bit mode first in Java Preference.

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• MySQL Connector/Net 6.8.0 alpha has been released

  - by Roberto Garcia

  Dear MySQL users, MySQL Connector/Net 6.8.0, a new version of the all-managed .NET driver for MySQL has been released. This is an alpha release for 6.8.x and it's not recommended for production environments.It is appropriate for use with MySQL server versions 5.0-5.6 It is now available in source and binary form from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/net/#downloads and mirror sites (note that not all mirror sites may be up to date at this point-if you can't find this version on some mirror, please try again later or choose another download site.) The 6.8.0 version of MySQL Connector/Net has support for Entity Framework 6.0 including: - Async Query and Save- Code-Based Configuration- Dependency Resolution- DbSet.AddRange/RemoveRange- Code First Mapping to Insert/Update/Delete Stored Procedures - Configurable Migrations History Table- DbContext can now be created with a DbConnection that is already opened- Custom Code First Conventions The release is available to download at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/net/#downloads Documentation-------------------------------------You can view current Connector/Net documentation at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/connector-net.html You can find our team blog at http://blogs.oracle.com/MySQLOnWindows You can also post questions on our forums at http://forums.mysql.com/ Enjoy and thanks for the support! Connector/NET Team

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• Installing Disastry's PGP 2.6.3ia multi06 on 12.04 LTS

  - by user291787

  How can I install Disastry's version of PGP 2.6.3ia-multi06 on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS? His site with the source code is here: http://www.spywarewarrior.com/uiuc/disastry/263multi.htm He already compiled a unix version of pgp and it's in the Linux section of his download. How can I either copy and install the binary PGP file, or compile it from the source and install. I have tried several different ways, get no error messages, but when I type pgp -h at the command line, Ubuntu tells me that pgp is not installed. (I already have truecrypt 7.1a and gnupg 1.4.16 installed, but still like the old pgp I have on windows) Thanks! traveler

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• problems with UTF-8 encoding in PHP

  - by user296516

  Hi guys, The characters I am getting from the URL, for example www.mydomain.com/?name=john , were fine, as longs as they were not in Russian. If they were are in Russian, I was getting '????'. So I added $name= iconv("cp1251","utf-8" ,$name); and now it works fine for Russian and English characters, but screws up other languages. :))) For example 'Janis' ( Latvian ) that worked fine before iconv, now turns into 'j??nis'. Any idea if there's some universal encoder that would work with both the Cyrillic languages and not screw up other languages?

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• How do you Install the Latest Release of Miro?

  - by Brenton Horne

  In the software centre the latest release of Miro available is 4.0.4 whereas the latest release of Miro is 5.0.4. How do I download 5.0.4 on 12.10? I have tried following the guide at http://www.getmiro.com/download/for-ubuntu/ (and thus have already run sudo add-apt-repository ppa:pcf/miro-releases) but it failed and when I tried to run sudo apt-get update I received the error: W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/pcf/miro-releases/ubuntu/dists/quantal/main/source/Sources 404 Not Found W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/pcf/miro-releases/ubuntu/dists/quantal/main/binary-i386/Packages 404 Not Found E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

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• Organization &amp; Architecture UNISA Studies &ndash; Chap 5

  - by MarkPearl

  Learning Outcomes Describe the operation of a memory cell Explain the difference between DRAM and SRAM Discuss the different types of ROM Explain the concepts of a hard failure and a soft error respectively Describe SDRAM organization Semiconductor Main Memory The two traditional forms of RAM used in computers are DRAM and SRAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) Divided into two technologies… Dynamic Static Dynamic RAM is made with cells that store data as charge on capacitors. The presence or absence of charge in a capacitor is interpreted as a binary 1 or 0. Because capacitors have natural tendency to discharge, dynamic RAM requires periodic charge refreshing to maintain data storage. The term dynamic refers to the tendency of the stored charge to leak away, even with power continuously applied. Although the DRAM cell is used to store a single bit (0 or 1), it is essentially an analogue device. The capacitor can store any charge value within a range, a threshold value determines whether the charge is interpreted as a 1 or 0. SRAM (Static RAM) SRAM is a digital device that uses the same logic elements used in the processor. In SRAM, binary values are stored using traditional flip flop logic configurations. SRAM will hold its data as along as power is supplied to it. Unlike DRAM, no refresh is required to retain data. SRAM vs. DRAM DRAM is simpler and smaller than SRAM. Thus it is more dense and less expensive than SRAM. The cost of the refreshing circuitry for DRAM needs to be considered, but if the machine requires a large amount of memory, DRAM turns out to be cheaper than SRAM. SRAMS are somewhat faster than DRAM, thus SRAM is generally used for cache memory and DRAM is used for main memory. Types of ROM Read Only Memory (ROM) contains a permanent pattern of data that cannot be changed. ROM is non volatile meaning no power source is required to maintain the bit values in memory. While it is possible to read a ROM, it is not possible to write new data into it. An important application of ROM is microprogramming, other applications include library subroutines for frequently wanted functions, System programs, Function tables. A ROM is created like any other integrated circuit chip, with the data actually wired into the chip as part of the fabrication process. To reduce costs of fabrication, we have PROMS. PROMS are… Written only once Non-volatile Written after fabrication Another variation of ROM is the read-mostly memory, which is useful for applications in which read operations are far more frequent than write operations, but for which non volatile storage is required. There are three common forms of read-mostly memory, namely… EPROM EEPROM Flash memory Error Correction Semiconductor memory is subject to errors, which can be classed into two categories… Hard failure – Permanent physical defect so that the memory cell or cells cannot reliably store data Soft failure – Random error that alters the contents of one or more memory cells without damaging the memory (common cause includes power supply issues, etc.) Most modern main memory systems include logic for both detecting and correcting errors. Error detection works as follows… When data is to be read into memory, a calculation is performed on the data to produce a code Both the code and the data are stored When the previously stored word is read out, the code is used to detect and possibly correct errors The error checking provides one of 3 possible results… No errors are detected – the fetched data bits are sent out An error is detected, and it is possible to correct the error. The data bits plus error correction bits are fed into a corrector, which produces a corrected set of bits to be sent out An error is detected, but it is not possible to correct it. This condition is reported Hamming Code See wiki for detailed explanation. We will probably need to know how to do a hemming code – refer to the textbook (pg. 188 – 189) Advanced DRAM organization One of the most critical system bottlenecks when using high-performance processors is the interface to main memory. This interface is the most important pathway in the entire computer system. The basic building block of main memory remains the DRAM chip. In recent years a number of enhancements to the basic DRAM architecture have been explored, and some of these are now on the market including… SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) DDR-DRAM RDRAM SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) SDRAM exchanges data with the processor synchronized to an external clock signal and running at the full speed of the processor/memory bus without imposing wait states. SDRAM employs a burst mode to eliminate the address setup time and row and column line precharge time after the first access In burst mode a series of data bits can be clocked out rapidly after the first bit has been accessed SDRAM has a multiple bank internal architecture that improves opportunities for on chip parallelism SDRAM performs best when it is transferring large blocks of data serially There is now an enhanced version of SDRAM known as double data rate SDRAM or DDR-SDRAM that overcomes the once-per-cycle limitation of SDRAM

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• How does the GPL work in regards to languages like Dart which compile to other languages?

  - by Peter-W

  Google's Dart language is not supported by any Web Browsers other than a special build of Chromium known as Dartium. To use Dart for production code you need to run it through a Dart-JavaScript compiler/translator and then use the outputted JavaScript in your web application. Because JavaScript is an interpreted language everyone who receives the "binary"(Aka, the .js file) has also received the source code. Now, the GNU General Public License v3.0 states that: "The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it." Which would imply that the original Dart code in addition to the JavaScript code must also be provided to the end user. Does this mean that any web applications written in Dart must also provide the original Dart code to all visitors of their website even though a copy of the source code has already been provided in a human readable/writable/modifiable form?

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• Nagios suddenly stops working

  - by pankaj sharma

  I have configure passive checks on one my host system for this i am using nsca. it was running fine. suddenly host is showing down on the monitoring. but host was fine and running when i check the logs on the host showing [1347941895] Warning: Attempting to execute the command "/submit_check_result host.example.com 'Current Load' OK 'OK - load average: 0.69, 0.53, 0.42'" resulted in a return code of 127. Make sure the script or binary you are trying to execute actually exists... i restarted nagios services many times but still it is showing the same error. can anyone help me regarding this. thanks in advance..

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• How do multi-platform games usually store save data?

  - by PixelPerfect3

  I realize this is a bit of a broad question, but I was wondering if there is a "standard" in the industry when it comes to storing save data for games (and is it different across platforms - Xbox/PS/PC/Mac/Android/iOS?) For example for a game like Assassin's Creed or The Walking Dead: They are on multiple platforms and they usually have to save enough information about the player and their actions. Do they use something like XML files, databases, or just straight binary dumps? How much does it differ from platform to platform? I would appreciate it if someone with experience in the game industry would answer this.

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• How to use Mercurial's LargeFiles extension? [migrated]

  - by DuncanBoehle

  I use Mercurial for game development, and I'm trying to use the LargeFiles extension included in Mercurial 2.0 to keep track of large binary assets. Unfortunately there isn't a whole lot of documentation on the extension, so I'm not sure how people are expected to use it. For example, is there any way to safely clean out the .hg/largefiles directory? If I'm on the tip revision, and expect to always have internet access, then I don't need the old versions of largefiles cluttering up the repository, since that's the whole point of using the LargeFiles extension. Also, how do I have more fine-grained control over where the largefile store is? I can only assume that it's created somewhere on the computer that ran hg init, but I have no idea about the details. Thanks!

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• Windows code pages, what are they?

  - by Mike D

  I'm trying to gain a basic understanding of what is meant by a Windows code page. I kind of get the feeling it's a translation between a given 8 bit value and some 'abstraction' for a given character graphic. I made the following experiment. I created a "" character literal with two versions of the letter u with an umlaut. One created using the ALT 129 (uses code page 437) value and one using the ALT 0252 (uses code page 1252) value. When I examined the literal both characters had the value 252. Is 252 the universal 8 bit abstraction for u with an umlaut? Is it the Unicode value? Aside from keyboard input are there any library routines or system calls that use code pages? For example is there a function to translate a string using a given code table (as above for the ALT 129 value)?

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