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  • sorting char* arrays

    - by skazhy
    Hi! I have a datastructure struct record { char cont[bufferSize]; record *next; }; When I add new records to this structure, I want them to be sorted alphabetically. I made this function, that adds record in the right place (by alphabet) in the linked list: record *start=NULL, *p, *x; void recAdd(char*temp) { p = new record; temp[strlen(temp)] = '\0'; for (int j=0;j<bufferSize;j++) p->cont[j] = temp[j]; if (start==NULL) start=p; else { x=start; int c=0; while (recComp(x->cont,p->cont) <= 0 && x->next != NULL) { x=x->next; c++; } if (c == 0) { p->next=start; start=p; } else { x=start; for (int i=0;i<c;i++) x=x->next; p->next=x->next; x->next=p; } } for (int j=0;j<bufferSize;j++) temp[j] = NULL; }; But somehow it doesn't sort things right. What is wrong with my function?

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  • Initialize void pointer to point to an array

    - by idealistikz
    Suppose I have the following: typedef struct { int itemSize; int count; void *list; } Mystruct; Mystruct *InitStruct(int itemSize, int count) { Mystruct *my = malloc(sizeof(Mystruct)); my->itemSize = itemSize; my->count = count; //What is the best way to initialize list? For example: //my->list = malloc(count * sizeof(void *)); OR //my->list = malloc(count * sizeof(itemSize)); } //The following should return a pointer to the element stored at a given index void *Retrieve(const MyStruct *my, int index) { void *item; //What is the best way to return a pointer to the item at the given index from //my->list? } Mystruct is similar to an array and void *list is supposed to store the elements or pointers to the elements. Mystruct *InitStruct is a function that initializes a Mystruct pointer and void *Retrieve is a function that returns a pointer to the element stored at a given index. First, how should I initialize void* list? Should it hold the actual elements or be an array of pointers pointing to the elements? Second, using the void *Retrieve function, how do I return a pointer to the element stored at a given index in my-list?

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  • Python2.7: How can I speed up this bit of code (loop/lists/tuple optimization)?

    - by user89
    I repeat the following idiom again and again. I read from a large file (sometimes, up to 1.2 million records!) and store the output into an SQLite databse. Putting stuff into the SQLite DB seems to be fairly fast. def readerFunction(recordSize, recordFormat, connection, outputDirectory, outputFile, numObjects): insertString = "insert into NODE_DISP_INFO(node, analysis, timeStep, H1_translation, H2_translation, V_translation, H1_rotation, H2_rotation, V_rotation) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)" analysisNumber = int(outputPath[-3:]) outputFileObject = open(os.path.join(outputDirectory, outputFile), "rb") outputFileObject, numberOfRecordsInFileObject = determineNumberOfRecordsInFileObjectGivenRecordSize(recordSize, outputFileObject) numberOfRecordsPerObject = (numberOfRecordsInFileObject//numberOfObjects) loop1StartTime = time.time() for i in range(numberOfRecordsPerObject ): processedRecords = [] loop2StartTime = time.time() for j in range(numberOfObjects): fout = outputFileObject .read(recordSize) processedRecords.append(tuple([j+1, analysisNumber, i] + [x for x in list(struct.unpack(recordFormat, fout))])) loop2EndTime = time.time() print "Time taken to finish loop2: {}".format(loop2EndTime-loop2StartTime) dbInsertStartTime = time.time() connection.executemany(insertString, processedRecords) dbInsertEndTime = time.time() loop1EndTime = time.time() print "Time taken to finish loop1: {}".format(loop1EndTime-loop1StartTime) outputFileObject.close() print "Finished reading output file for analysis {}...".format(analysisNumber) When I run the code, it seems that "loop 2" and "inserting into the database" is where most execution time is spent. Average "loop 2" time is 0.003s, but it is run up to 50,000 times, in some analyses. The time spent putting stuff into the database is about the same: 0.004s. Currently, I am inserting into the database every time after loop2 finishes so that I don't have to deal with running out RAM. What could I do to speed up "loop 2"?

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  • C socket and openssl (RSA)

    - by giozh
    there's something strange in my client/server socket using RSA. If i test it on localhost, everithing goes fine, but if i put client on a pc and server on othe pc, something gone wrong. Client after call connect, call a method for public keys exchange with server. This part of code works fine. After this, client send a request to server: strcpy(send_pack->op, "help\n"); RSA_public_encrypt(strlen(send_pack->op), send_pack->op, encrypted_send->op, rsa_server, padding); rw_value = write(server, encrypted_send, sizeof (encrypted_pack)); if (rw_value == -1) { stampa_errore(write_error); close(server); exit(1); } if (rw_value == 0) { stampa_errore(no_response); close(server); exit(1); } printf("---Help send, waiting for response\n"); set_alarm(); rw_value = read(server, encrypted_receive, sizeof (encrypted_pack)); alarm(0); if (rw_value == -1) { stampa_errore(read_error); exit(1); } if (rw_value == 0) { stampa_errore(no_response); close(server); exit(1); } RSA_private_decrypt(RSA_size(rsa), encrypted_receive->message, receive_pack->message, rsa, padding); printf("%s\n", receive_pack->message); return; } but when server try to decrypt the receive message on server side, the "help" string doesn't appear. This happen only on the net, on localhost the same code works fine... EDIT: typedef struct pack1 { unsigned char user[encrypted_size]; unsigned char password[encrypted_size]; unsigned char op[encrypted_size]; unsigned char obj[encrypted_size]; unsigned char message[encrypted_size]; int id; }encrypted_pack; encrypted_size is 512, and padding used is RSA_PKCS1_PADDING

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  • Assigning a 2D array (of pointers) to a variable in an object for access in C++?

    - by MrMormon
    I'm sorry if I didn't pick a descriptive or concise name. A lot of questions sound similar, but I haven't been able to find what I'm looking for. What I want to do is store a 2D array of pointers somewhere and assign a variable in some object to that array to be able to access it. Here's some example code that has the same compile error I'm getting with a bigger project. #include <iostream> using namespace std; struct X{ float * b[8][8]; X(){ *(b[1][5]) = 1; cout << *(b[1][5]) << endl; } void Set(float * c[8][8]){ b = c; cout << *(b[1][5]) << endl; } }; main(){ float * a[8][8]; *(a[1][5]) = 2; X obj; obj.Set(a); } What I want to happen in this code is that an X object starts with its own 2D array, whose value pointed to by b[1][5] should be printed as "1". Then the main method's 2D array, a, is passed to the object's Set() method and assigned to its array variable. The value pointed to by b[1][5] should then be printed as "2". However, I can't figure out what type the Set() parameter, c, should be. I get error: incompatible types in assignment of ‘float* (*)[8]’ to ‘float* [8][8]’ when I try to compile. As for why I want to do this, I'm trying to use an array of pointers to objects, not floats, but it's the same error.

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  • Class Inside Structure

    - by Knvn
    Could some one please explain, What happens when a reference type is defined inside the value type. I write the following code: namespace ClassInsideStruct { class ClassInsideStruct { static void Main(string[] args) { ValueType ObjVal = new ValueType(10); ObjVal.Display(); ValueType.ReferenceType ObjValRef = new ValueType.ReferenceType(10); ObjValRef.Display(); Test(ObjVal, ObjValRef); ObjVal.Display(); ObjValRef.Display(); Console.ReadKey(); } private static void Test(ValueType v, ValueType.ReferenceType r) { v.SValue = 50; r.RValue = 50; } } struct ValueType { int StructNum; ReferenceType ObjRef; public ValueType(int i) { StructNum = i; ObjRef = new ReferenceType(i); } public int SValue { get { return StructNum; } set { StructNum = value; ObjRef.RValue = value; } } public void Display() { Console.WriteLine("ValueType: " + StructNum); Console.Write("ReferenceType Inside ValueType Instance: "); ObjRef.Display(); } public class ReferenceType { int ClassNum; public ReferenceType(int i) { ClassNum = i; } public void Display() { Console.WriteLine("Reference Type: " + ClassNum); } public int RValue { get { return ClassNum; } set { ClassNum = value; } } } } } Which outputs: ValueType: 10 ReferenceType Inside ValueType Instance: Reference Type: 10 Reference Type: 10 ValueType: 10 ReferenceType Inside ValueType Instance: Reference Type: 50 Reference Type: 50 I'm curious to know, after calling the method Test(ObjVal, ObjValRef), how the values of ReferenceType is changed to 50 which resides inside the ValueType who's value is not changed?

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  • Manipulating gl_LightSource[gl_MaxLights]

    - by pion
    The The OpenGL ® Shading Language Spec version 1.20 http://www.opengl.org/registry/doc/GLSLangSpec.Full.1.20.8.pdf shows the following: struct gl_LightSourceParameters { vec4 ambient; // Acli vec4 diffuse; // Dcli vec4 specular; // Scli vec4 position; // Ppli vec4 halfVector; // Derived: Hi vec3 spotDirection; // Sdli float spotExponent; // Srli float spotCutoff; // Crli // (range: [0.0,90.0], 180.0) float spotCosCutoff; // Derived: cos(Crli) // (range: [1.0,0.0],-1.0) float constantAttenuation; // K0 float linearAttenuation; // K1 float quadraticAttenuation;// K2 }; uniform gl_LightSourceParameters gl_LightSource[gl_MaxLights]; Also, http://www.lighthouse3d.com/opengl/glsl/index.php?ogldir1 shows the following code snippets: lightDir = normalize(vec3(gl_LightSource[0].position)); https://cvs.khronos.org/svn/repos/registry/trunk/public/webgl/doc/spec/WebGL-spec.html#5.10 shows many uniform* functions but nothing seems to deal with an array of uniform variable like gl_LightSource[0]. How do we set the gl_LightSource[0] fields in WebGL using JavaScript? For example, gl_LightSource[0].position Thanks in advance for your help. Note: Cross post on http://www.khronos.org/message_boards/viewtopic.php?f=43&t=3373

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  • Height:100% is not considered

    - by Ivan90
    Hi guys, I would want to simulate the behavior of a table with div. I have a struct of my layout divide into three columns: div#wrapper { width:800px; float:left; height:100%; margin-top:7px; text-align:center; } div#left { width:167px; float:left; padding-bottom:50px; margin-right:3px; } div#main { width:454px; float:left; } div#right { width:167px; float:left; margin-left:3px; } wrapper is the container of three columns left,main,right div "main" have a variable content so in some case is more long and in other case is very short. When the content vary,div wrapper is adapted and it's ok but left and right columns don't adapt to wrapper. P.S Without doctype there is no problem, infact I set the height of left, main and right to 100% but when I insert transional.dtd , the height of div is not considered. How can resolve this problem? Sorry for my english!!

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  • warning: format ‘%s’ expects type ‘char *’, but argument 2 has type ‘int’

    - by pyz
    code: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *ptr, **pptr; struct hostent *hptr; char str[32]; //ptr = argv[1]; ptr = "www.google.com"; if ((hptr = gethostbyname(ptr)) == NULL) { printf("gethostbyname error for host:%s\n", ptr); } printf("official hostname:%s\n", hptr->h_name); for (pptr = hptr->h_aliases; *pptr != NULL; pptr++) printf(" alias:%s\n", *pptr); switch (hptr->h_addrtype) { case AF_INET: case AF_INET6: pptr = hptr->h_addr_list; for (; *pptr != NULL; pptr++) printf(" address:%s\n", inet_ntop(hptr->h_addrtype, *pptr, str, sizeof(str))); break; default: printf("unknown address type\n"); break; } return 0; } compiler output below: zhumatoMacBook:CProjects zhu$ gcc gethostbynamedemo.c gethostbynamedemo.c: In function ‘main’: gethostbynamedemo.c:31: warning: format ‘%s’ expects type ‘char *’, but argument 2 has type ‘int’

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  • error while installing the libmemcached

    - by Ahmet vardar
    I get this while installing libmemcached root@server [/libmemcached]# make make all-am make[1]: Entering directory `/libmemcached' if /bin/sh ./libtool --tag=CXX --mode=compile g++ -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -I. -I. -ggdb -DBUILDING_HASHKIT -MT libhashkit/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.lo -MD -MP -MF "libhashkit/.deps/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.Tpo" -c -o libhashkit/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.lo `test -f 'libhashkit/aes.cc' || echo './'`libhashkit/aes.cc; \ then mv -f "libhashkit/.deps/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.Tpo" "libhashkit/.deps/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.Plo"; else rm -f "libhashkit/.deps/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.Tpo"; exit 1; fi ./libtool: line 866: X--tag=CXX: command not found ./libtool: line 899: libtool: ignoring unknown tag : command not found ./libtool: line 866: X--mode=compile: command not found ./libtool: line 1032: *** Warning: inferring the mode of operation is deprecated.: command not found ./libtool: line 1033: *** Future versions of Libtool will require --mode=MODE be specified.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: Xg++: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-DHAVE_CONFIG_H: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-I.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-I.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-I.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-I.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-I.: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-ggdb: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-DBUILDING_HASHKIT: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-MT: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: Xlibhashkit/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.lo: No such file or directory ./libtool: line 1176: X-MD: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-MP: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: X-MF: command not found ./libtool: line 1176: Xlibhashkit/.deps/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.Tpo: No such file or directory ./libtool: line 1176: X-c: command not found ./libtool: line 1228: Xlibhashkit/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.lo: No such file or directory ./libtool: line 1233: libtool: compile: cannot determine name of library object from `': command not found make[1]: *** [libhashkit/libhashkit_libhashkit_la-aes.lo] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/libmemcached' make: *** [all] Error 2 OUTPUT OF ./configure checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for gawk... gawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking for style of include used by make... GNU checking for gcc... gcc checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking for suffix of executables... checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3 checking dependency style of gcc... (cached) gcc3 checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking minix/config.h usability... no checking minix/config.h presence... no checking for minix/config.h... no checking whether it is safe to define __EXTENSIONS__... yes checking for isainfo... no checking for g++... g++ checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes checking dependency style of g++... gcc3 checking dependency style of g++... (cached) gcc3 checking whether gcc and cc understand -c and -o together... yes checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar checking whether __SUNPRO_C is declared... no checking whether __ICC is declared... no checking "C Compiler version--yes"... "gcc (GCC) 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-52)" checking "C++ Compiler version"... "g++ (GCC) 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-52)" checking whether time.h and sys/time.h may both be included... yes checking whether struct tm is in sys/time.h or time.h... time.h checking for size_t... yes checking for special C compiler options needed for large files... no checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files... no checking for library containing clock_gettime... -lrt checking sys/socket.h usability... yes checking sys/socket.h presence... yes checking for sys/socket.h... yes checking size of off_t... 8 checking size of size_t... 8 checking size of long long... 8 checking if time_t is unsigned... no checking for setsockopt... yes checking for bind... yes checking whether the compiler provides atomic builtins... yes checking assert.h usability... yes checking assert.h presence... yes checking for assert.h... yes checking whether to enable assertions... yes checking whether it is safe to use -fdiagnostics-show-option... yes checking whether it is safe to use -floop-parallelize-all... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wextra... yes checking whether it is safe to use -Wformat... yes checking whether it is safe to use -Wconversion... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wmissing-declarations from C++... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wframe-larger-than... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wlogical-op... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wredundant-decls from C++... yes checking whether it is safe to use -Wattributes from C++... no checking whether it is safe to use -Wno-attributes... no checking for perl... perl checking for dpkg-gensymbols... no checking for lcov... no checking for genhtml... no checking for sphinx-build... no checking for working -pipe... yes checking for bison... bison checking for flex... flex checking how to print strings... printf checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for fgrep... /bin/grep -F checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking for BSD- or MS-compatible name lister (nm)... /usr/bin/nm -B checking the name lister (/usr/bin/nm -B) interface... BSD nm checking whether ln -s works... yes checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 98304 checking whether the shell understands some XSI constructs... yes checking whether the shell understands "+="... yes checking how to convert x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu file names to x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu format... func_convert_file_noop checking how to convert x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu file names to toolchain format... func_convert_file_noop checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for objdump... objdump checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all checking for dlltool... no checking how to associate runtime and link libraries... printf %s\n checking for ar... ar checking for archiver @FILE support... @ checking for strip... strip checking for ranlib... ranlib checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm -B output from gcc object... ok checking for sysroot... no checking for mt... no checking if : is a manifest tool... no checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking for objdir... .libs checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC checking if gcc PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes checking if gcc static flag -static works... yes checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64) supports shared libraries... yes checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... yes checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E checking for ld used by g++... /usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64 checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64) is GNU ld... yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64) supports shared libraries... yes checking for g++ option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC checking if g++ PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes checking if g++ static flag -static works... yes checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... yes checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... (cached) GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether the -Werror option is usable... yes checking for simple visibility declarations... yes checking for ISO C++ 98 include files... checking whether memcached executable path has been provided... no checking for memcached... /usr/local/bin/memcached checking whether memcached_sasl executable path has been provided... no checking for memcached_sasl... no checking whether gearmand executable path has been provided... no checking for gearmand... no checking libgearman/gearmand.h usability... no checking libgearman/gearmand.h presence... no checking for libgearman/gearmand.h... no checking for library containing getopt_long... none required checking for library containing gethostbyname... none required checking for the pthreads library -lpthreads... no checking whether pthreads work without any flags... yes checking for joinable pthread attribute... PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE checking if more special flags are required for pthreads... no checking for PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT... yes checking the location of cstdint... configure: WARNING: Could not find a cstdint header. <stdint.h> checking the location of cinttypes... configure: WARNING: Could not find a cinttypes header. <inttypes.h> checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... no checking for htonll... no checking for working SO_SNDTIMEO... yes checking for working SO_RCVTIMEO... yes checking for supported struct padding... yes checking for alarm... yes checking for dup2... yes checking for getline... yes checking for gettimeofday... yes checking for memchr... yes checking for memmove... yes checking for memset... yes checking for pipe2... no checking for select... yes checking for setenv... yes checking for socket... yes checking for sqrt... yes checking for strcasecmp... yes checking for strchr... yes checking for strdup... yes checking for strerror... yes checking for strtol... yes checking for strtoul... yes checking for strtoull... yes checking arpa/inet.h usability... yes checking arpa/inet.h presence... yes checking for arpa/inet.h... yes checking fcntl.h usability... yes checking fcntl.h presence... yes checking for fcntl.h... yes checking libintl.h usability... yes checking libintl.h presence... yes checking for libintl.h... yes checking limits.h usability... yes checking limits.h presence... yes checking for limits.h... yes checking malloc.h usability... yes checking malloc.h presence... yes checking for malloc.h... yes checking netdb.h usability... yes checking netdb.h presence... yes checking for netdb.h... yes checking netinet/in.h usability... yes checking netinet/in.h presence... yes checking for netinet/in.h... yes checking stddef.h usability... yes checking stddef.h presence... yes checking for stddef.h... yes checking sys/time.h usability... yes checking sys/time.h presence... yes checking for sys/time.h... yes checking execinfo.h usability... yes checking execinfo.h presence... yes checking for execinfo.h... yes checking cxxabi.h usability... yes checking cxxabi.h presence... yes checking for cxxabi.h... yes checking sys/sysctl.h usability... yes checking sys/sysctl.h presence... yes checking for sys/sysctl.h... yes checking umem.h usability... no checking umem.h presence... no checking for umem.h... no checking for C++ compiler vendor... gnu checking for working alloca.h... yes checking for alloca... yes checking for error_at_line... yes checking for pid_t... yes checking vfork.h usability... no checking vfork.h presence... no checking for vfork.h... no checking for fork... yes checking for vfork... yes checking for working fork... yes checking for working vfork... (cached) yes checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes checking for GNU libc compatible malloc... yes checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes checking for GNU libc compatible realloc... yes checking whether strerror_r is declared... yes checking for strerror_r... yes checking whether strerror_r returns char *... yes checking for stdbool.h that conforms to C99... yes checking for _Bool... no checking for int16_t... yes checking for int32_t... yes checking for int64_t... yes checking for int8_t... yes checking for off_t... yes checking for pid_t... (cached) yes checking for ssize_t... yes checking for uint16_t... yes checking for uint32_t... yes checking for uint64_t... yes checking for uint8_t... yes checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... (cached) no checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes checking for inline... inline checking for working volatile... yes checking for C/C++ restrict keyword... __restrict checking whether the compiler supports GCC C++ ABI name demangling... yes checking sasl/sasl.h usability... no checking sasl/sasl.h presence... no checking for sasl/sasl.h... no checking uuid/uuid.h usability... yes checking uuid/uuid.h presence... yes checking for uuid/uuid.h... yes checking for main in -luuid... yes checking for clock_gettime in -lrt... yes checking for floor in -lm... yes checking for sigignore... yes checking atomic.h usability... no checking atomic.h presence... no checking for atomic.h... no checking for setppriv... no checking for winsock2.h... no checking for poll.h... yes checking for sys/wait.h... yes checking for fnmatch.h... yes checking for MSG_NOSIGNAL... yes checking for MSG_DONTWAIT... yes checking for MSG_MORE... yes checking event.h usability... yes checking event.h presence... yes checking for event.h... yes checking for main in -levent... yes checking for endianness... little configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating docs/conf.py config.status: creating libhashkit-1.0/configure.h config.status: creating libmemcached-1.0/configure.h config.status: creating libmemcached-1.2/configure.h config.status: creating libmemcached-2.0/configure.h config.status: creating support/libmemcached.pc config.status: creating support/libmemcached.spec config.status: creating support/libmemcached-fc.spec config.status: creating libtest/version.h config.status: creating config.h config.status: config.h is unchanged config.status: executing depfiles commands config.status: executing libtool commands --- Configuration summary for libmemcached version 1.0.6 * Installation prefix: /usr/local * System type: unknown-linux-gnu * Host CPU: x86_64 * C Compiler: gcc (GCC) 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-52) * Assertions enabled: yes * Debug enabled: no * Warnings as failure: no * SASL support: --- anyone knows how to solve this ?

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  • Error with postgres and Rails in Bundle Install on Ubuntu 12.10

    - by jason328
    I'm trying to install postgres onto Ubuntu. When running the Bundle Install in terminal I'm receiving this message at the end of the running code. How do I get pg to install properly? Libpq-dev is installed as well. Using coffee-rails (3.2.2) Using diff-lcs (1.1.3) Using jquery-rails (2.0.2) Installing pg (0.12.2) with native extensions Gem::Installer::ExtensionBuildError: ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension. /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1 extconf.rb checking for pg_config... yes Using config values from /usr/bin/pg_config checking for libpq-fe.h... yes checking for libpq/libpq-fs.h... yes checking for PQconnectdb() in -lpq... yes checking for PQconnectionUsedPassword()... yes checking for PQisthreadsafe()... yes checking for PQprepare()... yes checking for PQexecParams()... yes checking for PQescapeString()... yes checking for PQescapeStringConn()... yes checking for PQgetCancel()... yes checking for lo_create()... yes checking for pg_encoding_to_char()... yes checking for PQsetClientEncoding()... yes checking for rb_encdb_alias()... yes checking for rb_enc_alias()... no checking for struct pgNotify.extra in libpq-fe.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking for ruby/st.h... yes creating extconf.h creating Makefile make compiling compat.c compiling pg.c pg.c: In function ‘pgconn_wait_for_notify’: pg.c:2117:3: warning: ‘rb_thread_select’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ruby- 1.9.1/ruby/intern.h:379) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] pg.c: In function ‘pgconn_block’: pg.c:2592:3: error: format not a string literal and no format arguments [-Werror=format- security] pg.c:2598:3: warning: ‘rb_thread_select’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ruby- 1.9.1/ruby/intern.h:379) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] pg.c:2607:4: error: format not a string literal and no format arguments [-Werror=format- security] pg.c: In function ‘pgconn_locreate’: pg.c:2866:11: warning: variable ‘lo_oid’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable] pg.c: In function ‘find_or_create_johab’: pg.c:3947:3: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘rb_encdb_alias’ [-Wimplicit- function-declaration] cc1: some warnings being treated as errors make: *** [pg.o] Error 1 Gem files will remain installed in /home/jason/.bundler/tmp/10083/gems/pg-0.12.2 for inspection. Results logged to /home/jason/.bundler/tmp/10083/gems/pg-0.12.2/ext/gem_make.out An error occurred while installing pg (0.12.2), and Bundler cannot continue. Make sure that `gem install pg -v '0.12.2'` succeeds before bundling.

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  • Why MySQL sat for 2 minutes doing nothing?

    - by Alex R
    This was a one-time thing, not reproducible... But I saved the show innodb status output. Can anybody tell what's going on here? The simple insert took almost 3 minutes to complete. | InnoDB | | ===================================== 110201 15:58:10 INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT ===================================== Per second averages calculated from the last 34 seconds ---------- SEMAPHORES ---------- OS WAIT ARRAY INFO: reservation count 11963, signal count 11766 --Thread 1824 has waited at .\btr\btr0cur.c line 443 for 118.00 seconds the sema phore: S-lock on RW-latch at 09D6453C created in file .\buf\buf0buf.c line 550 a writer (thread id 1824) has reserved it in mode wait exclusive number of readers 1, waiters flag 1 Last time read locked in file .\buf\buf0flu.c line 599 Last time write locked in file .\btr\btr0cur.c line 443 Mutex spin waits 0, rounds 527817, OS waits 7133 RW-shared spins 2532, OS waits 1226; RW-excl spins 1652, OS waits 1118 ------------ TRANSACTIONS ------------ Trx id counter 0 95830 Purge done for trx's n:o < 0 95814 undo n:o < 0 0 History list length 11 LIST OF TRANSACTIONS FOR EACH SESSION: ---TRANSACTION 0 0, not started, OS thread id 3704 MySQL thread id 551, query id 2702112 localhost 127.0.0.1 root show innodb status ---TRANSACTION 0 95829, not started, OS thread id 3132 MySQL thread id 534, query id 2702020 localhost 127.0.0.1 root ---TRANSACTION 0 95828, not started, OS thread id 3152 MySQL thread id 527, query id 2701973 localhost 127.0.0.1 root ---TRANSACTION 0 95827, ACTIVE 118 sec, OS thread id 1824 inserting, thread decl ared inside InnoDB 500 mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 1 lock struct(s), heap size 320, 0 row lock(s) MySQL thread id 526, query id 2701972 localhost 127.0.0.1 root update INSERT INTO log_searchcriteria (userid,search_criteria,date,search_type) VALUES ( NAME_CONST('userid',NULL), NAME_CONST('search_criteria',_latin1' SELECT SQL_C ALC_FOUND_ROWS idx_search.CTCX_LATITUDE, idx_search.CTCX_LONGITUDE, idx_search.b uilding_id, idx_search.LN_LIST_NUMBER, idx_search.LP_LIST_PRICE, idx_search.HSN_ ADRESS_HOUSE_NUMBER, idx_search.STR_ADDRESS_STREET, idx_search.CP_ADDRESS_COMPAS S_POINT, idx_search.UN_UNIT, idx_search.CIT_CITY, idx_search.ZP_ZIP_CODE, idx_se arch.AR_AREA_NAME, idx_search.BR_BEDROOMS, idx_search.BTH_BATHS, idx_search.ST_S TATUS, idx_search.CTCX_STYLE_TYPE, idx_s -------- FILE I/O -------- I/O thread 0 state: wait Windows aio (insert buffer thread) I/O thread 1 state: wait Windows aio (log thread) I/O thread 2 state: wait Windows aio (read thread) I/O thread 3 state: wait Windows aio (write thread) Pending normal aio reads: 0, aio writes: 1, ibuf aio reads: 0, log i/o's: 0, sync i/o's: 0 Pending flushes (fsync) log: 0; buffer pool: 0 151006 OS file reads, 120758 OS file writes, 6844 OS fsyncs 0.00 reads/s, 0 avg bytes/read, 0.00 writes/s, 0.00 fsyncs/s ------------------------------------- INSERT BUFFER AND ADAPTIVE HASH INDEX ------------------------------------- Ibuf: size 1, free list len 5, seg size 7, 24664 inserts, 24664 merged recs, 4612 merges Hash table size 553253, node heap has 629 buffer(s) 0.00 hash searches/s, 0.00 non-hash searches/s --- LOG --- Log sequence number 5 2318193115 Log flushed up to 5 2318193115 Last checkpoint at 5 2318129891 0 pending log writes, 0 pending chkp writes 3036 log i/o's done, 0.00 log i/o's/second ---------------------- BUFFER POOL AND MEMORY ---------------------- Total memory allocated 213459462; in additional pool allocated 1720192 Dictionary memory allocated 240416 Buffer pool size 8192 Free buffers 0 Database pages 7563 Modified db pages 18 Pending reads 0 Pending writes: LRU 0, flush list 18, single page 0 Pages read 150973, created 28788, written 115137 0.00 reads/s, 0.00 creates/s, 0.00 writes/s No buffer pool page gets since the last printout -------------- ROW OPERATIONS -------------- 1 queries inside InnoDB, 0 queries in queue 1 read views open inside InnoDB Main thread id 2992, state: flushing buffer pool pages Number of rows inserted 794294, updated 89203, deleted 13698, read 1453084305 0.00 inserts/s, 0.00 updates/s, 0.00 deletes/s, 0.00 reads/s ---------------------------- END OF INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT ============================ Thanks

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  • Coldfusion 8 Application Crashes Under Heavy Load

    - by KM01
    Hello, We have a CF8 app that runs for 20-25 minutes before crashing under heavy load ~ 1200 users. This load is generated by our load testing tool: 1200 users ramped up in 5 mins (approx behavior of our users), running for an hour. We have this app on Solaris 10, Apache 2, JRun 4 and Oracle 10g. Java version is 1.6. During the initial load tests, the thread dumps pointed to monitor deadlocks that pointed to sessions. "jrpp-173": waiting to lock monitor 0x019fdc60 (object 0x6b893530, a java.util.Hashtable), which is held by "scheduler-1" "scheduler-1": waiting to lock monitor 0x026c3ce0 (object 0x6abe2f20, a coldfusion.monitor.memory.SessionMemoryMonitor$TopMemoryUsedSessions), which is held by "jrpp-167" "jrpp-167": waiting to lock monitor 0x019fdc60 (object 0x6b893530, a java.util.Hashtable), which is held by "scheduler-1" We increased the number of sessions relative to the number of CPUs (48 simultaneous threads against 32 CPUs), and the deadlock went away. While varying the simultaneous threads helped a little bit in terms of response time, the CF server still tanked in 20-25 minutes during all of these tests. We ran more thread dumps, and saw a thread locking a monitor, for e.g.: "jrpp-475" prio=3 tid=0x02230800 nid=0x2c5 runnable [0x4397d000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE at java.util.HashMap.getEntry(HashMap.java:347) at java.util.HashMap.containsKey(HashMap.java:335) at java.util.HashSet.contains(HashSet.java:184) at coldfusion.monitor.memory.MemoryTracker.onAddObject(MemoryTracker.java:124) at coldfusion.monitor.memory.MemoryTrackerProxy.onReplaceValue(MemoryTrackerProxy.java:598) at coldfusion.monitor.memory.MemoryTrackerProxy.onPut(MemoryTrackerProxy.java:510) at coldfusion.util.CaseInsensitiveMap.put(CaseInsensitiveMap.java:250) at coldfusion.util.FastHashtable.put(FastHashtable.java:43) - locked <0x6f7e1a78> (a coldfusion.runtime.Struct) at coldfusion.runtime.CfJspPage._arrayset(CfJspPage.java:1027) at coldfusion.runtime.CfJspPage._arraySetAt(CfJspPage.java:2117) at cfvalidation2ecfc1052964961$funcSETUSERAUDITDATA.runFunction(/app/docs/apply/cfcs/validation.cfc:377) As you see in the last line above there were several references CFMs and CFCs, and the lines have "cflock" tags, which were scoped to the "application." We (the dev team) then changed them to be scoped to a "name". After more load tests, there is no locking going on and there no deadlocks, but now the application tanks in 7-10 minutes. We've gotten system, network and DB reports from the respective admins, and they are not being taxed; even watched the server stats with server monitor, top, prstat, ran sar reports, etc. So we believe it is an issue with the CF server or maybe the JVM. I am running out of ideas as to what else we can try. Disclaimer: I am not a CF developer or Admin. I am just running the load test, analyzing the reports, threads etc, and sharing the results with the dev and admin teams, and trying the next change, and so on. So far no dice. Has anyone run into something similar? How did you go about diagnosing and troubleshooting? All thoughts and pointers welcome. Thank you for your time! KM

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  • Upgrading php from php 5.3 to 5.4 .7

    - by Takingsides
    So, quickly so to speak I have noticed this topic around, I have searched and there are plenty of solutions. However these solutions do not work for me, not only that but I'm intending to learn more about the Debian based OS. Questions I would like to know how to upgrade php5.3 to php 5.4.7 compiling it from source, myself without using a third-party ppa. Is the way (explained below) the correct way of configuring php5.4? I'm new to compiling from source. Set-up I run Ubuntu Server 12.04 64bit. I've currently got: PHP 5.3 MySQL-Server Apache2 Memcached The Problem So I initially installed php5.3 using apt-get. I now wish to upgrade the php 5.4 due to the advantage of traits in OOP and the struct with Arrays and all the other recent patches and such. Possible Solutions I've seen this ondrej/ppa repository, which I refuse to use, given the fact that it may work, but it's an unknown/untrusted source. ALso, i'm not learning how to administer from source, using configure, make and install accordingly. I've seen a solution compiling from source, which is essentially how I was hoping to go about it with some guidance. Conclusion So I didn't just expect to be spoon-fed, and I went out and did some manual reading and atleast started the ball rolling myself; this how far i've got. The first thing I did was su into root (to save the typing sudo all the darn time). $ sudo su The next thing I did was download the latest version of php (5.4.7) and extracted it's contents ready to configure before installing it. $ mkdir php5-new && cd !$ $ wget -O php-5.4.7.tar.bz2 http://php.net/get/php-5.4.7.tar.bz2/from/uk3.php.net/mirror $ bzip2 -d php-5.4.7.tar.bz2 $ tar xvf php-5.4.7.tar.gz $ cd php-5.4.7 $ ./configure --help Finally I decided to have a bash, I looked through the list of options and decided I needed to list ALL of the things I wanted to include in the configuration. $ ./configure --with-mysql --with-apache2 --with-libxml --with-openssl --with-zlib --with-bz2 --with-curl --with-dom --with-gd --with-imap --with-imap-ssl --with-mcrypt --with-mysqli --with-pdo-mysql --with-libxml --enable-ftp --enable-mbstring --enable-soap Finally, the results... When the configuration process had finished, it threw an error: configure: error: xml2-config not found. Please check your libxml2 installation.

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  • Removing file with strange characters in filename in OS X

    - by SiggyF
    After a memory error in my program, I am stuck with a file with a strange filename. It's proving quite resistant to all normal methods to remove files with strange names. The filename is: %8BUȅ҉%95d%F8%FF%FF\x0f%8E%8F%FD%FF%FF%8B%B5T%F8%FF%FF%8B%85\%F8%FF%FF\x03%85x%F8%FF%FF%8B%95D%F8%FF%FF%8B%BD%9C%F8%FF%FF%8D\x04%86%8B%B5@%F8%FF%FF%89%85%90%F8%FF%FF%8B%85X%F8%FF%FF\x03%85%9C%F8%FF%FF%C1%E7\x02%8B%8Dx I tried the following: rm * - "No such file or directory" rm -- filename - "No such file or directory" rm "filename" - "No such file or directory" ls -i to get the inode number - "No such file or directory" stat filename - "No such file or directory" zip the directory where the file is in - error occured while adding "" to the archive. delete directory in finder - error -43 in python: os.unlink(os.listdir(u'.')[0]) - OSError No such file or directory find . -type f -exec rm {} \; - "No such file or directory" checked for locks on the file with lsof - no locks All these attempts result in a file (long filename here) not found error, or error -43. Even the ls -i. I couldn't find anymore options, so before reformatting or repairing my filesystem (fsck might help) I thought maybe there is something I missed. I wrote this small c program to get the inode: #include <stdio.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <sys/types.h> int main(void) { DIR *dp; struct dirent *ep; dp = opendir ("./"); if (dp != NULL) { while (ep = readdir (dp)) { printf("d_ino=%ld, ", (unsigned long) ep->d_ino); printf("d_name=%s.\n", ep->d_name); } (void) closedir (dp); } else perror ("Couldn't open the directory"); return 0; } That works. I now have the inode, but the normal find -inum inode -exec rm '{}' \; doesn't work. I think I have to use the clri now.

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  • Re: Help with Boost Grammar

    - by Decmac04
    I have redesigned and extended the grammar I asked about earlier as shown below: // BIFAnalyser.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // // /*============================================================================= Copyright (c) Temitope Jos Onunkun 2010 http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/pg/onun/ Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) =============================================================================*/ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // // B Machine parser using the Boost "Grammar" and "Semantic Actions". // // // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// include include include include include include //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// using namespace std; using namespace boost::spirit; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Semantic Actions // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // namespace { //semantic action function on individual lexeme void do_noint(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); if (str != "NAT1") cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; } //semantic action function on addition of lexemes void do_add(char const*, char const*) { cout << "ADD" << endl; // for(vector::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) // cout << *vi << " "; } //semantic action function on subtraction of lexemes void do_subt(char const*, char const*) { cout << "SUBTRACT" << endl; } //semantic action function on multiplication of lexemes void do_mult(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nMULTIPLY" << endl; } //semantic action function on division of lexemes void do_div(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nDIVIDE" << endl; } // // vector flowTable; //semantic action function on simple substitution void do_sSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer Tokenizer; boost::char_separator sep(" -+/*:=()",0,boost::drop_empty_tokens); // char separator definition Tokenizer tok(str, sep); Tokenizer::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); pair dependency; //create a pair object for dependencies //create a vector object to store all tokens vector dx; // int counter = 0; // tracks token position for(tok.begin(); tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { dx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } counter = dx.size(); // vector d_hat; //stores set of dependency pairs string dep; //pairs variables as string object // dependency.first = *tok.begin(); vector FV; for(int unsigned i=1; i < dx.size(); i++) { // if(!atoi(dx.at(i).c_str()) && (dx.at(i) !=" ")) { dependency.second = dx.at(i); dep = dependency.first + "|-" + dependency.second + " "; d_hat.push_back(dep); vector<string> row; row.push_back(dependency.first); //push x_hat into first column of each row for(unsigned int j=0; j<2; j++) { row.push_back(dependency.second);//push an element (column) into the row } flowTable.push_back(row); //Add the row to the main vector } } //displays internal representation of information flow table cout << "\n****************\nDependency Table\n****************\n"; cout << "X_Hat\tDx\tG_Hat\n"; cout << "-----------------------------\n"; for(unsigned int i=0; i < flowTable.size(); i++) { for(unsigned int j=0; j<2; j++) { cout << flowTable[i][j] << "\t "; } if (*tok.begin() != "WHILE" ) //if there are no global flows, cout << "\t{}"; //display empty set cout << "\n"; } cout << "***************\n\n"; for(int unsigned j=0; j < FV.size(); j++) { if(FV.at(j) != dependency.second) dep = dependency.first + "|-" + dependency.second + " "; d_hat.push_back(dep); } cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\n*******\nDependency pairs\n*******\n"; for(int unsigned i=0; i < d_hat.size(); i++) cout << d_hat.at(i) << "\n...\n"; cout << "\nSIMPLE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on multiple substitution void do_mSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; //cout << "\nMULTIPLE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on unbounded choice substitution void do_mChoice(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nUNBOUNDED CHOICE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } void do_logicExpr(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer Tokenizer; boost::char_separator sep(" -+/*=:()<",0,boost::drop_empty_tokens); // char separator definition Tokenizer tok(str, sep); Tokenizer::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); //pair dependency; //create a pair object for dependencies //create a vector object to store all tokens vector dx; for(tok.begin(); tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { dx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } for(unsigned int i=0; i cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nPREDICATE\n\n"; } void do_predicate(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nMULTIPLE PREDICATE\n\n"; } void do_ifSelectPre(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //if cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nPROTECTED SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on machine substitution void do_machSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nMACHINE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Machine Substitution Grammar // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Simple substitution grammar parser with integer values removed struct Substitution : public grammar { template struct definition { definition(Substitution const& ) { machine_subst = ( (simple_subst) | (multi_subst) | (if_select_pre_subst) | (unbounded_choice) )[&do_machSubst] ; unbounded_choice = str_p("ANY") ide_list str_p("WHERE") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst str_p("END") ; if_select_pre_subst = ( ( str_p("IF") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst *( str_p("ELSIF") predicate machine_subst ) !( str_p("ELSE") machine_subst) str_p("END") ) | ( str_p("SELECT") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst *( str_p("WHEN") predicate machine_subst ) !( str_p("ELSE") machine_subst) str_p("END")) | ( str_p("PRE") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst str_p("END") ) )[&do_ifSelectPre] ; multi_subst = ( (machine_subst) *( ( str_p("||") (machine_subst) ) | ( str_p("[]") (machine_subst) ) ) ) [&do_mSubst] ; simple_subst = (identifier str_p(":=") arith_expr) [&do_sSubst] ; expression = predicate | arith_expr ; predicate = ( (logic_expr) *( ( ch_p('&') (logic_expr) ) | ( str_p("OR") (logic_expr) ) ) )[&do_predicate] ; logic_expr = ( identifier (str_p("<") arith_expr) | (str_p("<") arith_expr) | (str_p("/:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("/<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("/<<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) ) [&do_logicExpr] ; arith_expr = term *( ('+' term)[&do_add] | ('-' term)[&do_subt] ) ; term = factor ( ('' factor)[&do_mult] | ('/' factor)[&do_div] ) ; factor = lexeme_d[( identifier | +digit_p)[&do_noint]] | '(' expression ')' | ('+' factor) ; ide_list = identifier *( ch_p(',') identifier ) ; identifier = alpha_p +( alnum_p | ch_p('_') ) ; } rule machine_subst, unbounded_choice, if_select_pre_subst, multi_subst, simple_subst, expression, predicate, logic_expr, arith_expr, term, factor, ide_list, identifier; rule<ScannerT> const& start() const { return predicate; //return multi_subst; //return machine_subst; } }; }; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Main program // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int main() { cout << "*********************************\n\n"; cout << "\t\t...Machine Parser...\n\n"; cout << "*********************************\n\n"; // cout << "Type an expression...or [q or Q] to quit\n\n"; string str; int machineCount = 0; char strFilename[256]; //file name store as a string object do { cout << "Please enter a filename...or [q or Q] to quit:\n\n "; //prompt for file name to be input //char strFilename[256]; //file name store as a string object cin strFilename; if(*strFilename == 'q' || *strFilename == 'Q') //termination condition return 0; ifstream inFile(strFilename); // opens file object for reading //output file for truncated machine (operations only) if (inFile.fail()) cerr << "\nUnable to open file for reading.\n" << endl; inFile.unsetf(std::ios::skipws); Substitution elementary_subst; // Simple substitution parser object string next; while (inFile str) { getline(inFile, next); str += next; if (str.empty() || str[0] == 'q' || str[0] == 'Q') break; parse_info< info = parse(str.c_str(), elementary_subst !end_p, space_p); if (info.full) { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing succeeded\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } else { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing failed\n"; cout << "stopped at: " << info.stop << "\"\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } } } while ( (*strFilename != 'q' || *strFilename !='Q')); return 0; } However, I am experiencing the following unexpected behaviours on testing: The text files I used are: f1.txt, ... containing ...: debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20 . f2.txt, ... containing ...: debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20 || newDebt := loanammount-paidammount || price := purchasePrice + overhead + bb . f3.txt, ... containing ...: yy < (xx+7+ww) . f4.txt, ... containing ...: yy < (xx+7+ww) & yy : NAT . When I use multi_subst as start rule both files (f1 and f2) are parsed correctly; When I use machine_subst as start rule file f1 parse correctly, while file f2 fails, producing the error: “Parsing failed stopped at: || newDebt := loanammount-paidammount || price := purchasePrice + overhead + bb” When I use predicate as start symbol, file f3 parse correctly, but file f4 yields the error: “ “Parsing failed stopped at: & yy : NAT” Can anyone help with the grammar, please? It appears there are problems with the grammar that I have so far been unable to spot.

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  • Help with Boost Grammar

    - by Decmanc04
    I have been using the following win32 console code to try to parse a B Machine Grammar embedded within C++ using Boost Spirit grammar template. I am a relatively new Boost user. The code compiles, but when I run the .exe file produced by VC++2008, the program partially parses the input file. I believe the problem is with my grammar definition or the functions attached as semantic atctions. The code is given below: // BIFAnalyser.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // // /*============================================================================= Copyright (c) Temitope Jos Onunkun 2010 http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/pg/onun/ Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) =============================================================================*/ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // // B Machine parser using the Boost "Grammar" and "Semantic Actions". // // // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include <boost/spirit/core.hpp> #include <boost/tokenizer.hpp> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <fstream> #include <vector> #include <utility> /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// using namespace std; using namespace boost::spirit; /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Semantic actions // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// vector<string> strVect; namespace { //semantic action function on individual lexeme void do_noint(char const* str, char const* end) { string s(str, end); if(atoi(str)) { ; } else { strVect.push_back(s); cout << "PUSH(" << s << ')' << endl; } } //semantic action function on addition of lexemes void do_add(char const*, char const*) { cout << "ADD" << endl; for(vector<string>::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) cout << *vi << " "; } //semantic action function on subtraction of lexemes void do_subt(char const*, char const*) { cout << "SUBTRACT" << endl; for(vector<string>::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) cout << *vi << " "; } //semantic action function on multiplication of lexemes void do_mult(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nMULTIPLY" << endl; for(vector<string>::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) cout << *vi << " "; cout << "\n"; } //semantic action function on division of lexemes void do_div(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nDIVIDE" << endl; for(vector<string>::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) cout << *vi << " "; } //semantic action function on simple substitution void do_sSubst(char const* str, char const* end) { string s(str, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer<boost::char_separator<char> > Tokenizer; boost::char_separator<char> sep("-+/*:=()"); // default char separator Tokenizer tok(s, sep); Tokenizer::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); pair<string, string > dependency; //create a pair object for dependencies //save first variable token in simple substitution dependency.first = *tok.begin(); //create a vector object to store all tokens vector<string> dx; // for( ; tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { dx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } vector<string> d_hat; //stores set of dependency pairs string dep; //pairs variables as string object for(int unsigned i=1; i < dx.size()-1; i++) { dependency.second = dx.at(i); dep = dependency.first + "|->" + dependency.second + " "; d_hat.push_back(dep); } cout << "PUSH(" << s << ')' << endl; for(int unsigned i=0; i < d_hat.size(); i++) cout <<"\n...\n" << d_hat.at(i) << " "; cout << "\nSIMPLE SUBSTITUTION\n"; } //semantic action function on multiple substitution void do_mSubst(char const* str, char const* end) { string s(str, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer<boost::char_separator<char> > Tok; boost::char_separator<char> sep("-+/*:=()"); // default char separator Tok tok(s, sep); Tok::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); // string start = *tok.begin(); vector<string> mx; for( ; tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { mx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } mx.push_back("END\n"); //add a marker "end" for(unsigned int i=0; i<mx.size(); i++) { // if(mx.at(i) == "END" || mx.at(i) == "||" ) // break; // else if( mx.at(i) == "||") // do_sSubst(str, end); // else // { // do_sSubst(str, end); // } cout << "\nTokens ... " << mx.at(i) << " "; } cout << "PUSH(" << s << ')' << endl; cout << "MULTIPLE SUBSTITUTION\n"; } } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Simple Substitution Grammar // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Simple substitution grammar parser with integer values removed struct Substitution : public grammar<Substitution> { template <typename ScannerT> struct definition { definition(Substitution const& ) { multi_subst = (simple_subst [&do_mSubst] >> +( str_p("||") >> simple_subst [&do_mSubst]) ) ; simple_subst = (Identifier >> str_p(":=") >> expression)[&do_sSubst] ; Identifier = alpha_p >> +alnum_p//[do_noint] ; expression = term >> *( ('+' >> term)[&do_add] | ('-' >> term)[&do_subt] ) ; term = factor >> *( ('*' >> factor)[&do_mult] | ('/' >> factor)[&do_div] ) ; factor = lexeme_d[( (alpha_p >> +alnum_p) | +digit_p)[&do_noint]] | '(' >> expression >> ')' | ('+' >> factor) ; } rule<ScannerT> expression, term, factor, Identifier, simple_subst, multi_subst ; rule<ScannerT> const& start() const { return multi_subst; } }; }; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Main program // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int main() { cout << "************************************************************\n\n"; cout << "\t\t...Machine Parser...\n\n"; cout << "************************************************************\n\n"; // cout << "Type an expression...or [q or Q] to quit\n\n"; //prompt for file name to be input cout << "Please enter a filename...or [q or Q] to quit:\n\n "; char strFilename[256]; //file name store as a string object cin >> strFilename; ifstream inFile(strFilename); // opens file object for reading //output file for truncated machine (operations only) Substitution elementary_subst; // Simple substitution parser object string str, next; // inFile.open(strFilename); while (inFile >> str) { getline(cin, next); str += next; if (str.empty() || str[0] == 'q' || str[0] == 'Q') break; parse_info<> info = parse(str.c_str(), elementary_subst, space_p); if (info.full) { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing succeeded\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } else { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing failed\n"; cout << "stopped at: \": " << info.stop << "\"\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } } cout << "Please enter a filename...or [q or Q] to quit\n"; cin >> strFilename; return 0; } The contents of the file I tried to parse, which I named "mf7.txt" is given below: debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20 || newDebt := loanammount-paidammount The output when I execute the program is: ************************************************************ ...Machine Parser... ************************************************************ Please enter a filename...or [q or Q] to quit: c:\tplat\mf7.txt PUSH(LoanRequest) PUSH(outstandingLoan1) ADD LoanRequest outstandingLoan1 MULTIPLY LoanRequest outstandingLoan1 PUSH(debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20) ... debt|->LoanRequest ... debt|->outstandingLoan1 SIMPLE SUBSTITUTION Tokens ... debt Tokens ... LoanRequest Tokens ... outstandingLoan1 Tokens ... 20 Tokens ... END PUSH(debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20) MULTIPLE SUBSTITUTION ------------------------- Parsing failedstopped at: ": " ------------------------- My intention is to capture only the variables in the file, which I managed to do up to the "||" string. Clearly, the program is not parsing beyond the "||" string in the input file. I will appreciate assistance to fix the grammar. SOS, please.

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  • printing reverse in singly link list using pointers

    - by theoneabhinav
    i have been trying this code. i think the logic is ok but the program terminates abruptly when the display_rev function is called here is code of display_rev void display_rev(emp_node *head) { emp_node *p=head, *q; while(p->next != NULL) p=p->next; while(p!=head || p==head){ q=head; display_rec(p); while(q->next != p) q=q->next; p=q; } } here is my whole code #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<ctype.h> #include<string.h> //Declarations=============================================================== typedef struct //employee record { int emp_id; char name[150]; char mob_no[11]; float salary; int proj[5]; struct emp_node *next; } emp_node; emp_node* add_rec(emp_node*); emp_node* create_db(emp_node*); emp_node* search_db(emp_node*, int); emp_node* delete_rec(emp_node*, int); void read_name(emp_node*); void read_mob(emp_node*); void display_db(emp_node*); void display_rec(emp_node*); void display_rev(emp_node*); void modify_rec(emp_node*); void swtch(emp_node*); //=========================================================================== int main() { char ans; emp_node *head = NULL; head = create_db(head); display_db(head); do { swtch(head); printf("\n\n\tDo you want to continue (y/n) : "); getchar(); scanf("%c", &ans); } while (ans == 'y' || ans == 'Y'); return 0; } //Definitions================================================================ emp_node* create_db(emp_node *head) //database creation { int i = 1, no; emp_node *p; printf("Enter number of employees:"); scanf("%d", &no); printf("\n\n"); head = (emp_node *) malloc(sizeof(emp_node)); head = add_rec(head); head->next = NULL; p = head; while (i < no) { p->next = (emp_node *) malloc(sizeof(emp_node)); p = p->next; p = add_rec(p); p->next = NULL; i++; } return head; } emp_node* add_rec(emp_node *p) //new record { int j; printf("\n\tEmployee ID : "); scanf("%d", &(p->emp_id)); printf("\n\tFirst Name:"); read_name(p); printf("\n\tMobile No.:"); read_mob(p); printf("\n\tSalary :"); scanf("%f", &(p->salary)); printf( "\n\tEnter \"1\" for the projects employee is working on, otherwise enter \"0\": \n"); for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { printf("\n\t\tProject No. %d : ", j + 1); scanf("%d", &(p->proj[j])); while (p->proj[j] != 1 && p->proj[j] != 0) { printf("\n\nInvalid entry!! Please re-enter."); printf("\n\t\tProject No. %d : ", j + 1); scanf("%d", &(p->proj[j])); } } printf("\n\n\n"); return p; } void read_name(emp_node *p) //validation for name { int j, len; scanf("%s", p->name); len = strlen(p->name); for (j = 0; j < len; j++) { if (!isalpha(p->name[j])) { printf( "\n\n\tInvalid name!!Can contain only characters. Please Re-enter.\n"); printf("\n\tName : "); read_name(p); } } } void read_mob(emp_node *p) //validation for mobile no. { int j; scanf("%s", p->mob_no); while (strlen(p->mob_no) != 10) { printf("\n\nInvalid Mobile No!!Please Re-enter"); printf("\n\n\tMobile No.:"); read_mob(p); } for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) { if (!(48 <= p->mob_no[j] && p->mob_no[j] <= 57)) { printf( "\n\nInvalid Mobile No!!Can contain only digits. Please Re-enter."); printf("\n\n\tMobile No.:"); read_mob(p); } } } void display_db(emp_node *head) //displaying whole database { emp_node *p; p = head; printf("\n\n\t\t****** EMPLOYEE DATABASE ******\n"); printf( "\n=============================================================================="); printf("\n Id.\t Name\t\t Mobile No\t Salary\t Projects\n"); while (p != NULL) { display_rec(p); p = p->next; printf("\n\n\n"); } printf( "\n=============================================================================="); } void swtch(emp_node *head) //function for menu and switch case { int cho, x; emp_node *p; printf("\n\n\t\t****** MENU ******"); printf( "\n\n\t1. insert Record\n\t2. Search Record\n\t3. Modify Record\n\t4. Delete Record\n\t5. Display Reverse\n\t6. Exit"); printf("\n\tWhich operation do you want to perform? "); scanf("%d", &cho); switch (cho) { case 1: p=head; while(p->next != NULL) p=p->next; p->next = (emp_node *) malloc(sizeof(emp_node)); p=p->next; p = add_rec(p); p->next = NULL; display_db(head); break; case 2: printf("\n\n\tEnter employee ID whose record is to be Searched :"); scanf("%d", &x); p = search_db(head, x); if (p == NULL) printf("\n\nRecord not found."); else display_rec(p); break; case 3: printf("\n\n\tEnter employee ID whose record is to be modified :"); scanf("%d", &x); p = search_db(head, x); if (p == NULL) printf("\n\nRecord not found."); else modify_rec(p); display_db(head); break; case 4: printf("\n\n\tEnter employee ID whose record is to be deleted :"); scanf("%d", &x); head = delete_rec(head, x); display_db(head); break; case 5: display_rev(head); case 6: exit(0); default: printf("Invalid Choice!! Please try again."); } } emp_node* search_db(emp_node *head, int id) //search database { emp_node *p = head; while (p != NULL) { if (p->emp_id == id) return p; p = p->next; } return NULL; } void display_rec(emp_node *p) //display a single record { int j; printf("\n %d", p->emp_id); printf("\t %10s", p->name); printf("\t %10s", p->mob_no); printf("\t %05.2f", p->salary); printf("\t "); for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { if (p->proj[j] == 1) printf(" %d,", j + 1); } } void modify_rec(emp_node *p) //modifying a record { int j, cho; char ch1, edt; do { printf( "\n\t1. Name\n\t2. Email Address\n\t3. Mobile No.\n\t4. Salary\n\t5. Date of birth\n\t6. Projects\n"); printf("Enter your choice : "); scanf("%d", &cho); switch (cho) { case 1: printf("\n\tPrevious name:%s", p->name); printf("\n\tDo you want to edit ? (y/n)"); getchar(); scanf("%c", &ch1); if (ch1 == 'y' || ch1 == 'Y') { printf("\n\tEnter New Name:"); read_name(p); } break; case 2: printf("\n\tPrevious Mobile No. : %s", p->mob_no); printf("\n\tDo you want to edit ? (y/n)"); getchar(); scanf("%c", &ch1); if (ch1 == 'y' || ch1 == 'Y') { printf("\n\tEnter New Mobile No. :"); read_mob(p); } break; case 3: printf("\n\tPrevious salary is : %f", p->salary); printf("\n\tDo you want to edit ? (y/n)"); getchar(); scanf("%c", &ch1); if (ch1 == 'y' || ch1 == 'Y') { printf("\n\tEnter New salary:"); scanf("%f", &(p->salary)); } break; case 4: printf("the employee is currently working on project no. "); for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { if (p->proj[j] == 1) printf(" %d,", j + 1); } printf("\n\tDo you want to edit ? (y/n)"); getchar(); scanf("%c", &ch1); if (ch1 == 'y' || ch1 == 'Y') { printf( "\n\tEnter \"1\" for the projects employee is working on : \n"); for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { printf("\n\t\tProject No. %d : ", j + 1); scanf("%d", &(p->proj[j])); while (p->proj[j] != 1) { printf("\n\nInvalid entry!! Please re-enter."); printf("\n\t\tProject No. %d : ", j + 1); scanf("%d", &(p->proj[j])); } } } break; default: printf("\n\nInvalid Choice!! Please Try again."); } printf("\n\nDo you want to edit any other fields ?(y/n)"); getchar(); scanf("%c", &edt); } while (edt == 'y' || edt == 'Y'); } emp_node* delete_rec(emp_node *head, int id) //physical deletion of record { emp_node *p = head, *q; if (head->emp_id == id) { head = head->next; free(p); return head; } else { q = p->next; while (q->emp_id != id) { p = p->next; q = q->next; } if (q->next == NULL) p->next = NULL; else p->next = q->next; free(q); return head; } } void display_rev(emp_node *head) { emp_node *p=head, *q; while(p->next != NULL) p=p->next; while(p!=head || p==head){ q=head; display_rec(p); while(q->next != p) q=q->next; p=q; } }

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  • Threading across multiple files

    - by Zach M.
    My program is reading in files and using thread to compute the highest prime number, when I put a print statement into the getNum() function my numbers are printing out. However, it seems to just lag no matter how many threads I input. Each file has 1 million integers in it. Does anyone see something apparently wrong with my code? Basically the code is giving each thread 1000 integers to check before assigning a new thread. I am still a C noobie and am just learning the ropes of threading. My code is a mess right now because I have been switching things around constantly. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <string.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <math.h> #include <semaphore.h> //Global variable declaration char *file1 = "primes1.txt"; char *file2 = "primes2.txt"; char *file3 = "primes3.txt"; char *file4 = "primes4.txt"; char *file5 = "primes5.txt"; char *file6 = "primes6.txt"; char *file7 = "primes7.txt"; char *file8 = "primes8.txt"; char *file9 = "primes9.txt"; char *file10 = "primes10.txt"; char **fn; //file name variable int numberOfThreads; int *highestPrime = NULL; int fileArrayNum = 0; int loop = 0; int currentFile = 0; sem_t semAccess; sem_t semAssign; int prime(int n)//check for prime number, return 1 for prime 0 for nonprime { int i; for(i = 2; i <= sqrt(n); i++) if(n % i == 0) return(0); return(1); } int getNum(FILE* file) { int number; char* tempS = malloc(20 *sizeof(char)); fgets(tempS, 20, file); tempS[strlen(tempS)-1] = '\0'; number = atoi(tempS); free(tempS);//free memory for later call return(number); } void* findPrimality(void *threadnum) //main thread function to find primes { int tNum = (int)threadnum; int checkNum; char *inUseFile = NULL; int x=1; FILE* file; while(currentFile < 10){ if(inUseFile == NULL){//inUseFIle being used to check if a file is still being read sem_wait(&semAccess);//critical section inUseFile = fn[currentFile]; sem_post(&semAssign); file = fopen(inUseFile, "r"); while(!feof(file)){ if(x % 1000 == 0 && tNum !=1){ //go for 1000 integers and then wait sem_wait(&semAssign); } checkNum = getNum(file); /* * * * * I think the issue is here * * * */ if(checkNum > highestPrime[tNum]){ if(prime(checkNum)){ highestPrime[tNum] = checkNum; } } x++; } fclose(file); inUseFile = NULL; } currentFile++; } } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if(argc != 2){ //checks for number of arguements being passed printf("To many ARGS\n"); return(-1); } else{//Sets thread cound to user input checking for correct number of threads numberOfThreads = atoi(argv[1]); if(numberOfThreads < 1 || numberOfThreads > 10){ printf("To many threads entered\n"); return(-1); } time_t preTime, postTime; //creating time variables int i; fn = malloc(10 * sizeof(char*)); //create file array and initialize fn[0] = file1; fn[1] = file2; fn[2] = file3; fn[3] = file4; fn[4] = file5; fn[5] = file6; fn[6] = file7; fn[7] = file8; fn[8] = file9; fn[9] = file10; sem_init(&semAccess, 0, 1); //initialize semaphores sem_init(&semAssign, 0, numberOfThreads); highestPrime = malloc(numberOfThreads * sizeof(int)); //create an array to store each threads highest number for(loop = 0; loop < numberOfThreads; loop++){//set initial values to 0 highestPrime[loop] = 0; } pthread_t calculationThread[numberOfThreads]; //thread to do the work preTime = time(NULL); //start the clock for(i = 0; i < numberOfThreads; i++){ pthread_create(&calculationThread[i], NULL, findPrimality, (void *)i); } for(i = 0; i < numberOfThreads; i++){ pthread_join(calculationThread[i], NULL); } for(i = 0; i < numberOfThreads; i++){ printf("this is a prime number: %d \n", highestPrime[i]); } postTime= time(NULL); printf("Wall time: %ld seconds\n", (long)(postTime - preTime)); } } Yes I am trying to find the highest number over all. So I have made some head way the last few hours, rescucturing the program as spudd said, currently I am getting a segmentation fault due to my use of structures, I am trying to save the largest individual primes in the struct while giving them the right indices. This is the revised code. So in short what the first thread is doing is creating all the threads and giving them access points to a very large integer array which they will go through and find prime numbers, I want to implement semaphores around the while loop so that while they are executing every 2000 lines or the end they update a global prime number. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <string.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <math.h> #include <semaphore.h> //Global variable declaration char *file1 = "primes1.txt"; char *file2 = "primes2.txt"; char *file3 = "primes3.txt"; char *file4 = "primes4.txt"; char *file5 = "primes5.txt"; char *file6 = "primes6.txt"; char *file7 = "primes7.txt"; char *file8 = "primes8.txt"; char *file9 = "primes9.txt"; char *file10 = "primes10.txt"; int numberOfThreads; int entries[10000000]; int entryIndex = 0; int fileCount = 0; char** fileName; int largestPrimeNumber = 0; //Register functions int prime(int n); int getNum(FILE* file); void* findPrimality(void *threadNum); void* assign(void *num); typedef struct package{ int largestPrime; int startingIndex; int numberCount; }pack; //Beging main code block int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if(argc != 2){ //checks for number of arguements being passed printf("To many threads!!\n"); return(-1); } else{ //Sets thread cound to user input checking for correct number of threads numberOfThreads = atoi(argv[1]); if(numberOfThreads < 1 || numberOfThreads > 10){ printf("To many threads entered\n"); return(-1); } int threadPointer[numberOfThreads]; //Pointer array to point to entries time_t preTime, postTime; //creating time variables int i; fileName = malloc(10 * sizeof(char*)); //create file array and initialize fileName[0] = file1; fileName[1] = file2; fileName[2] = file3; fileName[3] = file4; fileName[4] = file5; fileName[5] = file6; fileName[6] = file7; fileName[7] = file8; fileName[8] = file9; fileName[9] = file10; FILE* filereader; int currentNum; for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){ filereader = fopen(fileName[i], "r"); while(!feof(filereader)){ char* tempString = malloc(20 *sizeof(char)); fgets(tempString, 20, filereader); tempString[strlen(tempString)-1] = '\0'; entries[entryIndex] = atoi(tempString); entryIndex++; free(tempString); } } //sem_init(&semAccess, 0, 1); //initialize semaphores //sem_init(&semAssign, 0, numberOfThreads); time_t tPre, tPost; pthread_t coordinate; tPre = time(NULL); pthread_create(&coordinate, NULL, assign, (void**)numberOfThreads); pthread_join(coordinate, NULL); tPost = time(NULL); } } void* findPrime(void* pack_array) { pack* currentPack= pack_array; int lp = currentPack->largestPrime; int si = currentPack->startingIndex; int nc = currentPack->numberCount; int i; int j = 0; for(i = si; i < nc; i++){ while(j < 2000 || i == (nc-1)){ if(prime(entries[i])){ if(entries[i] > lp) lp = entries[i]; } j++; } } return (void*)currentPack; } void* assign(void* num) { int y = (int)num; int i; int count = 10000000/y; int finalCount = count + (10000000%y); int sIndex = 0; pack pack_array[(int)num]; pthread_t workers[numberOfThreads]; //thread to do the workers for(i = 0; i < y; i++){ if(i == (y-1)){ pack_array[i].largestPrime = 0; pack_array[i].startingIndex = sIndex; pack_array[i].numberCount = finalCount; } pack_array[i].largestPrime = 0; pack_array[i].startingIndex = sIndex; pack_array[i].numberCount = count; pthread_create(&workers[i], NULL, findPrime, (void *)&pack_array[i]); sIndex += count; } for(i = 0; i< y; i++) pthread_join(workers[i], NULL); } //Functions int prime(int n)//check for prime number, return 1 for prime 0 for nonprime { int i; for(i = 2; i <= sqrt(n); i++) if(n % i == 0) return(0); return(1); }

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  • RK4 Bouncing a Ball

    - by Jonathan Dickinson
    I am trying to wrap my head around RK4. I decided to do the most basic 'ball with gravity that bounces' simulation. I have implemented the following integrator given Glenn Fiedler's tutorial: /// <summary> /// Represents physics state. /// </summary> public struct State { // Also used internally as derivative. // S: Position // D: Velocity. /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the Position. /// </summary> public Vector2 X; // S: Position // D: Acceleration. /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the Velocity. /// </summary> public Vector2 V; } /// <summary> /// Calculates the force given the specified state. /// </summary> /// <param name="state">The state.</param> /// <param name="t">The time.</param> /// <param name="acceleration">The value that should be updated with the acceleration.</param> public delegate void EulerIntegrator(ref State state, float t, ref Vector2 acceleration); /// <summary> /// Represents the RK4 Integrator. /// </summary> public static class RK4 { private const float OneSixth = 1.0f / 6.0f; private static void Evaluate(EulerIntegrator integrator, ref State initial, float t, float dt, ref State derivative, ref State output) { var state = new State(); // These are a premature optimization. I like premature optimization. // So let's not concentrate on that. state.X.X = initial.X.X + derivative.X.X * dt; state.X.Y = initial.X.Y + derivative.X.Y * dt; state.V.X = initial.V.X + derivative.V.X * dt; state.V.Y = initial.V.Y + derivative.V.Y * dt; output = new State(); output.X.X = state.V.X; output.X.Y = state.V.Y; integrator(ref state, t + dt, ref output.V); } /// <summary> /// Performs RK4 integration over the specified state. /// </summary> /// <param name="eulerIntegrator">The euler integrator.</param> /// <param name="state">The state.</param> /// <param name="t">The t.</param> /// <param name="dt">The dt.</param> public static void Integrate(EulerIntegrator eulerIntegrator, ref State state, float t, float dt) { var a = new State(); var b = new State(); var c = new State(); var d = new State(); Evaluate(eulerIntegrator, ref state, t, 0.0f, ref a, ref a); Evaluate(eulerIntegrator, ref state, t + dt * 0.5f, dt * 0.5f, ref a, ref b); Evaluate(eulerIntegrator, ref state, t + dt * 0.5f, dt * 0.5f, ref b, ref c); Evaluate(eulerIntegrator, ref state, t + dt, dt, ref c, ref d); a.X.X = OneSixth * (a.X.X + 2.0f * (b.X.X + c.X.X) + d.X.X); a.X.Y = OneSixth * (a.X.Y + 2.0f * (b.X.Y + c.X.Y) + d.X.Y); a.V.X = OneSixth * (a.V.X + 2.0f * (b.V.X + c.V.X) + d.V.X); a.V.Y = OneSixth * (a.V.Y + 2.0f * (b.V.Y + c.V.Y) + d.V.Y); state.X.X = state.X.X + a.X.X * dt; state.X.Y = state.X.Y + a.X.Y * dt; state.V.X = state.V.X + a.V.X * dt; state.V.Y = state.V.Y + a.V.Y * dt; } } After reading over the tutorial I noticed a few things that just seemed 'out' to me. Notably how the entire simulation revolves around t at 0 and state at 0 - considering that we are working out a curve over the duration it seems logical that RK4 wouldn't be able to handle this simple scenario. Never-the-less I forged on and wrote a very simple Euler integrator: static void Integrator(ref State state, float t, ref Vector2 acceleration) { if (state.X.Y > 100 && state.V.Y > 0) { // Bounce vertically. acceleration.Y = -state.V.Y * t; } else { acceleration.Y = 9.8f; } } I then ran the code against a simple fixed-time step loop and this is what I got: 0.05 0.20 0.44 0.78 1.23 1.76 ... 74.53 78.40 82.37 86.44 90.60 94.86 99.23 103.05 105.45 106.94 107.86 108.42 108.76 108.96 109.08 109.15 109.19 109.21 109.23 109.23 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 109.24 ... As I said, I was expecting it to break - however I am unsure of how to fix it. I am currently looking into keeping the previous state and time, and working from that - although at the same time I assume that will defeat the purpose of RK4. How would I get this simulation to print the expected results?

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  • Independence Day for Software Components &ndash; Loosening Coupling by Reducing Connascence

    - by Brian Schroer
    Today is Independence Day in the USA, which got me thinking about loosely-coupled “independent” software components. I was reminded of a video I bookmarked quite a while ago of Jim Weirich’s “Grand Unified Theory of Software Design” talk at MountainWest RubyConf 2009. I finally watched that video this morning. I highly recommend it. In the video, Jim talks about software connascence. The dictionary definition of connascence (con-NAY-sense) is: 1. The common birth of two or more at the same time 2. That which is born or produced with another. 3. The act of growing together. The brief Wikipedia page about Connascent Software Components says that: Two software components are connascent if a change in one would require the other to be modified in order to maintain the overall correctness of the system. Connascence is a way to characterize and reason about certain types of complexity in software systems. The term was introduced to the software world in Meilir Page-Jones’ 1996 book “What Every Programmer Should Know About Object-Oriented Design”. The middle third of that book is the author’s proposed graphical notation for describing OO designs. UML became the standard about a year later, so a revised version of the book was published in 1999 as “Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Design in UML”. Weirich says that the third part of the book, in which Page-Jones introduces the concept of connascence “is worth the price of the entire book”. (The price of the entire book, by the way, is not much – I just bought a used copy on Amazon for $1.36, so that was a pretty low-risk investment. I’m looking forward to getting the book and learning about connascence from the original source.) Meanwhile, here’s my summary of Weirich’s summary of Page-Jones writings about connascence: The stronger the form of connascence, the more difficult and costly it is to change the elements in the relationship. Some of the connascence types, ordered from weak to strong are: Connascence of Name Connascence of name is when multiple components must agree on the name of an entity. If you change the name of a method or property, then you need to change all references to that method or property. Duh. Connascence of name is unavoidable, assuming your objects are actually used. My main takeaway about connascence of name is that it emphasizes the importance of giving things good names so you don’t need to go changing them later. Connascence of Type Connascence of type is when multiple components must agree on the type of an entity. I assume this is more of a problem for languages without compilers (especially when used in apps without tests). I know it’s an issue with evil JavaScript type coercion. Connascence of Meaning Connascence of meaning is when multiple components must agree on the meaning of particular values, e.g that “1” means normal customer and “2” means preferred customer. The solution to this is to use constants or enums instead of “magic” strings or numbers, which reduces the coupling by changing the connascence form from “meaning” to “name”. Connascence of Position Connascence of positions is when multiple components must agree on the order of values. This refers to methods with multiple parameters, e.g.: eMailer.Send("[email protected]", "[email protected]", "Your order is complete", "Order completion notification"); The more parameters there are, the stronger the connascence of position is between the component and its callers. In the example above, it’s not immediately clear when reading the code which email addresses are sender and receiver, and which of the final two strings are subject vs. body. Connascence of position could be improved to connascence of type by replacing the parameter list with a struct or class. This “introduce parameter object” refactoring might be overkill for a method with 2 parameters, but would definitely be an improvement for a method with 10 parameters. This points out two “rules” of connascence:  The Rule of Degree: The acceptability of connascence is related to the degree of its occurrence. The Rule of Locality: Stronger forms of connascence are more acceptable if the elements involved are closely related. For example, positional arguments in private methods are less problematic than in public methods. Connascence of Algorithm Connascence of algorithm is when multiple components must agree on a particular algorithm. Be DRY – Don’t Repeat Yourself. If you have “cloned” code in multiple locations, refactor it into a common function.   Those are the “static” forms of connascence. There are also “dynamic” forms, including… Connascence of Execution Connascence of execution is when the order of execution of multiple components is important. Consumers of your class shouldn’t have to know that they have to call an .Initialize method before it’s safe to call a .DoSomething method. Connascence of Timing Connascence of timing is when the timing of the execution of multiple components is important. I’ll have to read up on this one when I get the book, but assume it’s largely about threading. Connascence of Identity Connascence of identity is when multiple components must reference the entity. The example Weirich gives is when you have two instances of the “Bob” Employee class and you call the .RaiseSalary method on one and then the .Pay method on the other does the payment use the updated salary?   Again, this is my summary of a summary, so please be forgiving if I misunderstood anything. Once I get/read the book, I’ll make corrections if necessary and share any other useful information I might learn.   See Also: Gregory Brown: Ruby Best Practices Issue #24: Connascence as a Software Design Metric (That link is failing at the time I write this, so I had to go to the Google cache of the page.)

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  • First time shadow mapping problems

    - by user1294203
    I have implemented basic shadow mapping for the first time in OpenGL using shaders and I'm facing some problems. Below you can see an example of my rendered scene: The process of the shadow mapping I'm following is that I render the scene to the framebuffer using a View Matrix from the light point of view and the projection and model matrices used for normal rendering. In the second pass, I send the above MVP matrix from the light point of view to the vertex shader which transforms the position to light space. The fragment shader does the perspective divide and changes the position to texture coordinates. Here is my vertex shader, #version 150 core uniform mat4 ModelViewMatrix; uniform mat3 NormalMatrix; uniform mat4 MVPMatrix; uniform mat4 lightMVP; uniform float scale; in vec3 in_Position; in vec3 in_Normal; in vec2 in_TexCoord; smooth out vec3 pass_Normal; smooth out vec3 pass_Position; smooth out vec2 TexCoord; smooth out vec4 lightspace_Position; void main(void){ pass_Normal = NormalMatrix * in_Normal; pass_Position = (ModelViewMatrix * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0)).xyz; lightspace_Position = lightMVP * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0); TexCoord = in_TexCoord; gl_Position = MVPMatrix * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0); } And my fragment shader, #version 150 core struct Light{ vec3 direction; }; uniform Light light; uniform sampler2D inSampler; uniform sampler2D inShadowMap; smooth in vec3 pass_Normal; smooth in vec3 pass_Position; smooth in vec2 TexCoord; smooth in vec4 lightspace_Position; out vec4 out_Color; float CalcShadowFactor(vec4 lightspace_Position){ vec3 ProjectionCoords = lightspace_Position.xyz / lightspace_Position.w; vec2 UVCoords; UVCoords.x = 0.5 * ProjectionCoords.x + 0.5; UVCoords.y = 0.5 * ProjectionCoords.y + 0.5; float Depth = texture(inShadowMap, UVCoords).x; if(Depth < (ProjectionCoords.z + 0.001)) return 0.5; else return 1.0; } void main(void){ vec3 Normal = normalize(pass_Normal); vec3 light_Direction = -normalize(light.direction); vec3 camera_Direction = normalize(-pass_Position); vec3 half_vector = normalize(camera_Direction + light_Direction); float diffuse = max(0.2, dot(Normal, light_Direction)); vec3 temp_Color = diffuse * vec3(1.0); float specular = max( 0.0, dot( Normal, half_vector) ); float shadowFactor = CalcShadowFactor(lightspace_Position); if(diffuse != 0 && shadowFactor > 0.5){ float fspecular = pow(specular, 128.0); temp_Color += fspecular; } out_Color = vec4(shadowFactor * texture(inSampler, TexCoord).xyz * temp_Color, 1.0); } One of the problems is self shadowing as you can see in the picture, the crate has its own shadow cast on itself. What I have tried is enabling polygon offset (i.e. glEnable(POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL), glPolygonOffset(GLfloat, GLfloat) ) but it didn't change much. As you see in the fragment shader, I have put a static offset value of 0.001 but I have to change the value depending on the distance of the light to get more desirable effects , which not very handy. I also tried using front face culling when I render to the framebuffer, that didn't change much too. The other problem is that pixels outside the Light's view frustum get shaded. The only object that is supposed to be able to cast shadows is the crate. I guess I should pick more appropriate projection and view matrices, but I'm not sure how to do that. What are some common practices, should I pick an orthographic projection? From googling around a bit, I understand that these issues are not that trivial. Does anyone have any easy to implement solutions to these problems. Could you give me some additional tips? Please ask me if you need more information on my code. Here is a comparison with and without shadow mapping of a close-up of the crate. The self-shadowing is more visible.

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  • Normal maps red in OpenGL?

    - by KaiserJohaan
    I am using Assimp to import 3d models, and FreeImage to parse textures. The problem I am having is that the normal maps are actually red rather than blue when I try to render them as normal diffuse textures. http://i42.tinypic.com/289ing3.png When I open the images in a image-viewing program they do indeed show up as blue. Heres when I create the texture; OpenGLTexture::OpenGLTexture(const std::vector<uint8_t>& textureData, uint32_t textureWidth, uint32_t textureHeight, TextureType textureType, Logger& logger) : mLogger(logger), mTextureID(gNextTextureID++), mTextureType(textureType) { glGenTextures(1, &mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, textureWidth, textureHeight, 0, glTextureFormat, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &textureData[0]); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); } Here is my fragment shader. You can see I just commented out the normal-map parsing and treated the normal map texture as the diffuse texture to display it and illustrate the problem. As for the rest of the code it interacts as expected with the diffuse textures so I dont see a obvious problem there. "#version 330 \n \ \n \ layout(std140) uniform; \n \ \n \ const int MAX_LIGHTS = 8; \n \ \n \ struct Light \n \ { \n \ vec4 mLightColor; \n \ vec4 mLightPosition; \n \ vec4 mLightDirection; \n \ \n \ int mLightType; \n \ float mLightIntensity; \n \ float mLightRadius; \n \ float mMaxDistance; \n \ }; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifLighting \n \ { \n \ vec4 mGamma; \n \ vec3 mViewDirection; \n \ int mNumLights; \n \ \n \ Light mLights[MAX_LIGHTS]; \n \ } Lighting; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifMaterial \n \ { \n \ vec4 mDiffuseColor; \n \ vec4 mAmbientColor; \n \ vec4 mSpecularColor; \n \ vec4 mEmissiveColor; \n \ \n \ bool mHasDiffuseTexture; \n \ bool mHasNormalTexture; \n \ bool mLightingEnabled; \n \ float mSpecularShininess; \n \ } Material; \n \ \n \ uniform sampler2D unifDiffuseTexture; \n \ uniform sampler2D unifNormalTexture; \n \ \n \ in vec3 frag_position; \n \ in vec3 frag_normal; \n \ in vec2 frag_texcoord; \n \ in vec3 frag_tangent; \n \ in vec3 frag_bitangent; \n \ \n \ out vec4 finalColor; " " \n \ \n \ void CalcGaussianSpecular(in vec3 dirToLight, in vec3 normal, out float gaussianTerm) \n \ { \n \ vec3 viewDirection = normalize(Lighting.mViewDirection); \n \ vec3 halfAngle = normalize(dirToLight + viewDirection); \n \ \n \ float angleNormalHalf = acos(dot(halfAngle, normalize(normal))); \n \ float exponent = angleNormalHalf / Material.mSpecularShininess; \n \ exponent = -(exponent * exponent); \n \ \n \ gaussianTerm = exp(exponent); \n \ } \n \ \n \ vec4 CalculateLighting(in Light light, in vec4 diffuseTexture, in vec3 normal) \n \ { \n \ if (light.mLightType == 1) // point light \n \ { \n \ vec3 positionDiff = light.mLightPosition.xyz - frag_position; \n \ float dist = max(length(positionDiff) - light.mLightRadius, 0); \n \ \n \ float attenuation = 1 / ((dist/light.mLightRadius + 1) * (dist/light.mLightRadius + 1)); \n \ attenuation = max((attenuation - light.mMaxDistance) / (1 - light.mMaxDistance), 0); \n \ \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(positionDiff); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (attenuation * angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (attenuation * gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 2) // directional light \n \ { \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(light.mLightDirection.xyz); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 4) // ambient light \n \ return diffuseTexture * Material.mAmbientColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor; \n \ else \n \ return vec4(0.0); \n \ } \n \ \n \ void main() \n \ { \n \ vec4 diffuseTexture = vec4(1.0); \n \ if (Material.mHasDiffuseTexture) \n \ diffuseTexture = texture(unifDiffuseTexture, frag_texcoord); \n \ \n \ vec3 normal = frag_normal; \n \ if (Material.mHasNormalTexture) \n \ { \n \ diffuseTexture = vec4(normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0), 1.0); \n \ // vec3 normalTangentSpace = normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0); \n \ //mat3 tangentToWorldSpace = mat3(normalize(frag_tangent), normalize(frag_bitangent), normalize(frag_normal)); \n \ \n \ // normal = tangentToWorldSpace * normalTangentSpace; \n \ } \n \ \n \ if (Material.mLightingEnabled) \n \ { \n \ vec4 accumLighting = vec4(0.0); \n \ \n \ for (int lightIndex = 0; lightIndex < Lighting.mNumLights; lightIndex++) \n \ accumLighting += Material.mEmissiveColor * diffuseTexture + \n \ CalculateLighting(Lighting.mLights[lightIndex], diffuseTexture, normal); \n \ \n \ finalColor = pow(accumLighting, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ else { \n \ finalColor = pow(diffuseTexture, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ } \n"; Why is this? does normal-map textures need some sort of special treatment in opengl?

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  • Implementing synchronous MediaTypeFormatters in ASP.NET Web API

    - by cibrax
    One of main characteristics of MediaTypeFormatter’s in ASP.NET Web API is that they leverage the Task Parallel Library (TPL) for reading or writing an model into an stream. When you derive your class from the base class MediaTypeFormatter, you have to either implement the WriteToStreamAsync or ReadFromStreamAsync methods for writing or reading a model from a stream respectively. These two methods return a Task, which internally does all the serialization work, as it is illustrated bellow. public abstract class MediaTypeFormatter { public virtual Task WriteToStreamAsync(Type type, object value, Stream writeStream, HttpContent content, TransportContext transportContext); public virtual Task<object> ReadFromStreamAsync(Type type, Stream readStream, HttpContent content, IFormatterLogger formatterLogger); }   .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } However, most of the times, serialization is a safe operation that can be done synchronously. In fact, many of the serializer classes you will find in the .NET framework only provide sync methods. So the question is, how you can transform that synchronous work into a Task ?. Creating a new task using the method Task.Factory.StartNew for doing all the serialization work would be probably the typical answer. That would work, as a new task is going to be scheduled. However, that might involve some unnecessary context switches, which are out of our control and might be affect performance on server code specially.   If you take a look at the source code of the MediaTypeFormatters shipped as part of the framework, you will notice that they actually using another pattern, which uses a TaskCompletionSource class. public Task WriteToStreamAsync(Type type, object value, Stream writeStream, HttpContent content, TransportContext transportContext) {   var tsc = new TaskCompletionSource<AsyncVoid>(); tsc.SetResult(default(AsyncVoid));   //Do all the serialization work here synchronously   return tsc.Task; }   /// <summary> /// Used as the T in a "conversion" of a Task into a Task{T} /// </summary> private struct AsyncVoid { } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } They are basically doing all the serialization work synchronously and using a TaskCompletionSource for returning a task already done. To conclude this post, this is another approach you might want to consider when using serializers that are not compatible with an async model. Update: Henrik Nielsen from the ASP.NET team pointed out the existence of a built-in media type formatter for writing sync formatters. BufferedMediaTypeFormatter http://t.co/FxOfeI5x

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  • Breaking through the class sealing

    - by Jason Crease
    Do you understand 'sealing' in C#?  Somewhat?  Anyway, here's the lowdown. I've done this article from a C# perspective, but I've occasionally referenced .NET when appropriate. What is sealing a class? By sealing a class in C#, you ensure that you ensure that no class can be derived from that class.  You do this by simply adding the word 'sealed' to a class definition: public sealed class Dog {} Now writing something like " public sealed class Hamster: Dog {} " you'll get a compile error like this: 'Hamster: cannot derive from sealed type 'Dog' If you look in an IL disassembler, you'll see a definition like this: .class public auto ansi sealed beforefieldinit Dog extends [mscorlib]System.Object Note the addition of the word 'sealed'. What about sealing methods? You can also seal overriding methods.  By adding the word 'sealed', you ensure that the method cannot be overridden in a derived class.  Consider the following code: public class Dog : Mammal { public sealed override void Go() { } } public class Mammal { public virtual void Go() { } } In this code, the method 'Go' in Dog is sealed.  It cannot be overridden in a subclass.  Writing this would cause a compile error: public class Dachshund : Dog { public override void Go() { } } However, we can 'new' a method with the same name.  This is essentially a new method; distinct from the 'Go' in the subclass: public class Terrier : Dog { public new void Go() { } } Sealing properties? You can also seal seal properties.  You add 'sealed' to the property definition, like so: public sealed override string Name {     get { return m_Name; }     set { m_Name = value; } } In C#, you can only seal a property, not the underlying setters/getters.  This is because C# offers no override syntax for setters or getters.  However, in underlying IL you seal the setter and getter methods individually - a property is just metadata. Why bother sealing? There are a few traditional reasons to seal: Invariance. Other people may want to derive from your class, even though your implementation may make successful derivation near-impossible.  There may be twisted, hacky logic that could never be second-guessed by another developer.  By sealing your class, you're protecting them from wasting their time.  The CLR team has sealed most of the framework classes, and I assume they did this for this reason. Security.  By deriving from your type, an attacker may gain access to functionality that enables him to hack your system.  I consider this a very weak security precaution. Speed.  If a class is sealed, then .NET doesn't need to consult the virtual-function-call table to find the actual type, since it knows that no derived type can exist.  Therefore, it could emit a 'call' instead of 'callvirt' or at least optimise the machine code, thus producing a performance benefit.  But I've done trials, and have been unable to demonstrate this If you have an example, please share! All in all, I'm not convinced that sealing is interesting or important.  Anyway, moving-on... What is automatically sealed? Value types and structs.  If they were not always sealed, all sorts of things would go wrong.  For instance, structs are laid-out inline within a class.  But what if you assigned a substruct to a struct field of that class?  There may be too many fields to fit. Static classes.  Static classes exist in C# but not .NET.  The C# compiler compiles a static class into an 'abstract sealed' class.  So static classes are already sealed in C#. Enumerations.  The CLR does not track the types of enumerations - it treats them as simple value types.  Hence, polymorphism would not work. What cannot be sealed? Interfaces.  Interfaces exist to be implemented, so sealing to prevent implementation is dumb.  But what if you could prevent interfaces from being extended (i.e. ban declarations like "public interface IMyInterface : ISealedInterface")?  There is no good reason to seal an interface like this.  Sealing finalizes behaviour, but interfaces have no intrinsic behaviour to finalize Abstract classes.  In IL you can create an abstract sealed class.  But C# syntax for this already exists - declaring a class as a 'static', so it forces you to declare it as such. Non-override methods.  If a method isn't declared as override it cannot be overridden, so sealing would make no difference.  Note this is stated from a C# perspective - the words are opposite in IL.  In IL, you have four choices in total: no declaration (which actually seals the method), 'virtual' (called 'override' in C#), 'sealed virtual' ('sealed override' in C#) and 'newslot virtual' ('new virtual' or 'virtual' in C#, depending on whether the method already exists in a base class). Methods that implement interface methods.  Methods that implement an interface method must be virtual, so cannot be sealed. Fields.  A field cannot be overridden, only hidden (using the 'new' keyword in C#), so sealing would make no sense.

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