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  • Function calculating the probability of a letter in an sentence

    - by Mike
    I have a function that is supposed to calculate the number of times a letter occurs in a sentence, and based on that, calculate the probability of it occurring in the sentence. To accomplish this, I have a sentence: The Washington Metropolitan Area is the most educated and affluent metropolitan area in the United States. An array of structures, containing the letter, the number of times it occurs, and the probability of it occurring, with one structure for each letter character and an additional structure for punctuation and spaces: struct letters { char letter; int occur; double prob; }box[53]; This is the function itself: void probability(letters box[53], int sum { cout<<sum<<endl<<endl; for(int c8=0;c8<26;c8++) { box[c8].prob = (box[c8].occur/sum); cout<<box[c8].letter<<endl; cout<<box[c8].occur<<endl; cout<<box[c8].prob<<endl<<endl; } } It correctly identifies that there are 90 letters in the sentence in the first line, prints out the uppercase letter as per the structure in the second line of the for loop, and prints out the number of times it occurs. It continually prints 0 for the probability. What am I doing wrong?

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  • C++ read registry string value in char*

    - by Sunny
    I'm reading a registry value like this: char mydata[2048]; DWORD dataLength = sizeof(mydata); DWORD dwType = REG_SZ; ..... open key, etc ReqQueryValueEx(hKey, keyName, 0, &dwType, (BYTE*)mydata, &dataLength); My problem is, that after this, mydata content looks like: [63, 00, 3A, 00, 5C, 00...], i.e. this looks like a unicode?!?!. I need to convert this somehow to be a normal char array, without these [00], as they fail a simple logging function I have. I.e. if I call like this: WriteMessage(mydata), it outputs only "c", which is the first char in the registry. I have calls to this logging function all over the place, so I'd better of not modify it, but somehow "fix" the registry value. Here is the log function: void Logger::WriteMessage(const char *msg) { time_t now = time(0); struct tm* tm = localtime(&now); std::ofstream logFile; logFile.open(filename, std::ios::out | std::ios::app); if ( logFile.is_open() ) { logFile << tm->tm_mon << '/' << tm->tm_mday << '/' << tm->tm_year << ' '; logFile << tm->tm_hour << ':' << tm->tm_min << ':' << tm->tm_sec << "> "; logFile << msg << "\n"; logFile.close(); } }

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  • Best way to organize a Go interface

    - by Metropolis
    Hey Everyone, Its been a long time since I have programmed in C++, and if I remember correctly the best way to organize classes was to create your class in the .h file, and then your implementation in your .cpp file. Well I am trying to learn Go now and I was reading over the Go for C++ Programmers article when I came upon interfaces. The article explains that interfaces in Go essentially take the place of classes, and shows how to set them up pretty well. What I am trying to figure out though is how should I organize an interface into files? For instance, should the interface be in one file while the implementation is in another? myInterface.go type myInterface interface { get() int set(i int) } myImplementation.go type myType struct { i int } func (p *myType) set(i int) { p.i = i } func (p *myType) get() int { return p.i } My code here may be wrong since I do not completely know what I am doing yet (and if I am wrong please correct me), but would this be the best way to set this up? Im having a very hard time trying to wrap my head around how to organize code in Go so any help is appreciated! Metropolis

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  • Garbage data from serial port.

    - by sasayins
    Hi I wrote a code in Linux platform that read the data in serial port, my code below: int fd; char *rbuff=NULL; struct termios new_opt, old_opt; int ret; fd = open("/dev/ttyS0", O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY); if( fd == -1 ) { printf("Can't open file: %s\n", strerror(errno)); return -1; } tcgetattr(fd, &old_opt); new_opt.c_cflag = B115200 | CS8 | CLOCAL | CREAD; new_opt.c_iflag = IGNPAR /*| ICRNL*/; new_opt.c_oflag = 0; new_opt.c_lflag = ICANON; tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &new_opt); rbuff = malloc(NBUFF); printf("reading..\n"); memset(rbuff,0x00,NBUFF); ret = read(fd, rbuff, NBUFF); printf("value:%s",rbuff); if(ret == -1) { printf("Read error:%s\n",strerror(errno)); return -1; } tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &old_opt); close(fd); My problem is the code above doesn't read the first data that was transmitted, then the second transmission the data is garbage, then the third is the normal data. Did I missed a setting in the serial port? Thanks.

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  • MATLAB: svds() not converging

    - by Paul
    So using MATLAB's svds() function on some input data as such: [U, S, V, flag] = svds(data, nSVDs, 'L') I noticed that from run to run with the same data, I'd get drastically different output SVD sizes from run to run. When I checked whether 'flag' was set, I found that it was, indicating that the SVDs had not converged. My normal system here would be that if it really needs to converge, I'd do something like this: flag = 1 svdOpts = struct('tol', 1e-10, 'maxit', 600, 'disp', 0); while flag: if svdOpts.maxit > 1e6 error('There''s a real problem here.') end [U, S, V, flag] = svds(data, nSVDs, 'L', svdOpts) svdOpts.maxit = svdOpts.maxit*2 end But from what I can tell, when you use 'L' as the third argument, the fourth argument is ignored, meaning I just have to deal with the fact that it's not converging? I'm not even really sure how to use the 'sigma' argument in place of the 'L' argument. I've also tried reducing the number of SVDs calculated to no avail. Any help on this matter would be much appreciated. EDIT While following up on the comments below, I found that the problem had to do with the way I was building my data matrices. Turned out I had accidentally inverted a matrix and had an input of size (4000x1) rather than (20x200), which was what was refusing to converge. I also did some more timing tets and found that the fourth argument was not, in fact, being ignored, so that's on me. Thanks for the help guys.

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  • C programing fopen

    - by Pedro
    #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> typedef struct aluno{ char cabecalho[60]; char info[100]; int n_alunos; char dados[100]; char curso[100]; int numero; char nome[100]; char e_mail[100]; int n_disciplinas; int nota; }ALUNO; void cabclh(ALUNO alunos[],int a){ FILE *fp; int i; for(i=0;i<100;i++){ fp=fopen("trabalho.txt","r"); } if(fp==NULL){ printf("Erro ao abrir o ficheiro\n"); } while(!feof(fp)){ fgets(alunos[i].cabecalho,100,fp); printf("%s\n",alunos[i].cabecalho); } } fclose(fp); } what is wrong here? main: int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ ALUNO alunos[100]; int aluno; int b; cabclh(aluno,b); system("PAUSE"); return 0

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  • C# Convert string to nullable type (int, double, etc...)

    - by Nathan Koop
    I am attempting to do some data conversion. Unfortunately, much of the data is in strings, where it should be int's or double, etc... So what I've got is something like: double? amount = Convert.ToDouble(strAmount); The problem with this approach is if strAmount is empty, if it's empty I want it to amount to be null, so when I add it into the database the column will be null. So I ended up writing this: double? amount = null; if(strAmount.Trim().Length>0) { amount = Convert.ToDouble(strAmount); } Now this works fine, but I now have five lines of code instead of one. This makes things a little more difficult to read, especially when I have a large amount of columns to convert. I thought I'd use an extension to the string class and generic's to pass in the type, this is because it could be a double, or an int, or a long. So I tried this: public static class GenericExtension { public static Nullable<T> ConvertToNullable<T>(this string s, T type) where T: struct { if (s.Trim().Length > 0) { return (Nullable<T>)s; } return null; } } But I get the error: Cannot convert type 'string' to 'T?' Is there a way around this? I am not very familiar with creating methods using generics.

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  • Strange results while measuring delta time on Linux

    - by pachanga
    Folks, could you please explain why I'm getting very strange results from time to time using the the following code: #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <time.h> #include <stdio.h> int main() { struct timeval start, end; long mtime, seconds, useconds; while(1) { gettimeofday(&start, NULL); usleep(2000); gettimeofday(&end, NULL); seconds = end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec; useconds = end.tv_usec - start.tv_usec; mtime = ((seconds) * 1000 + useconds/1000.0) + 0.5; if(mtime > 10) printf("WTF: %ld\n", mtime); } return 0; } (You can compile and run it with: gcc test.c -o out -lrt && ./out) What I'm experiencing is sporadic big values of mtime variable almost every second or even more often, e.g: $ gcc test.c -o out -lrt && ./out WTF: 14 WTF: 11 WTF: 11 WTF: 11 WTF: 14 WTF: 13 WTF: 13 WTF: 11 WTF: 16 How can this be possible? Is it OS to blame? Does it do too much context switching? But my box is idle( load average: 0.02, 0.02, 0.3). Here is my Linux kernel version: $ uname -a Linux kurluka 2.6.31-21-generic #59-Ubuntu SMP Wed Mar 24 07:28:56 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

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  • C++ OOP - Can you 'overload a cast' <- hard to explain in 1 sentence

    - by Brandon Miller
    Well, the WinAPI has a POINT struct, but I am trying to make an alternative class to this so you can set the values of x and y from a constructor. /** * X-Y coordinates */ class Point { public: int X, Y; Point(void) : X(0), Y(0) {} Point(int x, int y) : X(x), Y(y) {} Point(const POINT& pt) : X(pt.x), Y(pt.y) {} Point& operator= (const POINT& other) { X = other.x; Y = other.y; } }; // I have an assignment operator and copy constructor. Point myPtA(3,7); Point myPtB(8,5); POINT pt; pt.x = 9; pt.y = 2; // I can assign a 'POINT' to a 'Point' myPtA = pt; // But I also want to be able to assign a 'Point' to a 'POINT' pt = myPtB; Is it possible to overload operator= in a way so that I can assign a Point to a POINT? Or maybe some other method to achieve this? Thanks in advance.

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  • How to access variables in shared memory

    - by user1723361
    I am trying to create a shared memory segment containing three integers and an array. The segment is created and a pointer is attached, but when I try to access the values of the variables (whether changing, printing, etc.) I get a segmentation fault. Here is the code I tried: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdbool.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/sem.h> #define SIZE 10 int* shm_front; int* shm_end; int* shm_count; int* shm_array; int shm_size = 3*sizeof(int) + sizeof(shm_array[SIZE]); int main(int argc, char* argsv[]) { int shmid; //create shared memory segment if((shmid = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, shm_size, 0644)) == -1) { printf("error in shmget"); exit(1); } //obtain the pointer to the segment if((shm_front = (int*)shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0)) == (void *)-1) { printf("error in shmat"); exit(1); } //move down the segment to set the other pointers shm_end = shm_front + 1; shm_count = shm_front + 2; shm_array = shm_front + 3; //tests on shm //*shm_end = 10; //gives segmentation fault //printf("\n%d", *shm_front); //gives segmentation fault //clean-up //get rid of shared memory shmdt(shm_front); shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL); //printf("\n\n"); return 0; } I tried accessing the shared memory by dereferencing the pointer to the struct, but got a segmentation fault each time.

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  • Compare two variant with boost static_visitor

    - by Zozzzzz
    I started to use the boost library a few days ago so my question is maybe trivial. I want to compare two same type variants with a static_visitor. I tried the following, but it don't want to compile. struct compare:public boost::static_visitor<bool> { bool operator()(int& a, int& b) const { return a<b; } bool operator()(double& a, double& b) const { return a<b; } }; int main() { boost::variant<double, int > v1, v2; v1 = 3.14; v2 = 5.25; compare vis; bool b = boost::apply_visitor(vis, v1,v2); cout<<b; return 0; } Thank you for any help or suggestion!

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  • HashMap Memory Leak because of Dynamic Array

    - by Jake M
    I am attempting to create my own HashMap to understand how they work. I am using an array of Linked Lists to store the values(strings) in my hashmap. I am creating the array like this: Node** list; Instead of this: Node* list[nSize]; This is so the array can be any size at runtime. But I think I am getting a memory leak because of how I am doing this. I dont know where the error is but when I run the following simple code the .exe crashes. Why is my application crashing and how can I fix it? Note: I am aware that using a vector would be much better than an array but this is just for learning and I want to challenge myself to create the hashmap using a 'Dynamic' Array. PS: is that the correct term(Dynamic Array) for the kind of array I am using? struct Node { // to implement }; class HashMap { public: HashMap(int dynSize) { *list = new Node[dynSize]; size = dynSize; for (int i=0; i<size; i++) list[i] = NULL; cout << "END\n"; } ~HashMap() { for (int i=0; i<size; i++) delete list[i]; } private: Node** list; // I could use a vector here but I am experimenting with a pointer to an array(pointer), also its more elegant int size; }; int main() { // When I run this application it crashes. Where is my memory leak? HashMap h(5); system("PAUSE"); return 0; }

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  • how to emulate thread local storage at user space in C++ ?

    - by vprajan
    I am working on a mobile platform over Nucleus RTOS. It uses Nucleus Threading system but it doesn't have support for explicit thread local storage i.e, TlsAlloc, TlsSetValue, TlsGetValue, TlsFree APIs. The platform doesn't have user space pthreads as well. I found that __thread storage modifier is present in most of the C++ compilers. But i don't know how to make it work for my kind of usage. How does __thread keyword can be mapped with explicit thread local storage? I read many articles but nothing is so clear for giving me the following basic information will __thread variable different for each thread ? How to write to that and read from it ? does each thread has exactly one copy of the variable ? following is the pthread based implementation: pthread_key_t m_key; struct Data : Noncopyable { Data(T* value, void* owner) : value(value), owner(owner) {} int* value; }; inline ThreadSpecific() { int error = pthread_key_create(&m_key, destroy); if (error) CRASH(); } inline ~ThreadSpecific() { pthread_key_delete(m_key); // Does not invoke destructor functions. } inline T* get() { Data* data = static_cast<Data*>(pthread_getspecific(m_key)); return data ? data->value : 0; } inline void set(T* ptr) { ASSERT(!get()); pthread_setspecific(m_key, new Data(ptr, this)); } How to make the above code use __thread way to set & get specific value ? where/when does the create & delete happen? If this is not possible, how to write custom pthread_setspecific, pthread_getspecific kind of APIs. I tried using a C++ global map and index it uniquely for each thread and retrieved data from it. But it didn't work well.

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  • no default constructor exists for class

    - by MixedCoder
    #include "Includes.h" enum BlowfishAlgorithm { ECB, CBC, CFB64, OFB64, }; class Blowfish { public: struct bf_key_st { unsigned long P[18]; unsigned long S[1024]; }; Blowfish(BlowfishAlgorithm algorithm); void Dispose(); void SetKey(unsigned char data[]); unsigned char Encrypt(unsigned char buffer[]); unsigned char Decrypt(unsigned char buffer[]); char EncryptIV(); char DecryptIV(); private: BlowfishAlgorithm _algorithm; unsigned char _encryptIv[200]; unsigned char _decryptIv[200]; int _encryptNum; int _decryptNum; }; class GameCryptography { public: Blowfish _blowfish; GameCryptography(unsigned char key[]); void Decrypt(unsigned char packet[]); void Encrypt(unsigned char packet[]); Blowfish Blowfish; void SetKey(unsigned char k[]); void SetIvs(unsigned char i1[],unsigned char i2[]); }; GameCryptography::GameCryptography(unsigned char key[]) { } Error:IntelliSense: no default constructor exists for class "Blowfish" ???!

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  • kernel get stack when signalled

    - by yoavstr
    hi there i write readers and writers where the kernel have to syncronize between them and block writer who already read a massage when i am in the queue waiting I get signal so I do the fallowing while (i_Allready_Read(myf) == ALLREADY_READ || isExistWriter == false ) //while (!(i_Allready_Read(aliveProc,current->pid))) { int i, is_sig = 0; printk(KERN_INFO "\n\n*****entered set in read ******\n\n" ); if (i_Allready_Read(myf) == ALLREADY_READ ) wait_event_interruptible (readWaitQ1, !i_Allready_Read(myf)); else wait_event_interruptible (readWaitQ1, isExistWriter); //printk(KERN_INFO "Read Wakeup %d\n",current->pid); for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) { is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; } if (is_sig) { handledClose(myf); module_put (THIS_MODULE); return -EINTR; } } return 0;//success } inline void handledClose(struct file *myf)//v { /* *if we close the writer other writer *would be able to enter to permissiones */ if (myf == writerpid ) { isExistWriter = DOESNT_EXIST; //printk(KERN_INFO "procfs_close : this is pid that just closed %d \n", writerpid); } /* *else its a reader so our numofreaders *need to decremented */ else { removeFromArr(myf); numOfReaders--; } } and my close does nothing ... what did i do wrong?

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  • C++ Dynamic Allocation Mismatch: Is this problematic?

    - by acanaday
    I have been assigned to work on some legacy C++ code in MFC. One of the things I am finding all over the place are allocations like the following: struct Point { float x,y,z; }; ... void someFunc( void ) { int numPoints = ...; Point* pArray = (Point*)new BYTE[ numPoints * sizeof(Point) ]; ... //do some stuff with points ... delete [] pArray; } I realize that this code is atrociously wrong on so many levels (C-style cast, using new like malloc, confusing, etc). I also realize that if Point had defined a constructor it would not be called and weird things would happen at delete [] if a destructor had been defined. Question: I am in the process of fixing these occurrences wherever they appear as a matter of course. However, I have never seen anything like this before and it has got me wondering. Does this code have the potential to cause memory leaks/corruption as it stands currently (no constructor/destructor, but with pointer type mismatch) or is it safe as long as the array just contains structs/primitive types?

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  • how to Clean up(destructor) a dynamic Array of pointers??

    - by Ahmed Sharara
    Is that Destructor is enough or do I have to iterate to delete the new nodes?? #include "stdafx.h" #include<iostream> using namespace std; struct node{ int row; int col; int value; node* next_in_row; node* next_in_col; }; class MultiLinkedListSparseArray { private: char *logfile; node** rowPtr; node** colPtr; // used in constructor node* find_node(node* out); node* ins_node(node* ins,int col); node* in_node(node* ins,node* z); node* get(node* in,int row,int col); bool exist(node* so,int row,int col); //add anything you need public: MultiLinkedListSparseArray(int rows, int cols); ~MultiLinkedListSparseArray(); void setCell(int row, int col, int value); int getCell(int row, int col); void display(); void log(char *s); void dump(); }; MultiLinkedListSparseArray::MultiLinkedListSparseArray(int rows,int cols){ rowPtr=new node* [rows+1]; colPtr=new node* [cols+1]; for(int n=0;n<=rows;n++) rowPtr[n]=NULL; for(int i=0;i<=cols;i++) colPtr[i]=NULL; } MultiLinkedListSparseArray::~MultiLinkedListSparseArray(){ // is that destructor enough?? cout<<"array is deleted"<<endl; delete [] rowPtr; delete [] colPtr; }

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  • Measuring the CPU frequency scaling effect

    - by Bryan Fok
    Recently I am trying to measure the effect of the cpu scaling. Is it accurate if I use this clock to measure it? template<std::intmax_t clock_freq> struct rdtsc_clock { typedef unsigned long long rep; typedef std::ratio<1, clock_freq> period; typedef std::chrono::duration<rep, period> duration; typedef std::chrono::time_point<rdtsc_clock> time_point; static const bool is_steady = true; static time_point now() noexcept { unsigned lo, hi; asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi)); return time_point(duration(static_cast<rep>(hi) << 32 | lo)); } }; Update: According to the comment from my another post, I believe redtsc cannot use for measure the effect of cpu frequency scaling because the counter from the redtsc does not affected by the CPU frequency, am i right?

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  • Event Dispatching, void pointer and alternatives

    - by PeeS
    i have my event dispatching / handling functionality working fine, but there is one issue that i need to resolve. Long story short, here are the details. // The event structure struct tEventMessage { // Type of the event int Type; // (void*) Allows those to be casted into per-Type objects void *pArgument1; void *pArgument2; }; I am sending events from different modules in my engine by using the above structure, which requires a pointer to an argument. All messages are queued, and then dispatched on the next ::Tick(). It works fine, untill i try to send something that doesn't exist in next ::Tick, for example: When a mouse click is being handled, it calculates the click coordinates in world space. This is being sent with a pointer to a vector representing that position, but after my program quits that method, this pointer gets invalid obviously, cause local CVector3 is destructed: CVector2 vScreenSpacePosition = vAt; CVector3 v3DPositionA = CVector3(0,0,0); CVector3 v3DPositionB = CVector3(0,0,0); // Screen space to World space calculation for depth zNear v3DPositionA = CMath::UnProject(vScreenSpacePosition, m_vScreenSize, m_Level.GetCurrentCamera()->getViewMatrix(), m_Level.GetCurrentCamera()->getProjectionMatrix(), -1.0 ); // Screen space to World space calculation for depth zFar v3DPositionB = CMath::UnProject(vScreenSpacePosition, m_vScreenSize, m_Level.GetCurrentCamera()->getViewMatrix(), m_Level.GetCurrentCamera()->getProjectionMatrix(), 1.0); // Send zFar position and ScreenSpace position to the handlers // Obviously both vectors won't be valid after this method quits.. CEventDispatcher::Get()->SendEvent(CIEventHandler::EVENT_SYSTEM_FINGER_DOWN, static_cast<void*>(&v3DPositionB), static_cast<void*>(&vScreenSpacePosition)); What i want to ask is, if there is any chance i could make my tEventMessage more 'template', so i can handle sending objects like in the above situation + use what is already implemented? Can't figure it out at the moment.. What else can be done here to allow me to pass some locally available data ? Please can somebody shed a bit of light on this please?

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  • How is the C++ synthesized move constructor affected by volatile and virtual members?

    - by user1827766
    Look at the following code: struct node { node(); //node(const node&); //#1 //node(node&&); //#2 virtual //#3 ~node (); node* volatile //#4 next; }; main() { node m(node()); //#5 node n=node(); //#6 } When compiled with gcc-4.6.1 it produces the following error: g++ -g --std=c++0x -c -o node.o node.cc node.cc: In constructor node::node(node&&): node.cc:3:8: error: expression node::next has side-effects node.cc: In function int main(): node.cc:18:14: note: synthesized method node::node(node&&) first required here As I understand the compiler fails to create default move or copy constructor on line #6, if I uncomment either line #1 or #2 it compiles fine, that is clear. The code compiles fine without c++0x option, so the error is related to default move constructor. However, what in the node class prevents default move constructor to be created? If I comment any of the lines #3 or #4 (i.e. make the destructor non-virtual or make data member non-volatile) it compiles again, so is it the combination of these two makes it not to compile? Another puzzle, line #5 does not cause an compilation error, what is different from line #6? Is it all specific for gcc? or gcc-4.6.1?

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  • Image processing: smart solution for converting superixel (128x128 pixel) coordinates needed

    - by zhengtonic
    Hi, i am searching for a smart solution for this problem: A cancer ct picture is stored inside a unsigned short array (1-dimensional). I have the location information of the cancer region inside the picture, but the coordinates (x,y) are in superpixel (128x128 unsigned short). My task is to highlight this region. I already solved this one by converting superpixel coordinates into a offset a can use for the unsigned short array. It works fine but i wonder if there is a smarter way to solve this problem, since my solution needs 3 nested for-loops. Is it possible to access the ushort array "superpixelwise", so i can navigate the ushort array in superpixels. ... // i know this does no work ... just to give you an idea what i was thinking of ... typedef struct { unsigned short[128x128] } spix; spix *spixptr; unsigned short * bufptr = img->getBuf(); spixptr = bufptr; ... best regards, zhengtonic

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  • Is std::move really needed on initialization list of constructor for heavy members passed by value?

    - by PiotrNycz
    Recently I read an example from cppreference.../vector/emplace_back: struct President { std::string name; std::string country; int year; President(std::string p_name, std::string p_country, int p_year) : name(std::move(p_name)), country(std::move(p_country)), year(p_year) { std::cout << "I am being constructed.\n"; } My question: is this std::move really needed? My point is that compiler sees that this p_name is not used in the body of constructor, so, maybe, there is some rule to use move semantics for it by default? That would be really annoying to add std::move on initialization list to every heavy member (like std::string, std::vector). Imagine hundreds of KLOC project written in C++03 - shall we add everywhere this std::move? This question: move-constructor-and-initialization-list answer says: As a golden rule, whenever you take something by rvalue reference, you need to use it inside std::move, and whenever you take something by universal reference (i.e. deduced templated type with &&), you need to use it inside std::forward But I am not sure: passing by value is rather not universal reference?

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  • Compile time type determination in C++

    - by dicroce
    A coworker recently showed me some code that he found online. It appears to allow compile time determination of whether a type has an "is a" relationship with another type. I think this is totally awesome, but I have to admit that I'm clueless as to how this actually works. Can anyone explain this to me? template<typename BaseT, typename DerivedT> inline bool isRelated(const DerivedT&) { DerivedT derived(); char test(const BaseT&); // sizeof(test()) == sizeof(char) char (&test(...))[2]; // sizeof(test()) == sizeof(char[2]) struct conversion { enum { exists = (sizeof(test(derived())) == sizeof(char)) }; }; return conversion::exists; } Once this function is defined, you can use it like this: #include <iostream> class base {}; class derived : public base {}; class unrelated {}; int main() { base b; derived d; unrelated u; if( isRelated<base>( b ) ) std::cout << "b is related to base" << std::endl; if( isRelated<base>( d ) ) std::cout << "d is related to base" << std::endl; if( !isRelated<base>( u ) ) std::cout << "u is not related to base" << std::endl; }

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  • C++ Virtual Methods for Class-Specific Attributes or External Structure

    - by acanaday
    I have a set of classes which are all derived from a common base class. I want to use these classes polymorphically. The interface defines a set of getter methods whose return values are constant across a given derived class, but vary from one derived class to another. e.g.: enum AVal { A_VAL_ONE, A_VAL_TWO, A_VAL_THREE }; enum BVal { B_VAL_ONE, B_VAL_TWO, B_VAL_THREE }; class Base { //... virtual AVal getAVal() const = 0; virtual BVal getBVal() const = 0; //... }; class One : public Base { //... AVal getAVal() const { return A_VAL_ONE }; BVal getBVal() const { return B_VAL_ONE }; //... }; class Two : public Base { //... AVal getAVal() const { return A_VAL_TWO }; BVal getBVal() const { return B_VAL_TWO }; //... }; etc. Is this a common way of doing things? If performance is an important consideration, would I be better off pulling the attributes out into an external structure, e.g.: struct Vals { AVal a_val; VBal b_val; }; storing a Vals* in each instance, and rewriting Base as follows? class Base { //... public: AVal getAVal() const { return _vals->a_val; }; BVal getBVal() const { return _vals->b_val; }; //... private: Vals* _vals; }; Is the extra dereference essentially the same as the vtable lookup? What is the established idiom for this type of situation? Are both of these solutions dumb? Any insights are greatly appreciated

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  • What was your "aha moment" in understanding delegates?

    - by CM90
    Considering the use of delegates in C#, does anyone know if there is a performance advantage or if it is a convenience to the programmer? If we are creating an object that holds a method, it sounds as if that object would be a constant in memory to be called on, instead of loading the method every time it is called. For example, if we look at the following Unity3D-based code: public delegate H MixedTypeDelegate<G, H>(G g) public class MainParent : MonoBehaviour // Most Unity classes inherit from M.B. { public static Vector3 getPosition(GameObject g) { /* GameObject is a Unity class, and Vector3 is a struct from M.B. The "position" component of a GameObject is a Vector3. This method takes the GameObject I pass to it & returns its position. */ return g.transform.position; } public static MixedTypeDelegate<GameObject, Vector3> PositionOf; void Awake( ) // Awake is the first method called in Unity, always. { PositionOf = MixedTypeDelegate<GameObject, Vector3>(getPosition); } } public class GameScript : MainParent { GameObject g = new GameObject( ); Vector3 whereAmI; void Update( ) { // Now I can say: whereAmI = PositionOf(g); // Instead of: whereAmI = getPosition(g); } } . . . But that seems like an extra step - unless there's that extra little thing that it helps. I suppose the most succinct way to ask a second question would be to say: When you had your aha moment in understanding delegates, what was the context/scenario/source? Thank you!

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