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• Why are Linux-based operating systems considered safer than Windows?

  - by echoblaze

  I hear that Linux-based systems are better for security. Apparently they don't have viruses and do not need antivirus software. Even my university claims this - they refuse to have Windows on their servers, which is a real shame because we wanted to use the .NET framework to create some websites. The only reason I can see Linux being safer is because it's open-source, so bugs theoretically would get caught and fixed sooner. I know a bit about how operating systems work, but haven't really delved into how Linux and Windows implement their OS. Can someone explain the difference that makes Linux-based systems more secure?

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• Are there any FIPS-140-2 certified solutions for Linux?

  - by Mark Renouf

  I'm not even 100% certain what this involves, but my current understanding is this: use of only approved cryptographic algorithms for network traffic (easy, we use SSL and lock down the algorithms to only the really strong ones). Some form of physical data protection, involving disk encryption and physical tamper evident packaging. Obviously we're on our own if we need a tamper-proof product. But what about software for encrpytion. My guess is just using LUKS (although secure) will not be certified because it's open source (gov't seems a bit biased towards proprietary solutions here). Guardian Edge was mentioned by someone, but that appears to be complete Windows-based. So we need something like it, certified FIPS-140 compliant we can use on Linux.

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• best ftp program (paid - not free)

  - by Victor Kimura

  Just would like some feedback on the best ftp program (not free). The requirements I'm looking for is: - secure ftp - for use on mac, linux, windows - backup utility with scheduler - for use on more than one computer (multi-license) I'm using wsftp from 2007 right now but it's only good for windows. It's license is only good for one computer. And after some vista updates it's making some strange noises. I tried to turn off the noise (via control panel) and it's still making that noise and I turned off the sound within wsftp too. I like the program but I think it's time to look for a new one. Thank you, Victor

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• Win7 to Win7 Remote Desktop Not working, Xp to 7 working fine

  - by vlad b.

  Hello, I have a small home network and recently i tried to enable remote desktop for one of the pc's. I have a mix of Windows 7, Windows Vista and Xp runing alongside ubuntu, centos and others (some virtual, some real). I have a few Windows 7 pc`s that can be connected to using remote desktop from inside and outside the network (port redirects on routers, etc, etc) and some Xp ones. The trouble is when i tried to do the same thing to a Win7 laptop i discovered i can't connect to it from another win7 pc inside the home network. To sum it up Working: xp -- win7 not working: win7 -- win7 What i tried - disable and enable remote desktop (my computer - remote settings) - removing and adding users to the remote settings window - adding a new user to the machine, administrator or 'normal' user - checking the firewall settings on the machine and set 'allow' to remote desktop for both 'home/work' and 'public'networks Any tips on what should i do next? It displays ' .. secure connection' and after that the window with 'Your security credentials did not work' and it lets me try again with another user/password..

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• the right way to do deployment with capistrano

  - by com

  I look for good practices for deploying with capistrano. I would like to start out with a short description how I used to do deployment. capistrano is installed locally on a developer's computer. I deploy thought gateway with capistrano option :gateway. Firstly, I thought that with :gateway option I need to have ssh connection only to gateway host, but it turns out that I need ssh connection (public key) to all hosts where I want to deploy to. I would like to find a convenient and secure way to deploy application. For example, in case when new developer starts working, is much more convinient to put his *public_key* only on gateway server and not on all applications servers. On the other hand I don't want him to have any connection to servers in particular ssh to gateway, just because he is developer, he needs to do only deployments. If you are aware of good practices for deploying with capistrano, please, let us know.

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• activesync not working with forms based authentication

  - by Chad

  I have an Exchange 2003 SP2 single backend server with an SSL cert. I was having trouble getting OMA to work so I found a MS article about making a reg hack and creating a new Exchange-OMA virtual directory. I am able to connect and access content from my mailbox by using secure mail.domainname.com/oma and using my credentials. ActiveSync was not working on a Windows mobile phone or iPhone. I found another article about using Forms Based Authenication and SSL on a single Exchange server environment and the fix was to elliminate FBA and SSL for the Exchange virtual directory. That allows ActiveSync to now work. I have very few mobile users, but they are management, so I need to make ActiveSync work but I would like to get back to using SSL. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/817379 Any ideas about this setup? Thanks.

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• Address Match Key Algorithm

  - by sestocker

  I have a list of addresses in two separate tables that are slightly off that I need to be able to match. For example, the same address can be entered in multiple ways: 110 Test St 110 Test St. 110 Test Street Although simple, you can imagine the situation in more complex scenerios. I am trying to develop a simple algorithm that will be able to match the above addresses as a key. For example. the key might be "11TEST" - first two of 110, first two of Test and first two of street variant. A full match key would also include first 5 of the zipcode as well so in the above example, the full key might look like "11TEST44680". I am looking for ideas for an effective algorithm or resources I can look at for considerations when developing this. Any ideas can be pseudo code or in your language of choice. We are only concerned with US addresses. In fact, we are only looking at addresses from 250 zip codes from Ohio and Michigan. We also do not have access to any postal software although would be open to ideas for cost effective solutions (it would essentially be a one time use). Please be mindful that this is an initial dump of data from a government source so suggestions of how users can clean it are helpful as I build out the application but I would love to have the best initial I possibly can by being able to match addresses as best as possible.

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• Does Hotmail really offer two-factor authentication? [closed]

  - by Brian Koser

  I've read multiple news articles that claim Hotmail offers two-factor authentication. One of the articles describes Hotmail's system, saying ...whenever you go to Hotmail...you can choose to get a single-use code–a string of numbers that will be sent via text message to your phone–to use instead of your password. Is this an accurate description of Hotmail's system? If so, does Hotmail really offer two-factor authentication? If you can use either your password or a single-use code, it seems to me that it does not. Is this system really more secure than just having a password? Doesn't this just make an additional "key" available to a hacker? (I must be wrong here, I know the folks at Microsoft are much smarter than I am).

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• How to use nginx PAM module?

  - by Noirello

  I would like to use nginx PAM module to authenticate a site with existing users on a FreeBSD system. I tried to use pam_unix.so, but no luck. It's just not let me in with my usr/psw pair. :( nginx conf: location / { root html; auth_pam "Secure Zone"; auth_pam_service_name "nginx"; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } The nginx file in the /usr/local/etc/pam.d dir:auth required pam_unix.so account required pam_unix.so I would appreciate if someone could tell me a working configuration. :)

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• How to keep Flash secured with EMET?

  - by Indrek

  I use EMET to secure a number of applications on my computer - web browsers, Office suite applications, PDF readers, as well as Adobe Flash. Overall it's working great, except that the Flash executables contain the version number in the file name, so every time there's an update, the file names change and I have to remember to re-add them manually to EMET. Is there a way to streamline this process? EMET does support wildcards, but only in the path itself, not the file name, so something like %windir%\system32\Macromed\Flash\*.exe wouldn't work. Is there any other way to add a whole folder to EMET so that any new executables in that folder are automatically secured?

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• How do I configure OpenVPN for accessing the internet with one NIC?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've been trying to get OpenVPN to work for three days. After reading many questions, the HOWTO, the FAQ and even parts of a guide to Linux networking, I cannot get my an Internet connection to the Internet. I'm trying to set up a OpenVPN server on a VPS, which will be used for: secure access to the Internet bypassing port restrictions (directadmin/2222 for example) an IPv6 connection (my client does only have IPv4 connectivity, while the VPS has both IPv4 and native IPv6 connectivity) (if possible) I can connect to my server and access the machine (HTTP), but Internet connectivity fails completely. I'm using ping 8.8.8.8 for testing whether my connection works or not. Using tcpdump and iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j LOG, I can confirm that the packets reach my server. If I ping to 8.8.8.8 on the VPS, I get an echo-reply from 8.8.8.8 as expected. When pinging from the client, I do not get an echo-reply. The VPS has only one NIC: etho. It runs on Xen. Summary: I want to have a secure connection between my laptop and the Internet using OpenVPN. If that works, I want to have IPv6 connectivity as well. Network setup and software: Home laptop (eth0: 192.168.2.10) (tap0: 10.8.0.2) | | (running Kubuntu 10.10; OpenVPN 2.1.0-3ubuntu1) | wifi | router/gateway (gateway 192.168.2.1) | INTERNET | VPS (eth0:1.2.3.4) (gateway, tap0: 10.8.0.1) (running Debian 6; OpenVPN 2.1.3-2) wifi and my home router should not cause problems since all traffic goes encrypted over UDP port 1194. I've turned IP forwarding on: # echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables has been configured to allow forwarding traffic as well: iptables -F FORWARD iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -j DROP I've tried each of these rules separately without luck (flushing the chains before executing): iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to 1.2.3.4 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE route -n before (server): 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 route -n after (server): 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 0.0.0.0 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 route -n before (client): 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 route -n after (client): 1.2.3.4 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 wlan0 10.8.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 10.8.0.1 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0 128.0.0.0 10.8.0.1 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 SERVER config proto udp dev tap ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 push "redirect-gateway def1" ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt keepalive 10 120 tls-auth ta.key 0 comp-lzo user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun log-append openvpn-log verb 3 mute 10 CLIENT config dev tap proto udp remote 1.2.3.4 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server tls-auth ta.key 1 comp-lzo verb 3 mute 20 traceroute 8.8.8.8 works as expected (similar output without OpenVPN activated): 1 10.8.0.1 (10.8.0.1) 24.276 ms 26.891 ms 29.454 ms 2 gw03.sbp.directvps.nl (178.21.112.1) 31.161 ms 31.890 ms 34.458 ms 3 ge0-v0652.cr0.nik-ams.nl.as8312.net (195.210.57.105) 35.353 ms 36.874 ms 38.403 ms 4 ge0-v3900.cr0.nik-ams.nl.as8312.net (195.210.57.53) 41.311 ms 41.561 ms 43.006 ms 5 * * * 6 209.85.248.88 (209.85.248.88) 147.061 ms 36.931 ms 28.063 ms 7 216.239.49.36 (216.239.49.36) 31.109 ms 33.292 ms 216.239.49.28 (216.239.49.28) 64.723 ms 8 209.85.255.130 (209.85.255.130) 49.350 ms 209.85.255.126 (209.85.255.126) 49.619 ms 209.85.255.122 (209.85.255.122) 52.416 ms 9 google-public-dns-a.google.com (8.8.8.8) 41.266 ms 44.054 ms 44.730 ms If you have any suggestions, please comment or answer. Thanks in advance.

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• How difficult is it to setup a mailserver?

  - by Jacob R

  I want a secure mail solution, as I am looking to move away from Google and other parties looking into my private data. How much of a PITA is it to setup my own mailserver? Should I go for an external provider with a good privacy policy and encrypted data instead? I have a VPS running Debian (with a dedicated IP + reverse DNS), and I'm a fairly capable Linux administrator, having setup a couple of webservers, home networks, and looking over the shoulder of sysadmins at work. The security I currently have on the VPS is limited to iptables and installing/running the bare minimum of what I need (currently basically irssi and lighttpd). When setting up a mail server, is there a lot of stuff to take into consideration? Will my outgoing mail be marked as spam on other servers if I don't implement a number of solutions? Will reliable spam filtering be difficult to setup? Can I easily encrypt the stored mail?

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• securing server to server http post

  - by ad-inf

  Website is developed on JSF, Servlet, using apache web server. In my website, I accept data submission from few restricted websites using HTTP POST method. We exchange some secure key to ensure that correct source is sending data. But is there any way to ensure that the data is submitted from specific domain / IP address only? In application level I can check request.header('Referer') , but some proxy or firewall might hide the referer. Can this configuration done on firewall or webserver level to authenticate server to server communication? Eg. Say my website is a payment gateway website, integrated with www.abc.com. I want only abc.com to submit data. So a user using abc.com should be able to submit data to my website only through abc.com, and not any other website.

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• Increment numbers in page headers in Microsoft Word

  - by Imray

  In Microsoft Word, I am laying out a process in steps. Each page pretty much is a new step that begins with a header like: 3. Drive the body to a secure location I would like the numbers to automatically increment, particularly if later on I decide to add a new step somewhere in the middle. Does anyone know how I can achieve that in the simplest way? I already have a working Table of Contents and I'd prefer not doing something that would mess with that, if possible to avoid.

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• Can an external server be used to encrypt all traffic

  - by Pasta

  My work takes me to a number of places with WiFi connection. I want to be able to encrypt the traffic between my laptop and the internet. Can I do this with a VPN server? What is the best way to get this done? Is there a secure and reliable service that will help me do this? This is fairly important and might be shared by upto 2 people at a time. Is it better to get a server setup on a cloud hosting solution? Amazon?

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• On a Mac, how are connections (possibly by spyware) made to outside internet addresses during initia

  - by TT

  I am trying to secure a Mac after discovering that network links are being established to some unwanted internet sites. Using 'lsof -i' (list open 'files', internet) I have seen that launchd, ntpd, firefox, dropbox and other processes are either 'LISTENING' or have 'ESTABLISHED' links to a site or sites which I suspect have to do with spyware. I have been trying to find startup files and preference lists that initiate thise links but can't find them. I could easily reinstall the OS and restore data from a backup but I'd prefer to know how to fix this as I have six Macs to look after. Thanks...

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• How do I force .htaccess authorization to occur over ssl?

  - by kenja

  I'm trying to force a particular directory to require only allowed IPs and a valid username/password through basic authorization. To ensure that the username/password are sent in encrypted form, I want the directory to also force SSL use. Here is what I have in my .htaccess file: # Force HTTPS-Connection RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^443$ RewriteRule (.*) https://www.mywebsite.com%{REQUEST_URI} [R,L] ## password begin ## AuthName "Restricted Access" AuthUserFile /var/www/admin/.htpasswd AuthType Basic Require valid-user Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from 79.1.231.151 62.123.134.83 Satisfy All Unfortunately, when I access that directory using http protocol, it is asking for the password before it redirects the page to the secure version. This means the password is sent unencrypted. What am I doing wrong? Is there a way to do this?

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• How to build n-layered web architecture with PHP?

  - by Alex

  I have a description and design of a website and I need to redesign it to allow for new requirements. The website's purpose is the offering of government's contracts and bidding opportunities for different businesses.I'm dealing with the 3-tier architecture PHP website comprising of the user-interface tier(client's web browser),business logic layer(Apache web server with PHP engine in it and a couple of applications running within a web server as well) and a database layer(local mysql database). Now,i need to redesign it to su???rt distributed n-tier architecture and specify how I would go about it.After long hours of research i came to this solution: business logic should be separated into presentation and purely business logic tier to allow for n-layer architecture(user-interface,presentation tier,b.logic and data tier).I have decided to use ??? just for the presentation(since the original existing website is in PHP) and use it within apache web server.In the business logic i want to use J2?? implementation technology instead of implementing it in PHP(i.e using Zend app.server and smarty template) cz J2EE can provide much more essential container services which are essential for business logic,its robustness,maintainability and different critical business operations which will be carried out by the g?v?rnment's website.So,particularly,i want to use J??ss app.server with ?J? business objects in it which would provide all the b.logic in java and would interact with the database and so forth.In order to connect PHP on a web server with java on app.server i'm gonna use PHP/Java bridge API (or maybe Quercus or SOAP is better?).Finally,i have my data tier with mysql which will communicate with b.logic via JD??.Payment system application in ???.server is gonna use S??? to talk with credit card company. From your professional point of view,does it sound like a good way of redesigning the original website to allow for n-tier architecture considering the specifics of the website and the criticality of its operations?(payment system is included in it)or u would personally prefer to use PHP business objects for business logic as well instead of J2EE?If you have any wiser recommendation or some alternative,please let me know what is right or wrong in my current solution. H??? to hear your professional advice very s??n (I'm new to the area of web development) Thanks in advance

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• What is the difference between "su --command" and "su --session-command"?

  - by oliver

  Running # su - oliver --command bash gives a shell but also prints the warning bash: no job control in this shell, and indeed Ctrl+Z and fg/bg don't work in that shell. Running # su - oliver --session-command bash gives a shell without printing the warning, and job control indeed works. The suggestion to use --session-command comes from Starting a shell from scripts using su results in "no job control in this shell" which states "[a security fix for su] changed the behavior of the -c option and disables job control inside the called shell". But I still don't quite understand this. When should one use --command and when should one use --session-command? Is --command (aka -c) more secure? Or should one always use --session-command, and --command is just left in for backwards compatibility? FWIW, I'm using RHEL 6.4.

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• Securely wiping a file on a tmpfs

  - by Nanzikambe

  I have a script that decrypts some data to a tmpfs, the directory is secure (permissions), the machine's swap is encrypted (random key on boot) and when the script is done it does a 35 pass wipe (Peter Gutmann) of the cleartext on the tmpfs . I do this because I'm aware wiping files on a journaling file system is insecure, data may be recovered. For discussion, here're the relevant bits extracted: # make the tmpfs mkdir /mnt/tmpfs chmod 0700 /mnt/tmpfs mount -t tmpfs -o size=1M tmpfs /mnt/tmpfs cd /mnt/tmpfs # decrypt the data gpg -o - <crypted_input_file> | \ tar -xjpf - # do processing stuff # wipe contents find . -type f -exec bcwipe -I {} ';' # nuke the tmpfs cd .. umount -f /mnt/tmpfs rm -fR /mnt/tmpfs So, my question, assuming for the moment that nobody is able to read the cleartext in the tmpfs while it exists (I use umask to set cleartext to 0600), is there any way any trace of the cleartext could remain either in memory or on disk after the snippet above completes?

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• Are there any home/soho NAS devices that will backup/sync to the cloud?

  - by 3rdparty

  Looking for a home office (SOHO) market (priced) network hard drive (NAS) that will sync some or all of its content to a cloud-based backup service. The only option I've been able to find so far is NetGear's [ReadyNAS Vault][1] however from what I've read it's not as secure as it could be, and the service is quite expensive ($200/yr for 50GB of cloud storage) - it's 'powered' by ElephantDrive Ideally would love to see something like Wuala integrated into a Lacie Network HDD - conveniently, I suspect this is in the works as Lacie recently acquired Wuala, however nothing has come of it yet. I know there are options to use rsync with a customizable NAS (such as the very versatile and hackable D-Link DNS-323, but the easier this is to setup and maintain, the better. Thanks! ps. I had many links posted within this question, but was limited to posting with only one due to anti-spam restrictions - gotta get my 'reputation' higher!

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• Python server does not excecute PHP script: permission denied

  - by krisvandenbergh

  I am trying to execute a PHP file through a Python server. However, I get the following error: File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/CGIHTTPServer.py", line 255, in run_cgi os.execve(scriptfile, args, os.environ) OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied The python server is running though. What have I done so far? Chmod'ed recursively all directories to (chmod -R a+x) (I know this is not secure but its just for testing purposes) for both Python installation directories and my scripts. Tried to find out if python server is running as root through ps aux grep py I am out of ideas. What could be going wrong else? Thanks for the feedback.

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• Why does my Mac always crash when I enable `ask for password after screensaver ended`?

  - by Koning Baard XIV

  I have enabled these two things: Placing the mouse-pointer in the bottom-left corner of any display makes the screensaver appear After the screensaver or stand-by has ended, ask for password However, this combination always leads to this (Black Screen of Death) after entering the screensaver with the bottom-left corner: Here are my system specs: Hardware Overview: Model Name: iMac Model Identifier: iMac9,1 Processor Name: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor Speed: 2,66 GHz Number Of Processors: 1 Total Number Of Cores: 2 L2 Cache: 6 MB Memory: 2 GB Bus Speed: 1,07 GHz Boot ROM Version: IM91.008D.B08 SMC Version (system): 1.44f0 Serial Number (system): W89171JF0TF Hardware UUID: 323A90F0-8A2F-5057-B501-2087489E0DFF System Software Overview: System Version: Mac OS X 10.6.3 (10D573) Kernel Version: Darwin 10.3.0 Boot Volume: Macintosh HD Boot Mode: Normal Computer Name: YOU SHOULD NOT KNOW THIS User Name: YOU SHOULD NOT KNOW THIS Secure Virtual Memory: Not Enabled 64-bit Kernel and Extensions: No Time since boot: 11:46 Can anyone help me? Thanks

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• Firefox: This connection is untrusted + Behind corporate firewall

  - by espais

  I've seen some similar issues strewn throughout Google's results about this, but none seem to be corporate-specific. I continually get the 'This connection is untrusted' screen every time I attempt to log into a secure site...for instance Gmail. This is pretty annoying as sometimes I have to go through the process of adding the exception two or three times before it finally lets me into Gmail. I am behind a corporate firewall, going through an internal proxy server to get to the Internet, so there is no possibility for me to update the firewall...etc. Does anybody know a way around this? Can it simply be disabled (and is that safe)? EDIT I'm going to reopen this question with a bit of new information. I have been using Google Chrome lately until today, and one thing that I noticed was that I never had this issue when using either Chrome or Internet Explorer. Is there something that these other browsers do that I need to manually do in FF?

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• PHP-FPM for nginx on debian

  - by Jelko

  What is the preferred/recommended way of installing php-fpm on debian for use with nginx? I read about a "php5-fpm" package everywhere, but it's not available in the official debian repos any more. The PHP-FPM website (http://php-fpm.org/download/) says that fpm is now included with the php core. Is it enough to install "php5-common" then? Where are the config files, though? Other people recommend to install the current version of php and php-fpm from dotdeb.org. The versions provided there are generally more up to date. But is it secure? Is this a good repo to use in a production environment? I would appreciate any advice.

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