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• PostSharp, Obfuscation, and IL

  - by Simon Cooper

  Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is a relatively new programming paradigm. Originating at Xerox PARC in 1994, the paradigm was first made available for general-purpose development as an extension to Java in 2001. From there, it has quickly been adapted for use in all the common languages used today. In the .NET world, one of the primary AOP toolkits is PostSharp. Attributes and AOP Normally, attributes in .NET are entirely a metadata construct. Apart from a few special attributes in the .NET framework, they have no effect whatsoever on how a class or method executes within the CLR. Only by using reflection at runtime can you access any attributes declared on a type or type member. PostSharp changes this. By declaring a custom attribute that derives from PostSharp.Aspects.Aspect, applying it to types and type members, and running the resulting assembly through the PostSharp postprocessor, you can essentially declare 'clever' attributes that change the behaviour of whatever the aspect has been applied to at runtime. A simple example of this is logging. By declaring a TraceAttribute that derives from OnMethodBoundaryAspect, you can automatically log when a method has been executed: public class TraceAttribute : PostSharp.Aspects.OnMethodBoundaryAspect { public override void OnEntry(MethodExecutionArgs args) { MethodBase method = args.Method; System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine( String.Format( "Entering {0}.{1}.", method.DeclaringType.FullName, method.Name)); } public override void OnExit(MethodExecutionArgs args) { MethodBase method = args.Method; System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine( String.Format( "Leaving {0}.{1}.", method.DeclaringType.FullName, method.Name)); } } [Trace] public void MethodToLog() { ... } Now, whenever MethodToLog is executed, the aspect will automatically log entry and exit, without having to add the logging code to MethodToLog itself. PostSharp Performance Now this does introduce a performance overhead - as you can see, the aspect allows access to the MethodBase of the method the aspect has been applied to. If you were limited to C#, you would be forced to retrieve each MethodBase instance using Type.GetMethod(), matching on the method name and signature. This is slow. Fortunately, PostSharp is not limited to C#. It can use any instruction available in IL. And in IL, you can do some very neat things. Ldtoken C# allows you to get the Type object corresponding to a specific type name using the typeof operator: Type t = typeof(Random); The C# compiler compiles this operator to the following IL: ldtoken [mscorlib]System.Random call class [mscorlib]System.Type [mscorlib]System.Type::GetTypeFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeTypeHandle) The ldtoken instruction obtains a special handle to a type called a RuntimeTypeHandle, and from that, the Type object can be obtained using GetTypeFromHandle. These are both relatively fast operations - no string lookup is required, only direct assembly and CLR constructs are used. However, a little-known feature is that ldtoken is not just limited to types; it can also get information on methods and fields, encapsulated in a RuntimeMethodHandle or RuntimeFieldHandle: // get a MethodBase for String.EndsWith(string) ldtoken method instance bool [mscorlib]System.String::EndsWith(string) call class [mscorlib]System.Reflection.MethodBase [mscorlib]System.Reflection.MethodBase::GetMethodFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeMethodHandle) // get a FieldInfo for the String.Empty field ldtoken field string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty call class [mscorlib]System.Reflection.FieldInfo [mscorlib]System.Reflection.FieldInfo::GetFieldFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeFieldHandle) These usages of ldtoken aren't usable from C# or VB, and aren't likely to be added anytime soon (Eric Lippert's done a blog post on the possibility of adding infoof, methodof or fieldof operators to C#). However, PostSharp deals directly with IL, and so can use ldtoken to get MethodBase objects quickly and cheaply, without having to resort to string lookups. The kicker However, there are problems. Because ldtoken for methods or fields isn't accessible from C# or VB, it hasn't been as well-tested as ldtoken for types. This has resulted in various obscure bugs in most versions of the CLR when dealing with ldtoken and methods, and specifically, generic methods and methods of generic types. This means that PostSharp was behaving incorrectly, or just plain crashing, when aspects were applied to methods that were generic in some way. So, PostSharp has to work around this. Without using the metadata tokens directly, the only way to get the MethodBase of generic methods is to use reflection: Type.GetMethod(), passing in the method name as a string along with information on the signature. Now, this works fine. It's slower than using ldtoken directly, but it works, and this only has to be done for generic methods. Unfortunately, this poses problems when the assembly is obfuscated. PostSharp and Obfuscation When using ldtoken, obfuscators don't affect how PostSharp operates. Because the ldtoken instruction directly references the type, method or field within the assembly, it is unaffected if the name of the object is changed by an obfuscator. However, the indirect loading used for generic methods was breaking, because that uses the name of the method when the assembly is put through the PostSharp postprocessor to lookup the MethodBase at runtime. If the name then changes, PostSharp can't find it anymore, and the assembly breaks. So, PostSharp needs to know about any changes an obfuscator does to an assembly. The way PostSharp does this is by adding another layer of indirection. When PostSharp obfuscation support is enabled, it includes an extra 'name table' resource in the assembly, consisting of a series of method & type names. When PostSharp needs to lookup a method using reflection, instead of encoding the method name directly, it looks up the method name at a fixed offset inside that name table: MethodBase genericMethod = typeof(ContainingClass).GetMethod(GetNameAtIndex(22)); PostSharp.NameTable resource: ... 20: get_Prop1 21: set_Prop1 22: DoFoo 23: GetWibble When the assembly is later processed by an obfuscator, the obfuscator can replace all the method and type names within the name table with their new name. That way, the reflection lookups performed by PostSharp will now use the new names, and everything will work as expected: MethodBase genericMethod = typeof(#kGy).GetMethod(GetNameAtIndex(22)); PostSharp.NameTable resource: ... 20: #kkA 21: #zAb 22: #EF5a 23: #2tg As you can see, this requires direct support by an obfuscator in order to perform these rewrites. Dotfuscator supports it, and now, starting with SmartAssembly 6.6.4, SmartAssembly does too. So, a relatively simple solution to a tricky problem, with some CLR bugs thrown in for good measure. You don't see those every day!

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• Sorting a Linked List [closed]

  - by Mohit Sehgal

  I want to sort a linked list. Here Node is class representing a node in a Linked List I have written a code to bubble sort a linked list. Program does not finishes execution. Kindly point out the mistakes. class Node { public: int data; public: Node *next; Node() { data=0;next=0; } Node(int d) { data=d; } void setData(int d) { data=d; } void print() { cout<<data<<endl; } bool operator==(Node n) { return this->data==n.data; } bool operator >(Node d) { if((this->data) > (d.data)) return true; return false; } }; class LList { public: int noOfNodes; Node *start;/*Header Node*/ LList() { start=new Node; noOfNodes=0;start=0; } void addAtFront(Node* n) { n->next=(start); start=n; noOfNodes++; } void addAtLast(Node* n) { Node *cur=(start); n->next=NULL; if(start==NULL) { start=n; noOfNodes++; return; } while(cur->next!=NULL) { cur=cur->next; } cur->next=n; noOfNodes++; } void addAtPos(Node *n,int pos) { if(pos==1) { addAtFront(n);return; } Node *cur=(start); Node *prev=NULL; int curPos=0; n->next=NULL; while(cur!=NULL) { curPos++; if(pos==curPos+1) { prev=cur; } if(pos==curPos) { n->next=cur; prev->next=n; break; } cur=cur->next; } noOfNodes++; } void removeFirst() { Node *del=start; start=start->next; delete del; noOfNodes--; return; } void removeLast() { Node *cur=start,*prev=NULL; while(cur->next!=NULL) { prev=cur; cur=cur->next; } prev->next=NULL; Node *del=cur->next; delete del; noOfNodes--; return; } void removeNodeAt(int pos) { if(pos<1) return; if(pos==1) { removeFirst();return;} int curPos=1; Node* cur=start->next; Node* prev=start; Node* del=NULL; while(curPos<pos&&cur!=NULL) { curPos++; if(curPos==pos) { del=cur; prev->next=cur->next; cur->next=NULL; delete del; noOfNodes--; break; } prev=prev->next; cur=cur->next; } } void removeNode(Node *d) { Node *cur=start; if(*d==*cur) { removeFirst();return; } cur=start->next; Node *prev=start,*del=NULL; while(cur!=NULL) { if(*cur==*d) { del=cur; prev->next=cur->next; delete del; noOfNodes--; break; } prev=prev->next; cur=cur->next; } } int getPosition(Node data) { int pos=0; Node *cur=(start); while(cur!=NULL) { pos++; if(*cur==data) { return pos; } cur=cur->next; } return -1;//not found } Node getNode(int pos) { if(pos<1) return -1;// not a valid position else if(pos>noOfNodes) return -1; // not a valid position Node *cur=(start); int curPos=0; while(cur!=NULL) { if(++curPos==pos) return *cur; cur=cur->next; } } void reverseList()//reverse the list { Node* cur=start->next; Node* d=NULL; Node* prev=start; while(cur!=NULL) { d=cur->next; cur->next=start; start=cur; prev->next=d; cur=d; } } void sortBubble() { Node *i=start,*j=start,*prev=NULL,*temp=NULL,*after=NULL; int count=noOfNodes-1;int icount=0; while(i->next!=NULL) { j=start; after=j->next; icount=0; while(++icount!=count) { if((*j)>(*after)) { temp=after->next; after->next=j; prev->next=j->next; j->next=temp; prev=after; after=j->next; } else{ prev=j; j=after; after=after->next; } } i=i->next; count--; } } void traverse() { Node *cur=(start); int c=0; while(cur!=NULL) { // cout<<"start"<<start; c++; cur->print(); cur=cur->next; } noOfNodes=c; } ~LList() { delete start; } }; int main() { int n; cin>>n; int d; LList list; Node *node; Node *temp=new Node(2123); for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { cin>>d; node=new Node(d); list.addAtLast(node); } list.addAtPos(temp,1); cout<<"traverse\n"; list.traverse(); temp=new Node(12); list.removeNode(temp); cout<<"12 removed"; list.traverse(); list.reverseList(); cout<<"\nreversed\n"; list.traverse(); cout<<"bubble sort\n"; list.sortBubble(); list.traverse(); getch(); delete node; return 0; }

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• Mysql-how to update the "domain.com" in "[email protected]"

  - by w00t

  Hi there, In my database I have a lot of users who've misspelled their e-mail address. This in turn causes my postfix to bounce a lot of mails when sending the newsletter. Forms include (but are not limited to) "yaho.com", "yahho .com" etc. Very annoying! So i have been trying to update those record to the correct value. After executing select email from users where email like '%@yaho%' and email not like '%yahoo%'; and getting the list, I'm stuck because I do not know how to update only the yaho part. I need the username to be left intact. So I thought I would just dump the database and use vim to replace, but I cannot escape the @ symbol.. BTW, how do I select all email addresses written in CAPS? select upper(email) from users; would just transform everything into CAPS, whereas I just needed to find out the already-written-in-CAPS mails.

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• PostSharp, Obfuscation, and IL

  - by simonc

  Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is a relatively new programming paradigm. Originating at Xerox PARC in 1994, the paradigm was first made available for general-purpose development as an extension to Java in 2001. From there, it has quickly been adapted for use in all the common languages used today. In the .NET world, one of the primary AOP toolkits is PostSharp. Attributes and AOP Normally, attributes in .NET are entirely a metadata construct. Apart from a few special attributes in the .NET framework, they have no effect whatsoever on how a class or method executes within the CLR. Only by using reflection at runtime can you access any attributes declared on a type or type member. PostSharp changes this. By declaring a custom attribute that derives from PostSharp.Aspects.Aspect, applying it to types and type members, and running the resulting assembly through the PostSharp postprocessor, you can essentially declare 'clever' attributes that change the behaviour of whatever the aspect has been applied to at runtime. A simple example of this is logging. By declaring a TraceAttribute that derives from OnMethodBoundaryAspect, you can automatically log when a method has been executed: public class TraceAttribute : PostSharp.Aspects.OnMethodBoundaryAspect { public override void OnEntry(MethodExecutionArgs args) { MethodBase method = args.Method; System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine( String.Format( "Entering {0}.{1}.", method.DeclaringType.FullName, method.Name)); } public override void OnExit(MethodExecutionArgs args) { MethodBase method = args.Method; System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine( String.Format( "Leaving {0}.{1}.", method.DeclaringType.FullName, method.Name)); } } [Trace] public void MethodToLog() { ... } Now, whenever MethodToLog is executed, the aspect will automatically log entry and exit, without having to add the logging code to MethodToLog itself. PostSharp Performance Now this does introduce a performance overhead - as you can see, the aspect allows access to the MethodBase of the method the aspect has been applied to. If you were limited to C#, you would be forced to retrieve each MethodBase instance using Type.GetMethod(), matching on the method name and signature. This is slow. Fortunately, PostSharp is not limited to C#. It can use any instruction available in IL. And in IL, you can do some very neat things. Ldtoken C# allows you to get the Type object corresponding to a specific type name using the typeof operator: Type t = typeof(Random); The C# compiler compiles this operator to the following IL: ldtoken [mscorlib]System.Random call class [mscorlib]System.Type [mscorlib]System.Type::GetTypeFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeTypeHandle) The ldtoken instruction obtains a special handle to a type called a RuntimeTypeHandle, and from that, the Type object can be obtained using GetTypeFromHandle. These are both relatively fast operations - no string lookup is required, only direct assembly and CLR constructs are used. However, a little-known feature is that ldtoken is not just limited to types; it can also get information on methods and fields, encapsulated in a RuntimeMethodHandle or RuntimeFieldHandle: // get a MethodBase for String.EndsWith(string) ldtoken method instance bool [mscorlib]System.String::EndsWith(string) call class [mscorlib]System.Reflection.MethodBase [mscorlib]System.Reflection.MethodBase::GetMethodFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeMethodHandle) // get a FieldInfo for the String.Empty field ldtoken field string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty call class [mscorlib]System.Reflection.FieldInfo [mscorlib]System.Reflection.FieldInfo::GetFieldFromHandle( valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeFieldHandle) These usages of ldtoken aren't usable from C# or VB, and aren't likely to be added anytime soon (Eric Lippert's done a blog post on the possibility of adding infoof, methodof or fieldof operators to C#). However, PostSharp deals directly with IL, and so can use ldtoken to get MethodBase objects quickly and cheaply, without having to resort to string lookups. The kicker However, there are problems. Because ldtoken for methods or fields isn't accessible from C# or VB, it hasn't been as well-tested as ldtoken for types. This has resulted in various obscure bugs in most versions of the CLR when dealing with ldtoken and methods, and specifically, generic methods and methods of generic types. This means that PostSharp was behaving incorrectly, or just plain crashing, when aspects were applied to methods that were generic in some way. So, PostSharp has to work around this. Without using the metadata tokens directly, the only way to get the MethodBase of generic methods is to use reflection: Type.GetMethod(), passing in the method name as a string along with information on the signature. Now, this works fine. It's slower than using ldtoken directly, but it works, and this only has to be done for generic methods. Unfortunately, this poses problems when the assembly is obfuscated. PostSharp and Obfuscation When using ldtoken, obfuscators don't affect how PostSharp operates. Because the ldtoken instruction directly references the type, method or field within the assembly, it is unaffected if the name of the object is changed by an obfuscator. However, the indirect loading used for generic methods was breaking, because that uses the name of the method when the assembly is put through the PostSharp postprocessor to lookup the MethodBase at runtime. If the name then changes, PostSharp can't find it anymore, and the assembly breaks. So, PostSharp needs to know about any changes an obfuscator does to an assembly. The way PostSharp does this is by adding another layer of indirection. When PostSharp obfuscation support is enabled, it includes an extra 'name table' resource in the assembly, consisting of a series of method & type names. When PostSharp needs to lookup a method using reflection, instead of encoding the method name directly, it looks up the method name at a fixed offset inside that name table: MethodBase genericMethod = typeof(ContainingClass).GetMethod(GetNameAtIndex(22)); PostSharp.NameTable resource: ... 20: get_Prop1 21: set_Prop1 22: DoFoo 23: GetWibble When the assembly is later processed by an obfuscator, the obfuscator can replace all the method and type names within the name table with their new name. That way, the reflection lookups performed by PostSharp will now use the new names, and everything will work as expected: MethodBase genericMethod = typeof(#kGy).GetMethod(GetNameAtIndex(22)); PostSharp.NameTable resource: ... 20: #kkA 21: #zAb 22: #EF5a 23: #2tg As you can see, this requires direct support by an obfuscator in order to perform these rewrites. Dotfuscator supports it, and now, starting with SmartAssembly 6.6.4, SmartAssembly does too. So, a relatively simple solution to a tricky problem, with some CLR bugs thrown in for good measure. You don't see those every day! Cross posted from Simple Talk.

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• LINQ – SequenceEqual() method

  - by nmarun

  I have been looking at LINQ extension methods and have blogged about what I learned from them in my blog space. Next in line is the SequenceEqual() method. Here’s the description about this method: “Determines whether two sequences are equal by comparing the elements by using the default equality comparer for their type.” Let’s play with some code: 1: int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }; 2: // int[] numbersCopy = numbers; 3: int[] numbersCopy = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }; 4:  5: Console.WriteLine(numbers.SequenceEqual(numbersCopy)); This gives an output of ‘True’ – basically compares each of the elements in the two arrays and returns true in this case. The result is same even if you uncomment line 2 and comment line 3 (I didn’t need to say that now did I?). So then what happens for custom types? For this, I created a Product class with the following definition: 1: class Product 2: { 3: public int ProductId { get; set; } 4: public string Name { get; set; } 5: public string Category { get; set; } 6: public DateTime MfgDate { get; set; } 7: public Status Status { get; set; } 8: } 9:  10: public enum Status 11: { 12: Active = 1, 13: InActive = 2, 14: OffShelf = 3, 15: } In my calling code, I’m just adding a few product items: 1: private static List<Product> GetProducts() 2: { 3: return new List<Product> 4: { 5: new Product 6: { 7: ProductId = 1, 8: Name = "Laptop", 9: Category = "Computer", 10: MfgDate = new DateTime(2003, 4, 3), 11: Status = Status.Active, 12: }, 13: new Product 14: { 15: ProductId = 2, 16: Name = "Compact Disc", 17: Category = "Water Sport", 18: MfgDate = new DateTime(2009, 12, 3), 19: Status = Status.InActive, 20: }, 21: new Product 22: { 23: ProductId = 3, 24: Name = "Floppy", 25: Category = "Computer", 26: MfgDate = new DateTime(1993, 3, 7), 27: Status = Status.OffShelf, 28: }, 29: }; 30: } Now for the actual check: 1: List<Product> products1 = GetProducts(); 2: List<Product> products2 = GetProducts(); 3:  4: Console.WriteLine(products1.SequenceEqual(products2)); This one returns ‘False’ and the reason is simple – this one checks for reference equality and the products in the both the lists get different ‘memory addresses’ (sounds like I’m talking in ‘C’). In order to modify this behavior and return a ‘True’ result, we need to modify the Product class as follows: 1: class Product : IEquatable<Product> 2: { 3: public int ProductId { get; set; } 4: public string Name { get; set; } 5: public string Category { get; set; } 6: public DateTime MfgDate { get; set; } 7: public Status Status { get; set; } 8:  9: public override bool Equals(object obj) 10: { 11: return Equals(obj as Product); 12: } 13:  14: public bool Equals(Product other) 15: { 16: //Check whether the compared object is null. 17: if (ReferenceEquals(other, null)) return false; 18:  19: //Check whether the compared object references the same data. 20: if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true; 21:  22: //Check whether the products' properties are equal. 23: return ProductId.Equals(other.ProductId) 24: && Name.Equals(other.Name) 25: && Category.Equals(other.Category) 26: && MfgDate.Equals(other.MfgDate) 27: && Status.Equals(other.Status); 28: } 29:  30: // If Equals() returns true for a pair of objects 31: // then GetHashCode() must return the same value for these objects. 32: // read why in the following articles: 33: // http://geekswithblogs.net/akraus1/archive/2010/02/28/138234.aspx 34: // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/371328/why-is-it-important-to-override-gethashcode-when-equals-method-is-overriden-in-c 35: public override int GetHashCode() 36: { 37: //Get hash code for the ProductId field. 38: int hashProductId = ProductId.GetHashCode(); 39:  40: //Get hash code for the Name field if it is not null. 41: int hashName = Name == null ? 0 : Name.GetHashCode(); 42:  43: //Get hash code for the ProductId field. 44: int hashCategory = Category.GetHashCode(); 45:  46: //Get hash code for the ProductId field. 47: int hashMfgDate = MfgDate.GetHashCode(); 48:  49: //Get hash code for the ProductId field. 50: int hashStatus = Status.GetHashCode(); 51: //Calculate the hash code for the product. 52: return hashProductId ^ hashName ^ hashCategory & hashMfgDate & hashStatus; 53: } 54:  55: public static bool operator ==(Product a, Product b) 56: { 57: // Enable a == b for null references to return the right value 58: if (ReferenceEquals(a, b)) 59: { 60: return true; 61: } 62: // If one is null and the other not. Remember a==null will lead to Stackoverflow! 63: if (ReferenceEquals(a, null)) 64: { 65: return false; 66: } 67: return a.Equals((object)b); 68: } 69:  70: public static bool operator !=(Product a, Product b) 71: { 72: return !(a == b); 73: } 74: } Now THAT kinda looks overwhelming. But lets take one simple step at a time. Ok first thing you’ve noticed is that the class implements IEquatable<Product> interface – the key step towards achieving our goal. This interface provides us with an ‘Equals’ method to perform the test for equality with another Product object, in this case. This method is called in the following situations: when you do a ProductInstance.Equals(AnotherProductInstance) and when you perform actions like Contains<T>, IndexOf() or Remove() on your collection Coming to the Equals method defined line 14 onwards. The two ‘if’ blocks check for null and referential equality using the ReferenceEquals() method defined in the Object class. Line 23 is where I’m doing the actual check on the properties of the Product instances. This is what returns the ‘True’ for us when we run the application. I have also overridden the Object.Equals() method which calls the Equals() method of the interface. One thing to remember is that anytime you override the Equals() method, its’ a good practice to override the GetHashCode() method and overload the ‘==’ and the ‘!=’ operators. For detailed information on this, please read this and this. Since we’ve overloaded the operators as well, we get ‘True’ when we do actions like: 1: Console.WriteLine(products1.Contains(products2[0])); 2: Console.WriteLine(products1[0] == products2[0]); This completes the full circle on the SequenceEqual() method. See the code used in the article here.

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• Linux server is only using 60% of memory, then swapping

  - by Kamil Kisiel

  I've got a Linux server that's running our bacula backup system. The machine is grinding like mad because it's going heavy in to swap. The problem is, it's only using 60% of its physical memory! Here's the output from free -m: free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3949 2356 1593 0 0 1 -/+ buffers/cache: 2354 1595 Swap: 7629 1804 5824 and some sample output from vmstat 1: procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 2 1843536 1634512 0 4188 54 13 2524 666 2 1 1 1 89 9 0 1 11 1845916 1640724 0 388 2700 4816 221880 4879 14409 170721 4 3 63 30 0 0 9 1846096 1643952 0 0 4956 756 174832 804 12357 159306 3 4 63 30 0 0 11 1846104 1643532 0 0 4916 540 174320 580 10609 139960 3 4 64 29 0 0 4 1846084 1640272 0 2336 4080 524 140408 548 9331 118287 3 4 63 30 0 0 8 1846104 1642096 0 1488 2940 432 102516 457 7023 82230 2 4 65 29 0 0 5 1846104 1642268 0 1276 3704 452 126520 452 9494 119612 3 5 65 27 0 3 12 1846104 1641528 0 328 6092 608 187776 636 8269 113059 4 3 64 29 0 2 2 1846084 1640960 0 724 5948 0 111480 0 7751 116370 4 4 63 29 0 0 4 1846100 1641484 0 404 4144 1476 125760 1500 10668 105358 2 3 71 25 0 0 13 1846104 1641932 0 0 5872 828 153808 840 10518 128447 3 4 70 22 0 0 8 1846096 1639172 0 3164 3556 556 74884 580 5082 65362 2 2 73 23 0 1 4 1846080 1638676 0 396 4512 28 50928 44 2672 38277 2 2 80 16 0 0 3 1846080 1628808 0 7132 2636 0 28004 8 1358 14090 0 1 78 20 0 0 2 1844728 1618552 0 11140 7680 0 12740 8 763 2245 0 0 82 18 0 0 2 1837764 1532056 0 101504 2952 0 95644 24 802 3817 0 1 87 12 0 0 11 1842092 1633324 0 4416 1748 10900 143144 11024 6279 134442 3 3 70 24 0 2 6 1846104 1642756 0 0 4768 468 78752 468 4672 60141 2 2 76 20 0 1 12 1846104 1640792 0 236 4752 440 140712 464 7614 99593 3 5 58 34 0 0 3 1846084 1630368 0 6316 5104 0 20336 0 1703 22424 1 1 72 26 0 2 17 1846104 1638332 0 3168 4080 1720 211960 1744 11977 155886 3 4 65 28 0 1 10 1846104 1640800 0 132 4488 556 126016 584 8016 106368 3 4 63 29 0 0 14 1846104 1639740 0 2248 3436 428 114188 452 7030 92418 3 3 59 35 0 1 6 1846096 1639504 0 1932 5500 436 141412 460 8261 112210 4 4 63 29 0 0 10 1846104 1640164 0 3052 4028 448 147684 472 7366 109554 4 4 61 30 0 0 10 1846100 1641040 0 2332 4952 632 147452 664 8767 118384 3 4 63 30 0 4 8 1846084 1641092 0 664 4948 276 152264 292 6448 98813 5 5 62 28 0 Furthermore, the output of top sorted by CPU time seems to support the theory that swap is what's bogging down the system: top - 09:05:32 up 37 days, 23:24, 1 user, load average: 9.75, 8.24, 7.12 Tasks: 173 total, 1 running, 172 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.6%us, 1.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 76.1%id, 20.6%wa, 0.1%hi, 0.2%si, 0.0%st Mem: 4044632k total, 2405628k used, 1639004k free, 0k buffers Swap: 7812492k total, 1851852k used, 5960640k free, 436k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ TIME COMMAND 4174 root 17 0 63156 176 56 S 8 0.0 2138:52 35,38 bacula-fd 4185 root 17 0 63352 284 104 S 6 0.0 1709:25 28,29 bacula-sd 240 root 15 0 0 0 0 D 3 0.0 831:55.19 831:55 kswapd0 2852 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 1 0.0 126:35.59 126:35 xfsbufd 2849 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 119:50.94 119:50 xfsbufd 1364 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 117:05.39 117:05 xfsbufd 21 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 1 0.0 48:03.44 48:03 events/3 6940 postgres 16 0 43596 8 8 S 0 0.0 46:50.35 46:50 postmaster 1342 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 23:14.34 23:14 xfsdatad/4 5415 root 17 0 1770m 108 48 S 0 0.0 15:03.74 15:03 bacula-dir 23 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 13:09.71 13:09 events/5 5604 root 17 0 1216m 500 200 S 0 0.0 12:38.20 12:38 java 5552 root 16 0 1194m 580 248 S 0 0.0 11:58.00 11:58 java Here's the same sorted by virtual memory image size: top - 09:08:32 up 37 days, 23:27, 1 user, load average: 8.43, 8.26, 7.32 Tasks: 173 total, 1 running, 172 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 3.6%us, 3.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 62.2%id, 30.2%wa, 0.2%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Mem: 4044632k total, 2404212k used, 1640420k free, 0k buffers Swap: 7812492k total, 1852548k used, 5959944k free, 100k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ TIME COMMAND 5415 root 17 0 1770m 56 44 S 0 0.0 15:03.78 15:03 bacula-dir 5604 root 17 0 1216m 492 200 S 0 0.0 12:38.30 12:38 java 5552 root 16 0 1194m 476 200 S 0 0.0 11:58.20 11:58 java 4598 root 16 0 117m 44 44 S 0 0.0 0:13.37 0:13 eventmond 9614 gdm 16 0 93188 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.30 0:00 gdmgreeter 5527 root 17 0 78716 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.30 0:00 gdm 4185 root 17 0 63352 284 104 S 20 0.0 1709:52 28,29 bacula-sd 4174 root 17 0 63156 208 88 S 24 0.0 2139:25 35,39 bacula-fd 10849 postgres 18 0 54740 216 108 D 0 0.0 0:31.40 0:31 postmaster 6661 postgres 17 0 49432 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:03.50 0:03 postmaster 5507 root 15 0 47980 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 0:00 gdm 6940 postgres 16 0 43596 16 16 S 0 0.0 46:51.39 46:51 postmaster 5304 postgres 16 0 40580 132 88 S 0 0.0 6:21.79 6:21 postmaster 5301 postgres 17 0 40448 24 24 S 0 0.0 0:32.17 0:32 postmaster 11280 root 16 0 40288 28 28 S 0 0.0 0:00.11 0:00 sshd 5534 root 17 0 37580 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:56.18 0:56 X 30870 root 30 15 31668 28 28 S 0 0.0 1:13.38 1:13 snmpd 5305 postgres 17 0 30628 16 16 S 0 0.0 0:11.60 0:11 postmaster 27403 postfix 17 0 30248 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:02.76 0:02 qmgr 10815 postfix 15 0 30208 16 16 S 0 0.0 0:00.02 0:00 pickup 5306 postgres 16 0 29760 20 20 S 0 0.0 0:52.89 0:52 postmaster 5302 postgres 17 0 29628 64 32 S 0 0.0 1:00.64 1:00 postmaster I've tried tuning the swappiness kernel parameter to both high and low values, but nothing appears to change the behavior here. I'm at a loss to figure out what's going on. How can I find out what's causing this? Update: The system is a fully 64-bit system, so there should be no question of memory limitations due to 32-bit issues. Update2: As I mentioned in the original question, I've already tried tuning swappiness to all sorts of values, including 0. The result is always the same, with approximately 1.6 GB of memory remaining unused. Update3: Added top output to the above info.

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• RHEL hangs after starting virt-who succesfully

  - by Nick

  Idea #1: Is there a way to REPAIR an RHEL 6.2 installation? During the start-up procedure, after a recent forced reboot, my Linux machine (RHEL 6.2) hangs right after successfully starting virt-who. I can use login screens (Alt + F2/F3...) in text mode. I am clueless -- how can I find out what is the next step in the startup sequence? That step is most likely what is causing it to hang. These are the last lines saved to /var/log/boot.log: Starting RPC idmapd: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting cups: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting acpi daemon: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting HAL daemon: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting PC/SC smart card daemon (pcscd): [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Retrigger failed udev events[60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Loading autofs4: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting automount: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Enabling Bluetooth devices: Starting sshd: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting ntpd: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting mysqld: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting postfix: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting abrt daemon: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting ksm: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting ksmtuned: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting Qpid AMQP daemon: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting crond: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting atd: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting libvirtd daemon: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting rhsmcertd 240 1440[60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m] Starting virt-who: [60G[[0;32m OK [0;39m]

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• asterisk/freeswitch in nat/no-nat setup

  - by pQd

  hi, my current setup - i use bunch of sip hard-phones around few offices. all devices have two sip accounts configured - one on internal sip proxy [for calls between the branches], another - at 3rd party voip providers [ since it's in different countries - those are different providers, but that's irrelevant ]. i was thinking about terminating sip calls on something like asterisk/freeswitch server and having all sip-devices log on just once to such server[s] - mostly to provide things like voicemail, groupcalls, redirections etc. it seems perfectly doable but there is one problem - i cannot find examples how to prepare for nat/no nat. for calls routed to from/to 3rd party voip operator - i'll need handling for nat/stun etc, but for handling of internal calls - i do not want any nat, all traffic should go via vpns to different branches. can you provide me some hints how to configure it? any tutorials? thanks!

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• Clamav. WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available

  - by Jevgeni Smirnov

  I have clamav.log full of these messages, what might be the problem and how to fix this? I have Debian clamav-0.97.6+dfsg-1~squeeze1 spamassassin-3.3.1-1 dovecot-pop3d-1.2.15-7 postfix-2.7.1-1+squeeze1 and also there is somewhere near milter. LocalSocket setting is ok Tue Jun 4 07:43:34 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:44:34 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:45:34 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:46:34 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:47:34 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:47:58 2013 -> ERROR: Failed to initiate streaming/fdpassing Tue Jun 4 07:47:58 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:48:58 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available Tue Jun 4 07:49:33 2013 -> ERROR: Failed to initiate streaming/fdpassing Tue Jun 4 07:49:33 2013 -> WARNING: No clamd server appears to be available

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• stunnel not working - stunnel.pem: No such file or directory

  - by Marronsuisse

  I am trying to install stunnel on an amazon LINUX machine. (i want to configure postfix so that it sends its emails through amazon ses) I first tried to install from the tar.gz package download from http://www.stunnel.org and installed with the commands: ./configure make make install but than the stunnel command was still not found. Then I installed with yum install stunnel. But now when I try I get: sudo stunnel 2012.06.23 06:51:53 LOG7[20071:3078289200]: Snagged 64 random bytes from /root/.rnd 2012.06.23 06:51:53 LOG7[20071:3078289200]: Wrote 1024 new random bytes to /root/.rnd 2012.06.23 06:51:53 LOG7[20071:3078289200]: RAND_status claims sufficient entropy for the PRNG 2012.06.23 06:51:53 LOG7[20071:3078289200]: PRNG seeded successfully 2012.06.23 06:51:53 LOG3[20071:3078289200]: stunnel.pem: No such file or directory (2) So it seems there is still a problem with the install. When I use the locate stunnel command, I see files a bit everywhere. How can I do to have a clean install of stunnel? Edit: i was following this procedure: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/ses/latest/DeveloperGuide/SMTP.MTAs.SecureTunnel.html when I got stuck at point 5 and got the stunnel.pem: No such file or directory message.

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• What is needed to use anycast IPs?

  - by coredump

  So, there're a bunch of questions on SF about the uses and how anycast IPs are cool. My approach is something more practical. What specifically I need to have to use one of those addresses? Do I need to be an AS (Autonomous System)? If I want to use an Anycast IP on my internal network, is it possible? Do I need anything special with a registrar/operator(s) to use it? Basically, if I want to use an Anycast IP address, what exactly I need, from the equipment to configuration part.

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• Internet speed is suddenly slow only on my laptop, but it's normal in other devices

  - by Wael

  I have a TP-Link router connected to a ZTE modem, with 2 laptops, a tablet, 2 phones connected via the router's WiFi, and an additional desktop connected via ethernet to the router. Today, my laptop started to have a very slow connection to the internet, which at first I thought it was the operator's problem to find out later on that it works fine on other devices. I tried to connect directly via WiFi to the modem, but it was as slow. I cannot access facebook at all, google takes forever to do a search, and youtube barely works. The weird thing though, is that when youtube does work, the streaming is full speed. This happens also when I download a file! My browse is Firefox, but I used Chrome and IE9 with the same results. I work on Windows 7 Thanks for any advices.

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• Cleaning Up Unused Users and Groups (Ubuntu 10.10 Server)

  - by PhpMyCoder

  Hello experts, I'm very much a beginner when it comes to Ubuntu and I've been learning the ropes by diving in and writing a (backend-language independent) web app framework that relies on apache, some clever mod_rewrites, Ubuntu permissions, groups, and users. One thing that really annoys my inner clean-freak is that there are loads of users and groups that are created when Ubuntu is installed that are never used (Or so I think). Since I'm just running a simple web app server, I would like to know: What users/groups can I remove? Since you'll probably ask for it...here's a list of all the users on my box (excluding the ones I know that I need): root daemon bin sys sync man lp mail uucp proxy backup list irc gnats nobody libuuid syslog And a list of all of the groups: root daemon bin sys adm tty disk lp mail uucp man proxy kmem dialout fax voice cdrom floppy tape sudo audio dip backup operator list irc src gnats shadow utmp video sasl plugdev users nogroup libuuid crontab syslog fuse mlocate ssl-cert lpadmin sambashare admin

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• Verifying SMTP “MAIL FROM:” Matches “From:” Header in DATA

  - by dkovacevic

  Is there ever a legitimate reason for the SMTP “MAIL FROM:” field to not match the “From:” field in the DATA section of a message, besides mailing lists? From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1750194/smtp-why-does-email-needs-envelope-and-what-does-the-envelope-mean: “But, to continue your snail mail metaphor, most professional letters will contain the sender's and recipient's addresses printed on the letter itself. Those addresses are not necessary for the postman, but are instead a courtesy to the recipient. So it's sensible that email would work the same way.” The problem with this line of logic lies here: “courtesy to the recipient”. Including the “From:” address in an email via SMTP is not a courtesy; it is required if the recipient is to be able to send a reply. From: How to limit the From header to match MAIL FROM in postfix?: “But if you really want to ensure From: and MAIL FROM then you have to apply header_checks so that Return-Path: matches From:” What are the implications of doing this? Mailing lists would obviously be a problem. Are there any other legitimate uses of differing “MAIL FROM:” and “From:” header information?

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• Accessing DHCP Client's vendor-encapsulated-options

  - by Jason Owen

  In the dhcpd.conf file for isc-dhcpd-V3.1.1, I have set up a vendor options space and defined several different options. I am able to use those definitions to send options from the server to the client in the vendor-encapsulated-options option (code 43). However, the client is also sending vendor options back to the server, in the same way, and I'd like to respond differently depending on the type and contents of the options. As far as I can tell, the the server isn't parsing the client's vendor-encapsulated-options at all - the option operator is just returning null. Is there a way to get the server to populate the options in the vendor space I've defined?

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• "Options ExecCGI is off in this directory" When try to run Ruby code using mod_ruby

  - by Itay Moav

  I am on Ubuntu, Apache 2.2 Installed the fcgi via apt-get then removed it via apt-get remove. Installed mod-ruby configuration I added to Apache: LoadModule ruby_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_ruby.so RubyRequire apache/ruby-run <Directory /var/www> Options +ExecCGI </Directory> <Files *.rb> SetHandler ruby-object RubyHandler Apache::RubyRun.instance </Files> <Files *.rbx> SetHandler ruby-object RubyHandler Apache::RubyRun.instance </Files> I have a file in the www direcoty with puts 'baba' I have other files in that directory, all accessible via Apache. Test file has been chmod 777 In the browser I get 403. In Apache error log I get: [error] access to /var/www/t.rb failed for (null), reason: Options ExecCGI is off in this directory If I move this to a sub folder rubytest and modify the relevant config to be: <Directory /var/www/rubytest> Options +ExecCGI </Directory> and making sure the directory has 755 permissions on it, it just try to download the file, as if it does not recognize the postfix *.rb any more If I give directory and files 777 it fails: usr/lib/ruby/1.8/apache/ruby-run.rb:53: warning: Insecure world writable dir /var/www/rubytest in LOAD_PATH, mode 040777 [Tue May 24 19:39:58 2011] [error] mod_ruby: error in ruby [Tue May 24 19:39:58 2011] [error] mod_ruby: /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/apache/ruby-run.rb:53:in load': loading from unsafe file /var/www/rubytest/t.rb (SecurityError) [Tue May 24 19:39:58 2011] [error] mod_ruby: from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/apache/ruby-run.rb:53:in handler' BUT, IF I USE *.rbx it works like a charm...go figure.

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• Apache/Passenger and cpulimit

  - by Dave Smylie

  I run a ruby on rails site that processes email - the email is dumped directly into the web app via a POST from postfix. At times I can get a burst of email coming in causing a prolonged surge in CPU usage making my VPS provider understandable unhappy with me. These emails don't need to be processed in a timely manner - they just need to be (eventually) processed. Obviously I can't just nice the process as that only looks at the cpu usage on my VPS and can't take into account the cpu usage on the other VPS's. I have found a utility called cpulimit that will you put hard limits on cpu usage for a particular process. (eg 20%). This seems ideal for this purpose, but I can't work out to integrate with apache/passenger. Passenger starts up a ruby process for each server and restarts them periodically. Each time the pid will change. Cpulimit needs to be given a pid number for it to act on. Anyone got any ideas how I could get passenger to fire off a call this command when it's starting up this particular virtual host?

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• CUPS basic auth error through web interface

  - by Inaimathi

  I'm trying to configure CUPS to allow remote administration through the web interface. There's enough documentation out there that I can figure out what to change in my cupsd.conf (changing Listen localhost:631 to Port 631, and adding Allow @LOCAL to the /, /admin and /admin/conf sections). I'm now at the point where I can see the CUPS interface from another machine on the same network. The trouble is, when I try to Add Printer, I'm asked for a username and password, but my response is rejected even when I know I've gotten it right (I assume it's asking for the username and password of someone in the lpadmin group on the server machine; I've sshed in with credentials its rejecting, and the user I'm using has been added to the lpadmin group). If I disable auth outright, by changing DefaultAuthType Basic to DefaultAuthType None, I get an "Unauthorized" error instead of a password request when I try to Add Printer. What am I doing wrong? Is there a way of letting users from the local network to administer the print server through the CUPS web interface? EDIT: By request, my complete cupsd.conf (spoiler: minimally edited default config file that comes with the edition of CUPS from the Debian wheezy repos): LogLevel warn MaxLogSize 0 SystemGroup lpadmin Port 631 # Listen localhost:631 Listen /var/run/cups/cups.sock Browsing On BrowseOrder allow,deny BrowseAllow all BrowseLocalProtocols CUPS dnssd # DefaultAuthType Basic DefaultAuthType None WebInterface Yes <Location /> Order allow,deny Allow @LOCAL </Location> <Location /admin> Order allow,deny Allow @LOCAL </Location> <Location /admin/conf> AuthType Default Require user @SYSTEM Order allow,deny Allow @LOCAL </Location> # Set the default printer/job policies... <Policy default> # Job/subscription privacy... JobPrivateAccess default JobPrivateValues default SubscriptionPrivateAccess default SubscriptionPrivateValues default # Job-related operations must be done by the owner or an administrator... <Limit Create-Job Print-Job Print-URI Validate-Job> Order deny,allow </Limit> <Limit Send-Document Send-URI Hold-Job Release-Job Restart-Job Purge-Jobs Set-Job-Attributes Create-Job-Subscription Renew-Subscription Cancel-Subscription Get-Notifications Reprocess-Job Cancel-Current-Job Suspend-Current-Job Resume-Job Cancel-My-Jobs Close-Job CUPS-Move-Job CUPS-Get-Document> Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # All administration operations require an administrator to authenticate... <Limit CUPS-Add-Modify-Printer CUPS-Delete-Printer CUPS-Add-Modify-Class CUPS-Delete-Class CUPS-Set-Default CUPS-Get-Devices> AuthType Default Require user @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # All printer operations require a printer operator to authenticate... <Limit Pause-Printer Resume-Printer Enable-Printer Disable-Printer Pause-Printer-After-Current-Job Hold-New-Jobs Release-Held-New-Jobs Deactivate-Printer Activate-Printer Restart-Printer Shutdown-Printer Startup-Printer Promote-Job Schedule-Job-After Cancel-Jobs CUPS-Accept-Jobs CUPS-Reject-Jobs> AuthType Default Require user @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # Only the owner or an administrator can cancel or authenticate a job... <Limit Cancel-Job CUPS-Authenticate-Job> Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> <Limit All> Order deny,allow </Limit> </Policy> # Set the authenticated printer/job policies... <Policy authenticated> # Job/subscription privacy... JobPrivateAccess default JobPrivateValues default SubscriptionPrivateAccess default SubscriptionPrivateValues default # Job-related operations must be done by the owner or an administrator... <Limit Create-Job Print-Job Print-URI Validate-Job> AuthType Default Order deny,allow </Limit> <Limit Send-Document Send-URI Hold-Job Release-Job Restart-Job Purge-Jobs Set-Job-Attributes Create-Job-Subscription Renew-Subscription Cancel-Subscription Get-Notifications Reprocess-Job Cancel-Current-Job Suspend-Current-Job Resume-Job Cancel-My-Jobs Close-Job CUPS-Move-Job CUPS-Get-Document> AuthType Default Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # All administration operations require an administrator to authenticate... <Limit CUPS-Add-Modify-Printer CUPS-Delete-Printer CUPS-Add-Modify-Class CUPS-Delete-Class CUPS-Set-Default> AuthType Default Require user @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # All printer operations require a printer operator to authenticate... <Limit Pause-Printer Resume-Printer Enable-Printer Disable-Printer Pause-Printer-After-Current-Job Hold-New-Jobs Release-Held-New-Jobs Deactivate-Printer Activate-Printer Restart-Printer Shutdown-Printer Startup-Printer Promote-Job Schedule-Job-After Cancel-Jobs CUPS-Accept-Jobs CUPS-Reject-Jobs> AuthType Default Require user @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # Only the owner or an administrator can cancel or authenticate a job... <Limit Cancel-Job CUPS-Authenticate-Job> AuthType Default Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> <Limit All> Order deny,allow </Limit> </Policy>

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• How to test email spam scores with amavis?

  - by CaptSaltyJack

  I'd like a way to test a spam message to see its spam scores that SpamAssassin gives it. The SA db files (bayes_toks, etc) reside in /var/lib/amavis/.spamassassin. I've been testing emails by doing this: sudo su amavis -c 'spamassassin -t msgfile' Though this yields some strange results, such as: Content analysis details: (3.7 points, 5.0 required) pts rule name description ---- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 3.5 BAYES_99 BODY: Bayes spam probability is 99 to 100% [score: 1.0000] -0.0 NO_RELAYS Informational: message was not relayed via SMTP 0.0 LONG_TERM_PRICE BODY: LONG_TERM_PRICE 0.2 BAYES_999 BODY: Bayes spam probability is 99.9 to 100% [score: 1.0000] -0.0 NO_RECEIVED Informational: message has no Received headers 0.2 is an awfully low scores for BAYES_999! But this is the first time I've used amavis, previously I've always just used spamassassin directly as a content filter in postfix, but apparently running amavis/spamassassin is more efficient. So, with amavis in the picture, how can I run a test on a message to see its spam score breakdown? Another email I ran a test on got this result: 2.0 BAYES_80 BODY: Bayes spam probability is 80 to 95% [score: 0.8487] Doesn't make sense, that BAYES_80 can yield a higher score than BAYES_999. Help!

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• =~ (equal-sign tilde) and m" ... " in .htaccess directive [closed]

  - by Lèse majesté

  I saw this bit of code on an old forum post: SSLRequire %{HTTP_HOST} =~ m"\.secure\.powweb\.com" And I was just wondering what the =~ and m" ... " meant. I've been searching online and in the Apache documentation for any mention of the equal-sign tilde operator, but I've found no mention of it. I know that some directives can take a tilde to use a regular expression, but I've never seen the m" ... " form used before. What exactly is that m" ... " for? Where else would you see this form?

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• Best Practical RT, sorting email into queues automatically using procmail

  - by user52095

  I'm trying to get incoming e-mail to automatically go directly into whichever queue/ticket they are related to or create a new one if none exist and the right queue e-mail setup in the web interface is used. I will have too many queues to have two line items within mailgate per queue. A similar issue was discussed here (http://serverfault.com/questions/104779/procmail-pipe-to-program-otherwise-return-error-to-sender), but I thought it best to open a new case instead of tagging on what appeared to be an answer to that person's query. I'm able to send and receive e-mail (via PostFix) to the default rt user and this user successfully accepts all e-mail for the relative domain. I have no idea where the e-mail goes - it's successfully delivered, but it does not update existing tickets (with a Subject line match) and it does not create any new. Here's and example of my ./procmail.log: procmail: [23048] Mon Aug 23 14:26:01 2010 procmail: Assigning "MAILDOMAIN=rt.mydomain.com " procmail: Assigning "RT_MAILGATE=/opt/rt3/bin/rt-mailgate " procmail: Assigning "RT_URL=http://rt.mydomain.com/ " procmail: Assigning "LOGABSTRACT=all " procmail: Skipped " " procmail: Skipped " " procmail: Assigning "LASTFOLDER={ " procmail: Opening "{ " procmail: Acquiring kernel-lock procmail: Notified comsat: "rt@18337:./{ " From [email protected] Mon Aug 23 14:26:01 2010 Subject: RE: [RT.mydomain.com #1] Test Ticket Folder: { 1616 Does the notified comsat portion mean that it notified RT? The contents of my ./procmailrc: #Preliminaries SHELL=/bin/sh #Use the Bourne shell (check your path!) #MAILDIR=${HOME} #First check what your mail directory is! MAILDIR="/var/mail/rt/" LOGFILE="home/rt//procmail.log" LOG="--- Logging ${LOGFILE} for ${LOGNAME}, " VERBOSE=yes MAILDOMAIN="rt.mydomain.com" RT_MAILGATE="/opt/rt3/bin/rt-mailgate" #RT_MAILGATE="/usr/local/bin/rt-mailgate" RT_URL="http://rt.mydomain.com/" LOGABSTRACT=all :0 { # the following line extracts the recipient from Received-headers. # Simply using the To: does not work, as tickets are often created # by sending a CC/BCC to RT TO=`formail -c -xReceived: |grep $MAILDOMAIN |sed -e 's/.*for *<*\(.*\)>* *;.*$/\1/'` QUEUE=`echo $TO| $HOME/get_queue.pl` ACTION=`echo $TO| $HOME/get_action.pl` :0 h b w |/usr/bin/perl $RT_MAILGATE --queue $QUEUE --action $ACTION --url $RT_URL } I know that my get_queue.pl and get_action.pl scripts work, as those have been previously tested. Any help and/or guidance you can give would be greatly appreciated. Nicôle

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• Entering IT field with only hobby experience?

  - by EA Bisson

  I can build computers, install servers, network mac, linux, and windows, build servers, do support etc. I do all of this at home/for friends/for hobbies. I have worked with computers every day since I was in elementary school (commodore 64, windows 3.1 etc.). I have IT bachelors in administrative management (so basically nothing good). I am getting another bachelor's in server admin, including about 5 certifications. I am the IT go to gal at every position usually because I know more than the IT people and have better people skills. My job history is random: office admin, hair braider, disney ride operator, camp counselor etc. I found a job I want its a entry level specialist (server) position. What do I put on a resume?

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• My email server is being blocked by Yahoo: TS03 Message permanently deferred.

  - by bilygates

  Hello, My mail server has been getting the following error from Yahoo's mail servers since about a month: postfix/smtp[23791]: host g.mx.mail.yahoo.com[98.137.54.238] refused to talk to me: 421 4.7.1 [TS03] All messages from [my ip] will be permanently deferred; Retrying will NOT succeed. See http:// postmaster.yahoo.com/421-ts03.html I have exchanged about 4 emails with Yahoo's support team. The first three seemed like automated messages, and the 4th told me that there is nothing they can do, but if I change my policies I can send them another email in 6 months. They also told me: However, based on the information you have provided us, we cannot systematically deliver your email to the Inbox at this time. We suggest that you ask your users to set up a filter in Yahoo! Mail to ensure that they get your email messages in their Inbox. The problem is that my email doesn't even get to their Spam folder. The server won't allow any connections. I have never sent spam messages, not even newsletters. I only send emails for my new users so they can activate their account. I've also implemented DKIM and told Yahoo about this. I have checked my configuration with http://www.myiptest.com/staticpages/index.php/DomainKeys-DKIM-SPF-Validator-test and it reports that both SPF and DKIM are set up correctly. What should I do? Basically, I'm losing new users every day. Any help will be appreciated. P.S.: I apologize if this particular question has already been asked. I searched for it but didn't find it.

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• Chrome shows "The site's security certificate is not trusted" error

  - by Emerald214

  From this morning I get this error whenever I access Google Docs and some websites. My system datetime is correct and I checked "Automatically from the Internet". My BIOS is OK. I cleared everything (cache, cookie, private data) in Chrome and restarted OS but nothing changes. How to fix it? Firefox works but Chrome has that problem. The site's security certificate is not trusted! You attempted to reach docs.google.com, but the server presented a certificate issued by an entity that is not trusted by your computer's operating system. This may mean that the server has generated its own security credentials, which Google Chrome cannot rely on for identity information, or an attacker may be trying to intercept your communications. You cannot proceed because the website operator has requested heightened security for this domain.

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• Chrome is reporting GMail has Invalid Server Certificate, how do I find out who's fiddling with my certs?

  - by chillitom

  Chrome is giving the following warning when ever I try and visit GMail or a bunch of other SSL sites. Invalid Server Certificate You attempted to reach mail.google.com, but the server presented an invalid certificate. You cannot proceed because the website operator has requested heightened security for this domain. This is the certificate the Chrome reports as invalid: -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIDIjCCAougAwIBAgIQK59+5colpiUUIEeCdTqbuTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBM MQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhhd3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkg THRkLjEWMBQGA1UEAxMNVGhhd3RlIFNHQyBDQTAeFw0xMTEwMjYwMDAwMDBaFw0x MzA5MzAyMzU5NTlaMGkxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDYWxpZm9ybmlh MRYwFAYDVQQHFA1Nb3VudGFpbiBWaWV3MRMwEQYDVQQKFApHb29nbGUgSW5jMRgw FgYDVQQDFA9tYWlsLmdvb2dsZS5jb20wgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJ AoGBAK85FZho5JL+T0/xu/8NLrD+Jaq9aARnJ+psQ0ynbcvIj36B7ocmJRASVDOe qj2bj46Ss0sB4/lKKcMP/ay300yXKT9pVc9wgwSvLgRudNYPFwn+niAkJOPHaJys Eb2S5LIbCfICMrtVGy0WXzASI+JMSo3C2j/huL/3OrGGvvDFAgMBAAGjgecwgeQw DAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADA2BgNVHR8ELzAtMCugKaAnhiVodHRwOi8vY3JsLnRoYXd0 ZS5jb20vVGhhd3RlU0dDQ0EuY3JsMCgGA1UdJQQhMB8GCCsGAQUFBwMBBggrBgEF BQcDAgYJYIZIAYb4QgQBMHIGCCsGAQUFBwEBBGYwZDAiBggrBgEFBQcwAYYWaHR0 cDovL29jc3AudGhhd3RlLmNvbTA+BggrBgEFBQcwAoYyaHR0cDovL3d3dy50aGF3 dGUuY29tL3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvVGhhd3RlX1NHQ19DQS5jcnQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEF BQADgYEANYARzVI+hCn7wSjhIOUCj19xZVgdYnJXPOZeJWHTy60i+NiBpOf0rnzZ wW2qkw1iB5/yZ0eZNDNPPQJ09IHWOAgh6OKh+gVBnJzJ+fPIo+4NpddQVF4vfXm3 fgp8tuIsqK7+lNfNFjBxBKqeecPStiSnJavwSI4vw6e7UN0Pz7A= -----END CERTIFICATE----- I think someone or something (proxy, anti-virus, browser extension) is snooping on my SSL traffic. How can I determine who/what is doing this?

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