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  • How can I test if a point lies within a 3d shape with its surface defined by a point cloud?

    - by Ben
    Hi I have a collection of points which describe the surface of a shape that should be roughly spherical, and I need a method with which to determine if any other given point lies within this shape. I've previously been approximating the shape as an exact sphere, but this has proven too inaccurate and I need a more accurate method. Simplicity and speed is favourable over complete accuracy, a good approximation will suffice. I've come across techniques for converting a point cloud to a 3d mesh, but most things I have found have been very complicated, and I am looking for something as simple as possible. Any ideas? Many thanks, Ben.

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  • List of Big-O for PHP functions?

    - by Kendall Hopkins
    After using PHP for a while now, I've noticed that not all PHP built in functions as fast as expected. Consider the below two possible implementations of a function that finds if a number is prime using a cached array of primes. //very slow for large $prime_array $prime_array = array( 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, .... 104729, ... ); $result_array = array(); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = in_array( $number, $large_prime_array ); } //still decent performance for large $prime_array $prime_array => array( 2 => NULL, 3 => NULL, 5 => NULL, 7 => NULL, 11 => NULL, 13 => NULL, .... 104729 => NULL, ... ); foreach( $array_of_number => $number ) { $result_array[$number] = array_key_exists( $number, $large_prime_array ); } This is because in_array is implemented with a linear search O(n) which will linearly slow down as $prime_array grows. Where the array_key_exists function is implemented with a hash lookup O(1) which will not slow down unless the hash table gets extremely populated (in which case it's only O(logn)). So far I've had to discover the big-O's via trial and error, and occasionally looking at the source code. Now for the question... I was wondering if there was a list of the theoretical (or practical) big O times for all* the PHP built in functions. *or at least the interesting ones For example find it very hard to predict what the big O of functions listed because the possible implementation depends on unknown core data structures of PHP: array_merge, array_merge_recursive, array_reverse, array_intersect, array_combine, str_replace (with array inputs), etc.

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  • Converting to a column oriented array in Java

    - by halfwarp
    Although I have Java in the title, this could be for any OO language. I'd like to know a few new ideas to improve the performance of something I'm trying to do. I have a method that is constantly receiving an Object[] array. I need to split the Objects in this array through multiple arrays (List or something), so that I have an independent list for each column of all arrays the method receives. Example: List<List<Object>> column-oriented = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>(); public void newObject(Object[] obj) { for(int i = 0; i < obj.length; i++) { column-oriented.get(i).add(obj[i]); } } Note: For simplicity I've omitted the initialization of objects and stuff. The code I've shown above is slow of course. I've already tried a few other things, but would like to hear some new ideas. How would you do this knowing it's very performance sensitive?

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  • Data Structure for a particular problem??

    - by AGeek
    Hi, Which data structure can perform insertion, deletion and searching operation in O(1) time in the worst case. We may assume the set of elements are integers drawn from a finite set 1,2,...,n, and initialization can take O(n) time. I can only think of implementing a hash table. Implementing it with Trees will not give O(1) time complexity for any of the operation. Or is it possible?? Kindly share your views on this, or any other data structure apart from these.. Thanks..

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  • Clamping a vector to a minimum and maximum?

    - by user146780
    I came accross this: t = Clamp(t/d, 0, 1) but I'm not sure how to perform this operation on a vector. What are the steps to clamp a vector if one was writing their own vector implementation? Thanks clamp clamping a vector to a minimum and a maximum ex: pc = # the point you are coloring now p0 = # start point p1 = # end point v = p1 - p0 d = Length(v) v = Normalize(v) # or Scale(v, 1/d) v0 = pc - p0 t = Dot(v0, v) t = Clamp(t/d, 0, 1) color = (start_color * t) + (end_color * (1 - t))

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  • incremental way of counting quantiles for large set of data

    - by Gacek
    I need to count the quantiles for a large set of data. Let's assume we can get the data only through some portions (i.e. one row of a large matrix). To count the Q3 quantile one need to get all the portions of the data and store it somewhere, then sort it and count the quantile: List<double> allData = new List<double>(); foreach(var row in matrix) // this is only example. In fact the portions of data are not rows of some matrix { allData.AddRange(row); } allData.Sort(); double p = 0.75*allData.Count; int idQ3 = (int)Math.Ceiling(p) - 1; double Q3 = allData[idQ3]; Now, I would like to find a way of counting this without storing the data in some separate variable. The best solution would be to count some parameters od mid-results for first row and then adjust it step by step for next rows. Note: These datasets are really big (ca 5000 elements in each row) The Q3 can be estimated, it doesn't have to be an exact value. I call the portions of data "rows", but they can have different leghts! Usually it varies not so much (+/- few hundred samples) but it varies! This question is similar to this one: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1058813/on-line-iterator-algorithms-for-estimating-statistical-median-mode-skewness But I need to count quantiles. ALso there are few articles in this topic, i.e.: http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~hofri/medsel.pdf http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=347195&dl But before I would try to implement these, I wanted to ask you if there are maybe any other, qucker ways of counting the 0.25/0.75 quantiles?

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  • Given an even number of vertices, how to find an optimum set of pairs based on proximity?

    - by Alex Z
    The problem: We have a set of n vertices in 3D euclidean space, and there is an even number of these vertices. We want to pair them up based on their proximity. In other words, we'd like to be able to find a set of vertex pairs, where the vertices in each pair are as close as possible together. We want to minimise sacrificing the proximity between the vertices of any other pairs as much as possible in doing this. I am not looking for the most optimal solution (if it even strictly exists/can be done), just a reasonable one that can be computed relatively quickly. A relatively awful brute force approach involves choosing a vertex and looping through the rest to find its nearest neighbor and then repeating until there are none left. Of course as we near the end of the list the closest vertex could be very far away, but it is the only choice, therefore this can fail badly on the third point above.

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  • How to sort a list so that managers are always ahead of their subordinates (How do I do a topologica

    - by James Black
    I am working on a project using Groovy, and I would like to take an array of employees, so that no manager follows their subordinates in the array. The reason being that I need to add people to a database and I would prefer not to do it in two passes. So, I basically have: <employees> <employee> <employeeid>12</employeeid> <manager>3</manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>1</employeeid> <manager></manager> </employee> <employee> <employeeid>3</employeeid> <manager>1</manager> </employee> </employees> So, it should be sorted as such: employeeid = 1 employeeid = 3 employeeid = 12 The first person should have a null for managers. I am thinking about a binary tree representation, but I expect it will be very unbalanced, and I am not certain the best way to do this using Groovy properly. Is there a way to do this that isn't going to involve using nested loops?

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  • algorithm q: Fuzzy matching of structured data

    - by user86432
    I have a fairly small corpus of structured records sitting in a database. Given a tiny fraction of the information contained in a single record, submitted via a web form (so structured in the same way as the table schema), (let us call it the test record) I need to quickly draw up a list of the records that are the most likely matches for the test record, as well as provide a confidence estimate of how closely the search terms match a record. The primary purpose of this search is to discover whether someone is attempting to input a record that is duplicate to one in the corpus. There is a reasonable chance that the test record will be a dupe, and a reasonable chance the test record will not be a dupe. The records are about 12000 bytes wide and the total count of records is about 150,000. There are 110 columns in the table schema and 95% of searches will be on the top 5% most commonly searched columns. The data is stuff like names, addresses, telephone numbers, and other industry specific numbers. In both the corpus and the test record it is entered by hand and is semistructured within an individual field. You might at first blush say "weight the columns by hand and match word tokens within them", but it's not so easy. I thought so too: if I get a telephone number I thought that would indicate a perfect match. The problem is that there isn't a single field in the form whose token frequency does not vary by orders of magnitude. A telephone number might appear 100 times in the corpus or 1 time in the corpus. The same goes for any other field. This makes weighting at the field level impractical. I need a more fine-grained approach to get decent matching. My initial plan was to create a hash of hashes, top level being the fieldname. Then I would select all of the information from the corpus for a given field, attempt to clean up the data contained in it, and tokenize the sanitized data, hashing the tokens at the second level, with the tokens as keys and frequency as value. I would use the frequency count as a weight: the higher the frequency of a token in the reference corpus, the less weight I attach to that token if it is found in the test record. My first question is for the statisticians in the room: how would I use the frequency as a weight? Is there a precise mathematical relationship between n, the number of records, f(t), the frequency with which a token t appeared in the corpus, the probability o that a record is an original and not a duplicate, and the probability p that the test record is really a record x given the test and x contain the same t in the same field? How about the relationship for multiple token matches across multiple fields? Since I sincerely doubt that there is, is there anything that gets me close but is better than a completely arbitrary hack full of magic factors? Barring that, has anyone got a way to do this? I'm especially keen on other suggestions that do not involve maintaining another table in the database, such as a token frequency lookup table :). This is my first post on StackOverflow, thanks in advance for any replies you may see fit to give.

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  • Convert arbitrary size of byte[] to BigInteger[] and then safely convert back to exactly the same by

    - by PatlaDJ
    I believe conversion exactly to BigInteger[] would be optimal in my case. Anyone had done or found this written in Java and willing to share? So imagine I have arbitrary size byte[] = {0xff,0x3e,0x12,0x45,0x1d,0x11,0x2a,0x80,0x81,0x45,0x1d,0x11,0x2a,0x80,0x81} How do I convert it to array of BigInteger's and then be able to recover it back the original byte array safely? ty in advance.

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  • question about qsort in c++

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i have following code in c++ #include <iostream> using namespace std; void qsort5(int a[],int n){ int i; int j; if (n<=1) return; for (i=1;i<n;i++) j=0; if (a[i]<a[0]) swap(++j,i,a); swap(0,j,a); qsort5(a,j); qsort(a+j+1,n-j-1); } int main() { return 0; } void swap(int i,int j,int a[]) { int t=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=t; } i have problem 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &,std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\xstring(2203) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &,std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(76) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(13) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(_Ty &,_Ty &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(16) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &,std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Alloc> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\xstring(2203) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &,std::pair<_Ty1,_Ty2> &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(76) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(14) : error C2780: 'void std::swap(_Ty &,_Ty &)' : expects 2 arguments - 3 provided 1> c:\program files\microsoft visual studio 9.0\vc\include\utility(16) : see declaration of 'std::swap' 1>c:\users\dato\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\qsort5\qsort5\qsort5.cpp(16) : error C2661: 'qsort' : no overloaded function takes 2 arguments 1>Build log was saved at "file://c:\Users\dato\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\qsort5\qsort5\Debug\BuildLog.htm" please help

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  • How can I group an array of rectangles into "Islands" of connected regions?

    - by Eric
    The problem I have an array of java.awt.Rectangles. For those who are not familiar with this class, the important piece of information is that they provide an .intersects(Rectangle b) function. I would like to write a function that takes this array of Rectangles, and breaks it up into groups of connected rectangles. Lets say for example, that these are my rectangles (constructor takes the arguments x, y, width,height): Rectangle[] rects = new Rectangle[] { new Rectangle(0, 0, 4, 2), //A new Rectangle(1, 1, 2, 4), //B new Rectangle(0, 4, 8, 2), //C new Rectangle(6, 0, 2, 2) //D } A quick drawing shows that A intersects B and B intersects C. D intersects nothing. A tediously drawn piece of ascii art does the job too: +-------+ +---+ ¦A+---+ ¦ ¦ D ¦ +-+---+-+ +---+ ¦ B ¦ +-+---+---------+ ¦ +---+ C ¦ +---------------+ Therefore, the output of my function should be: new Rectangle[][]{ new Rectangle[] {A,B,C}, new Rectangle[] {D} } The failed code This was my attempt at solving the problem: public List<Rectangle> getIntersections(ArrayList<Rectangle> list, Rectangle r) { List<Rectangle> intersections = new ArrayList<Rectangle>(); for(Rectangle rect : list) { if(r.intersects(rect)) { list.remove(rect); intersections.add(rect); intersections.addAll(getIntersections(list, rect)); } } return intersections; } public List<List<Rectangle>> mergeIntersectingRects(Rectangle... rectArray) { List<Rectangle> allRects = new ArrayList<Rectangle>(rectArray); List<List<Rectangle>> groups = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Rectangle>>(); for(Rectangle rect : allRects) { allRects.remove(rect); ArrayList<Rectangle> group = getIntersections(allRects, rect); group.add(rect); groups.add(group); } return groups; } Unfortunately, there seems to be an infinite recursion loop going on here. My uneducated guess would be that java does not like me doing this: for(Rectangle rect : allRects) { allRects.remove(rect); //... } Can anyone shed some light on the issue?

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  • question bitonic sequence

    - by davit-datuashvili
    A sequence is bitonic if it monotonically increases and then monotonically de- creases, or if it can be circularly shifted to monotonically increase and then monotonically decrease. For example the sequences 1, 4, 6, 8, 3, -2 , 9, 2, -4, -10, -5 , and 1, 2, 3, 4 are bitonic, but 1, 3, 12, 4, 2, 10 is not bitonic. please help me to determine if given sequence is bitonic?

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  • Base X string encoding

    - by Paul Stone
    I'm looking for a routine that will encode a string (stream of bytes) into an arbitrary base/alphabet (like base64 encoding but I get to choose the alphabet). I've seen a few routines that do base X encoding for a number, but not for a string.

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  • question about api functions

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i have question we have API functions in java can user create it's own function and add to his java IDE? for example i am using netbeans can i create my own function add to netbean IDE?let say create binary function or something else thanks

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  • how to develop a program to minimize errors in human transcription of hand written surveys

    - by Alex. S.
    I need to develop custom software to do surveys. Questions may be of multiple choice, or free text in a very few cases. I was asked to design a subsystem to check if there is any error in the manual data entry for the multiple choices part. We're trying to speed up the user data entry process and to minimize human input differences between digital forms and the original questionnaires. The surveys are filled with handwritten marks and text by human interviewers, so it's possible to find hard to read marks, or also the user could accidentally select a different value in some question, and we would like to avoid that. The software must include some automatic control to detect possible typing differences. Each answer of the multiple choice questions has the same probability of being selected. This question has two parts: The GUI. The most simple thing I have in mind is to implement the most usable design of the questions display: use of large and readable fonts and space generously the choices. Is there something else? For faster input, I would like to use drop down lists (favoring keyboard over mouse). Given the questions are grouped in sections, I would like to show the answers selected for the questions of that section, but this could slow down the process. Any other ideas? The error checking subsystem. What else can I do to minimize or to check human typos in the multiple choice questions? Is this a solvable problem? is there some statistical methodology to check values that were entered by the users are the same from the hand filled forms? For example, let's suppose the survey has 5 questions, and each has 4 options. Let's say I have n survey forms filled in paper by interviewers, and they're ready to be entered in the software, then how to minimize the accidental differences that can have the manual transcription of the n surveys, without having to double check everything in the 5 questions of the n surveys? My first suggestion is that at the end of the processing of all the hand filled forms, the software could choose some forms randomly to make a double check of the responses in a few instances, but on what criteria can I make this selection? This validation would be enough to cover everything in a significant way? The actual survey is nation level and it has 56 pages with over 200 questions in total, so it will be a lot of hand written pages by many people, and the intention is to reduce the likelihood of errors and to optimize speed in the data entry process. The surveys must filled in paper first, given the complications of taking laptops or handhelds with the interviewers.

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  • Genetic programming in c++, library suggestions?

    - by shuttle87
    I'm looking to add some genetic algorithms to an Operations research project I have been involved in. Currently we have a program that aids in optimizing some scheduling and we want to add in some heuristics in the form of genetic algorithms. Are there any good libraries for generic genetic programming/algorithms in c++? Or would you recommend I just code my own? I should add that while I am not new to c++ I am fairly new to doing this sort of mathematical optimization work in c++ as the group I worked with previously had tended to use a proprietary optimization package. We have a fitness function that is fairly computationally intensive to evaluate and we have a cluster to run this on so parallelized code is highly desirable. So is c++ a good language for this? If not please recommend some other ones as I am willing to learn another language if it makes life easier. thanks!

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  • How do I find all paths through a set of given nodes in a DAG?

    - by Hanno Fietz
    I have a list of items (blue nodes below) which are categorized by the users of my application. The categories themselves can be grouped and categorized themselves. The resulting structure can be represented as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) where the items are sinks at the bottom of the graph's topology and the top categories are sources. Note that while some of the categories might be well defined, a lot is going to be user defined and might be very messy. Example: On that structure, I want to perform the following operations: find all items (sinks) below a particular node (all items in Europe) find all paths (if any) that pass through all of a set of n nodes (all items sent via SMTP from example.com) find all nodes that lie below all of a set of nodes (intersection: goyish brown foods) The first seems quite straightforward: start at the node, follow all possible paths to the bottom and collect the items there. However, is there a faster approach? Remembering the nodes I already passed through probably helps avoiding unnecessary repetition, but are there more optimizations? How do I go about the second one? It seems that the first step would be to determine the height of each node in the set, as to determine at which one(s) to start and then find all paths below that which include the rest of the set. But is this the best (or even a good) approach? The graph traversal algorithms listed at Wikipedia all seem to be concerned with either finding a particular node or the shortest or otherwise most effective route between two nodes. I think both is not what I want, or did I just fail to see how this applies to my problem? Where else should I read?

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  • What is it about Fibonacci numbers?

    - by Ian Bishop
    Fibonacci numbers have become a popular introduction to recursion for Computer Science students and there's a strong argument that they persist within nature. For these reasons, many of us are familiar with them. They also exist within Computer Science elsewhere too; in surprisingly efficient data structures and algorithms based upon the sequence. There are two main examples that come to mind: Fibonacci heaps which have better amortized running time than binomial heaps. Fibonacci search which shares O(log N) running time with binary search on an ordered array. Is there some special property of these numbers that gives them an advantage over other numerical sequences? Is it a density quality? What other possible applications could they have? It seems strange to me as there are many natural number sequences that occur in other recursive problems, but I've never seen a Catalan heap.

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  • R: Forecast package: Automatic algorithm for composite model involving ETS and AR

    - by phanikishan
    Hey, I would like to write a code involving automatic selection of a best composite model using ETS as well as autoregressive models. What is the criteria I should base my selection on? Also if I'm using the auto.arima function for deducing number of AR terms and corresponding coefficients from the forecast package in R, does my input series necessarily have to be stationary? or the value for d would be automatically selected thus returning a non-stationary model? Thanks, Phani

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  • Position elements without overlap

    - by eWolf
    I have a number of rectangular elements that I want to position in a 2D space. I calculate an ideal position for each element. Now my problem is that many elements overlap as very often the ideal positions are concentrated in one region. I want to avoid overlap as much as possible (doesn't have to be perfect, though). How can I do this? I've heard physics simulations are suitable for this - is that correct? And can anyone provide an example/tutorial? By the way: I'm using XNA, if you know any .NET library that does exactly this job - tell me!

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  • simple plot algorithm with autoscale

    - by adrin
    I need to implement a simple plotting component in C#(WPF to be more precise). What i have is a collection of data samples containing time (X axis) and a value (both double types). I have a drawing canvas of a fixed size (Width x Height) and a DrawLine method/function that can draw on it. The problem I am facing now is how do I draw the plot so that it is autoscaled? In other words how do I map the samples I have to actual pixels on my Width x Height canvas?

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  • Non-Linear color interpolation?

    - by user146780
    If I have a straight line that mesures from 0 to 1, then I have colorA(255,0,0) at 0 on the line, then at 0.3 I have colorB(20,160,0) then at 1 on the line I have colorC(0,0,0). How could I find the color at 0.7? Thanks

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