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  • [C++] Is it possible to roll a significantly faster version of sqrt

    - by John
    In an app I'm profiling, I found that in some scenarios this functions are able to take over 10% of total execution time. I've seen discussion over the years of faster sqrt implementations using sneaky floating-point trickery, but I don't know if such things are outdated on modern CPUs. MSVC++ 2008 compiler is being used, for reference... though I'd assume sqrt is not going to add much overhead though.

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  • Prove 2^sqrt(log(n))= O(n^a)

    - by user1830621
    I posted a question similar to this earlier, although it seemed like it was much easier. I know the underlying principle of Big-O notation says that to prove that 2^sqrt(log(n)) is O(n^a), there must exist a positive value c for which c(n^a) = 2^sqrt(log(n)) for all values n = N. c*n^a >= 2^sqrt(log(n)) c >= 2^sqrt(log(n)) / n^a This number will always be positive so long as n 0. I suppose I could make N = 1 just to be safe. c = 2^sqrt(log(n)) / n^a N = 1 c*n^a = 2^sqrt(log(n) <= 2^log(n) for all values of n >= 1 Now, I know this is incorrect, because I could just as easily claim that the function 2^sqrt(log(n)) is O(n)...

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  • Understanding dot notation

    - by Starkers
    Here's my interpretation of dot notation: a = [2,6] b = [1,4] c = [0,8] a . b . c = (2*6)+(1*4)+(0*8) = 12 + 4 + 0 = 16 What is the significance of 16? Apparently it's a scalar. Am I right in thinking that a scalar is the number we times a unit vector by to get a vector that has a scaled up magnitude but the same direction as the unit vector? So again, what is the relevance of 16? When is it used? It's not the magnitude of all the vectors added up. The magnitude of all of them is calculated as follows: sqrt( ax * ax + ay * ay ) + sqrt( bx * bx + by * by ) + sqrt( cx * cx + cy * cy) sqrt( 2 * 2 + 6 * 6 ) + sqrt( 1 * 1 + 4 * 4 ) + sqrt( 0 * 0 + 8 * 8) sqrt( 4 + 36 ) + sqrt( 1 + 16 ) + sqrt( 0 + 64) sqrt( 40 ) + sqrt( 17 ) + sqrt( 64) 6.3 + 4.1 + 8 10.4 + 8 18.4 So I don't really get this diagram: Attempting with sensible numbers: a = [1,0] b = [4,3] a . b = (1*0) + (4*3) = 0 + 12 = 12 So what exactly is a . b describing here? The magnitude of that vector? Because that isn't right: the 'a.b' vector = [4,0] sqrt( x*x + y*y ) sqrt( 4*4 + 0*0 ) sqrt( 16 + 0 ) 4 So what is 12 describing?

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  • Does Math.Sqrt cache its own results?

    - by Jonathan Beerhalter
    Someone has suggested to me that the built in C# Math.Sqrt function in .NET 4.0 caches its results, so that if I call Math.Sqrt(50) over and over again, it's not actually doing a sqrt, but just pulling the answer from a cache. Can anyone verify or deny this claim? If it's true then I have a bunch of needless caching going on in my code.

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  • sqrt(int_value + 0.0) -- Does it have a purpose?

    - by Earlz
    Hello, while doing some homework in my very strange C++ book, which I've been told before to throw away, had a very peculiar code segment. I know homework stuff always throws in extra "mystery" to try to confuse you like indenting 2 lines after a single-statement for-loop. But this one I'm confused on because it seems to serve some real-purpose. basically it is like this: int counter=10; ... if(pow(floor(sqrt(counter+0.0)),2) == counter) ... I'm interested in this part especially: sqrt(counter+0.0) Is there some purpose to the +0.0? Is this the poormans way of doing a static cast to a double? Does this avoid some compiler warning on some compiler I do not use? The entire program printed the exact same thing and compiled without warnings on g++ whenever I left out the +0.0 part. Maybe I'm not using a weird enough compiler? Edit: Also, does gcc just break standard and not make an error for Ambiguous reference since sqrt can take 3 different types of parameters? [earlz@EarlzBeta-~/projects/homework1] $ cat calc.cpp #include <cmath> int main(){ int counter=0; sqrt(counter); } [earlz@EarlzBeta-~/projects/homework1] $ g++ calc.cpp /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.47.0: warning: strcpy() is almost always misused, please use strlcpy() /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.47.0: warning: strcat() is almost always misused, please use strlcat() [earlz@EarlzBeta-~/projects/homework1] $

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  • Why is sqrt() not a method on Float?

    - by KaptajnKold
    In Ruby everything is an object. That's why I don't understand why we have the Math module. It seems to me that most (all?) of the functions in the Math module should have been methods on the numeric types like Integer, Float and so on. E.g. instead of Math.sqrt(5) it would make more sense to have 5.sqrt The same goes for sin, cos, tan, log10 and so on. Does anyone know why all these functions ended up in the Math module?

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  • Problem with a recursive function to find sqrt of a number

    - by Eternal Learner
    Below is a simple program which computes sqrt of a number using Bisection. While executing this with a call like sqrtr(4,1,4) in goes into an endless recursion . I am unable to figure out why this is happening. Below is the function : double sqrtr(double N , double Low ,double High ) { double value = 0.00; double mid = (Low + High + 1)/2; if(Low == High) { value = High; } else if (N < mid * mid ) { value = sqrtr(N,Low,mid-1) ; } else if(N >= mid * mid) { value = sqrtr(N,mid,High) ; } return value; }

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  • what's the way to determine if an Int a perfect square in Haskell?

    - by valya
    I need a simple function is_square :: Int -> Bool which determines if an Int N a perfect square (is there an integer x such that x*x = N). Of course I can just write something like is_square n = sq * sq == n where sq = floor $ sqrt $ (fromIntegral n::Double) but it looks terrible! Maybe there is a common simple way to implement such predicate?

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  • Which is faster in Python: x**.5 or math.sqrt(x)?

    - by Casey
    I've been wondering this for some time. As the title say, which is faster, the actual function or simply raising to the half power? UPDATE This is not a matter of premature optimization. This is simply a question of how the underlying code actually works. What is the theory of how Python code works? I sent Guido van Rossum an email cause I really wanted to know the differences in these methods. My email: There are at least 3 ways to do a square root in Python: math.sqrt, the '**' operator and pow(x,.5). I'm just curious as to the differences in the implementation of each of these. When it comes to efficiency which is better? His response: pow and ** are equivalent; math.sqrt doesn't work for complex numbers, and links to the C sqrt() function. As to which one is faster, I have no idea...

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  • How can I further optimize this color difference function?

    - by aLfa
    I have made this function to calculate color differences in the CIE Lab colorspace, but it lacks speed. Since I'm not a Java expert, I wonder if any Java guru around has some tips that can improve the speed here. The code is based on the matlab function mentioned in the comment block. /** * Compute the CIEDE2000 color-difference between the sample color with * CIELab coordinates 'sample' and a standard color with CIELab coordinates * 'std' * * Based on the article: * "The CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula: Implementation Notes, * Supplementary Test Data, and Mathematical Observations,", G. Sharma, * W. Wu, E. N. Dalal, submitted to Color Research and Application, * January 2004. * available at http://www.ece.rochester.edu/~gsharma/ciede2000/ */ public static double deltaE2000(double[] lab1, double[] lab2) { double L1 = lab1[0]; double a1 = lab1[1]; double b1 = lab1[2]; double L2 = lab2[0]; double a2 = lab2[1]; double b2 = lab2[2]; // Cab = sqrt(a^2 + b^2) double Cab1 = Math.sqrt(a1 * a1 + b1 * b1); double Cab2 = Math.sqrt(a2 * a2 + b2 * b2); // CabAvg = (Cab1 + Cab2) / 2 double CabAvg = (Cab1 + Cab2) / 2; // G = 1 + (1 - sqrt((CabAvg^7) / (CabAvg^7 + 25^7))) / 2 double CabAvg7 = Math.pow(CabAvg, 7); double G = 1 + (1 - Math.sqrt(CabAvg7 / (CabAvg7 + 6103515625.0))) / 2; // ap = G * a double ap1 = G * a1; double ap2 = G * a2; // Cp = sqrt(ap^2 + b^2) double Cp1 = Math.sqrt(ap1 * ap1 + b1 * b1); double Cp2 = Math.sqrt(ap2 * ap2 + b2 * b2); // CpProd = (Cp1 * Cp2) double CpProd = Cp1 * Cp2; // hp1 = atan2(b1, ap1) double hp1 = Math.atan2(b1, ap1); // ensure hue is between 0 and 2pi if (hp1 < 0) { // hp1 = hp1 + 2pi hp1 += 6.283185307179586476925286766559; } // hp2 = atan2(b2, ap2) double hp2 = Math.atan2(b2, ap2); // ensure hue is between 0 and 2pi if (hp2 < 0) { // hp2 = hp2 + 2pi hp2 += 6.283185307179586476925286766559; } // dL = L2 - L1 double dL = L2 - L1; // dC = Cp2 - Cp1 double dC = Cp2 - Cp1; // computation of hue difference double dhp = 0.0; // set hue difference to zero if the product of chromas is zero if (CpProd != 0) { // dhp = hp2 - hp1 dhp = hp2 - hp1; if (dhp > Math.PI) { // dhp = dhp - 2pi dhp -= 6.283185307179586476925286766559; } else if (dhp < -Math.PI) { // dhp = dhp + 2pi dhp += 6.283185307179586476925286766559; } } // dH = 2 * sqrt(CpProd) * sin(dhp / 2) double dH = 2 * Math.sqrt(CpProd) * Math.sin(dhp / 2); // weighting functions // Lp = (L1 + L2) / 2 - 50 double Lp = (L1 + L2) / 2 - 50; // Cp = (Cp1 + Cp2) / 2 double Cp = (Cp1 + Cp2) / 2; // average hue computation // hp = (hp1 + hp2) / 2 double hp = (hp1 + hp2) / 2; // identify positions for which abs hue diff exceeds 180 degrees if (Math.abs(hp1 - hp2) > Math.PI) { // hp = hp - pi hp -= Math.PI; } // ensure hue is between 0 and 2pi if (hp < 0) { // hp = hp + 2pi hp += 6.283185307179586476925286766559; } // LpSqr = Lp^2 double LpSqr = Lp * Lp; // Sl = 1 + 0.015 * LpSqr / sqrt(20 + LpSqr) double Sl = 1 + 0.015 * LpSqr / Math.sqrt(20 + LpSqr); // Sc = 1 + 0.045 * Cp double Sc = 1 + 0.045 * Cp; // T = 1 - 0.17 * cos(hp - pi / 6) + // + 0.24 * cos(2 * hp) + // + 0.32 * cos(3 * hp + pi / 30) - // - 0.20 * cos(4 * hp - 63 * pi / 180) double hphp = hp + hp; double T = 1 - 0.17 * Math.cos(hp - 0.52359877559829887307710723054658) + 0.24 * Math.cos(hphp) + 0.32 * Math.cos(hphp + hp + 0.10471975511965977461542144610932) - 0.20 * Math.cos(hphp + hphp - 1.0995574287564276334619251841478); // Sh = 1 + 0.015 * Cp * T double Sh = 1 + 0.015 * Cp * T; // deltaThetaRad = (pi / 3) * e^-(36 / (5 * pi) * hp - 11)^2 double powerBase = hp - 4.799655442984406; double deltaThetaRad = 1.0471975511965977461542144610932 * Math.exp(-5.25249016001879 * powerBase * powerBase); // Rc = 2 * sqrt((Cp^7) / (Cp^7 + 25^7)) double Cp7 = Math.pow(Cp, 7); double Rc = 2 * Math.sqrt(Cp7 / (Cp7 + 6103515625.0)); // RT = -sin(delthetarad) * Rc double RT = -Math.sin(deltaThetaRad) * Rc; // de00 = sqrt((dL / Sl)^2 + (dC / Sc)^2 + (dH / Sh)^2 + RT * (dC / Sc) * (dH / Sh)) double dLSl = dL / Sl; double dCSc = dC / Sc; double dHSh = dH / Sh; return Math.sqrt(dLSl * dLSl + dCSc * dCSc + dHSh * dHSh + RT * dCSc * dHSh); }

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  • sqrt(int_value + 0.0) ? The point?

    - by Earlz
    Hello, while doing some homework in my very strange C++ book, which I've been told before to throw away, had a very peculiar code segment. I know homework stuff always throws in extra "mystery" to try to confuse you like indenting 2 lines after a single-statement for-loop. But this one I'm confused on because it seems to serve some real-purpose. basically it is like this: int counter=10; ... if(pow(floor(sqrt(counter+0.0)),2) == counter) ... I'm interested in this part especially: sqrt(counter+0.0) Is there some purpose to the +0.0? Is this the poormans way of doing a static cast to a double? Does this avoid some compiler warning on some compiler I do not use? The entire program printed the exact same thing and compiled without warnings on g++ whenever I left out the +0.0 part. Maybe I'm not using a weird enough compiler?

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  • Mathematica Programming Language&ndash;An Introduction

    - by JoshReuben
    The Mathematica http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/ programming model consists of a kernel computation engine (or grid of such engines) and a front-end of notebook instances that communicate with the kernel throughout a session. The programming model of Mathematica is incredibly rich & powerful – besides numeric calculations, it supports symbols (eg Pi, I, E) and control flow logic.   obviously I could use this as a simple calculator: 5 * 10 --> 50 but this language is much more than that!   for example, I could use control flow logic & setup a simple infinite loop: x=1; While [x>0, x=x,x+1] Different brackets have different purposes: square brackets for function arguments:  Cos[x] round brackets for grouping: (1+2)*3 curly brackets for lists: {1,2,3,4} The power of Mathematica (as opposed to say Matlab) is that it gives exact symbolic answers instead of a rounded numeric approximation (unless you request it):   Mathematica lets you define scoped variables (symbols): a=1; b=2; c=a+b --> 5 these variables can contain symbolic values – you can think of these as partially computed functions:   use Clear[x] or Remove[x] to zero or dereference a variable.   To compute a numerical approximation to n significant digits (default n=6), use N[x,n] or the //N prefix: Pi //N -->3.14159 N[Pi,50] --> 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751 The kernel uses % to reference the lastcalculation result, %% the 2nd last, %%% the 3rd last etc –> clearer statements: eg instead of: Sqrt[Pi+Sqrt[Sqrt[Pi+Sqrt[Pi]]] do: Sqrt[Pi]; Sqrt[Pi+%]; Sqrt[Pi+%] The help system supports wildcards, so I can search for functions like so: ?Inv* Mathematica supports some very powerful programming constructs and a rich function library that allow you to do things that you would have to write allot of code for in a language like C++.   the Factor function – factorization: Factor[x^3 – 6*x^2 +11x – 6] --> (-3+x) (-2+x) (-1+x)   the Solve function – find the roots of an equation: Solve[x^3 – 2x + 1 == 0] -->   the Expand function – express (1+x)^10 in polynomial form: Expand[(1+x)^10] --> 1+10x+45x^2+120x^3+210x^4+252x^5+210x^6+120x^7+45x^8+10x^9+x^10 the Prime function – what is the 1000th prime? Prime[1000] -->7919 Mathematica also has some powerful graphics capabilities:   the Plot function – plot the graph of y=Sin x in a single period: Plot[Sin[x], {x,0,2*Pi}] you can also plot 3D surfaces of functions using Plot3D function

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  • Strange type-related error

    - by vsb
    I wrote following program: isPrime x = and [x `mod` i /= 0 | i <- [2 .. truncate (sqrt x)]] primes = filter isPrime [1 .. ] it should construct list of prime numbers. But I got this error: [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( 7/main.hs, interpreted ) 7/main.hs:3:16: Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraints: `Floating a' arising from a use of `isPrime' at 7/main.hs:3:16-22 `RealFrac a' arising from a use of `isPrime' at 7/main.hs:3:16-22 `Integral a' arising from a use of `isPrime' at 7/main.hs:3:16-22 Possible cause: the monomorphism restriction applied to the following: primes :: [a] (bound at 7/main.hs:3:0) Probable fix: give these definition(s) an explicit type signature or use -XNoMonomorphismRestriction Failed, modules loaded: none. If I specify signature for isPrime function explicitly: isPrime :: Integer -> Bool isPrime x = and [x `mod` i /= 0 | i <- [2 .. truncate (sqrt x)]] I can't even compile isPrime function: [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( 7/main.hs, interpreted ) 7/main.hs:2:45: No instance for (RealFrac Integer) arising from a use of `truncate' at 7/main.hs:2:45-61 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (RealFrac Integer) In the expression: truncate (sqrt x) In the expression: [2 .. truncate (sqrt x)] In a stmt of a list comprehension: i <- [2 .. truncate (sqrt x)] 7/main.hs:2:55: No instance for (Floating Integer) arising from a use of `sqrt' at 7/main.hs:2:55-60 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Floating Integer) In the first argument of `truncate', namely `(sqrt x)' In the expression: truncate (sqrt x) In the expression: [2 .. truncate (sqrt x)] Failed, modules loaded: none. Can you help me understand, why am I getting these errors?

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  • Take positive square root in Mathematica

    - by Sagekilla
    Hi all, I'm currently doing some normalization along the lines of: J = Integrate[Psi[x, 0]^2, {x, 0, a}] sol = Solve[J == 1, A] A /. sol For this type of normalization, the negative square root is extraneous. My results are: In[49]:= J = Integrate[Psi[x, 0]^2, {x, 0, a}] Out[49]= 2 A^2 In[68]:= sol = Solve[J == 1, A] Out[68]= {{A -> -(1/Sqrt[2])}, {A -> 1/Sqrt[2]}} Even if I try giving it an Assuming[...] or Simplify[...], it still gives me the same results: In[69]:= sol = Assuming[A > 0, Solve[J == 1, A]] Out[69]= {{A -> -(1/Sqrt[2])}, {A -> 1/Sqrt[2]}} In[70]:= sol = FullSimplify[Solve[J == 1, A], A > 0] Out[70]= {{A -> -(1/Sqrt[2])}, {A -> 1/Sqrt[2]}} Can anyone tell me what I'm doing wrong here? I'd much appreciate it! If it helps any, I'm running Mathematica 7 on Windows 7 64-bit.

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  • JS regex isn't matching, even thought it works with a regex tester

    - by Tom O
    I'm writing a piece of client-side javascript code that takes a function and finds the derivative of it, however, the regex that's supposed to match with the power rule fails to work in the context of the javascript program, even though it sucessfully matches when it's used with an independent regex tester. The browser I'm executing this on is Midori, and the operating system is Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx). Here's the HTML page being used as the interface in addition to the code: Page: <html> <head> <title> Derivative Calculator </title> <script type="text/javascript" src="derivative.js"> </script> <body> <form action="" name=form> <input type=text name=f /> with respects to <input type=text name=vr size=7 /> <input type=button value="Derive!" onClick="main(this.form)" /> <br /> <input type=text name=result value="" /> </form> </body> </html> derivative.js: function main(form) { form.result.value = derive(form.f.value, form.vr.value); } function derive(f, v) { var atom = []; atom["sin(" + v + ")"] = "cos(" + v + ")"; atom["cos(" + v + ")"] = "-sin(" + v + ")"; atom["tan(" + v + ")"] = "sec^(2)(" + v + ")"; atom["sec(" + v + ")"] = "sec(" + v + ")*tan(" + v + ")"; atom["1/(cos(" + v + "))"] = "sec(" + v + ")*tan(" + v + ")"; atom["csc(" + v + ")"] = "-csc(" + v + ")*cot(" + v + ")"; atom["1/(sin(" + v + "))"] = "-csc(" + v + ")*cot(" + v + ")"; atom["cot(" + v + ")"] = "-csc^(2)(" + v + ")"; atom["1/(tan(" + v + "))"] = "-csc^(2)(" + v + ")"; atom["sin^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "1/sqrt(1 - " + v + "^(2))"; atom["arcsin(" + v + ")"] = "1/sqrt(1 - " + v + "^(2))"; atom["cos^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "-1/sqrt(1 - " + v + "^(2))"; atom["arccos(" + v + ")"] = "-1/sqrt(1 - " + v + "^(2))"; atom["tan^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "1/(1 + " + v + "^(2))"; atom["arctan(" + v + ")"] = "1/(1 + " + v + "^(2))"; atom["sec^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "1/(|" + v + "|*sqrt(" + v + "^(2) - 1))"; atom["arcsec(" + v + ")"] = "1/(|" + v + "|*sqrt(" + v + "^(2) - 1))"; atom["csc^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "-1/(|" + v + "|*sqrt(" + v + "^(2) - 1))"; atom["arccsc(" + v + ")"] = "-1/(|" + v + "|*sqrt(" + v + "^(2) - 1))"; atom["cot^(-1)(" + v + ")"] = "-1/(1 + " + v + "^(2))"; atom["arccot(" + v + ")"] = "-1/(1 + " + v + "^(2))"; atom["ln(" + v + ")"] = "1/(" + v + ")"; atom["e^(" + v + ")"] = "e^(" + v + ")"; atom["ln(|" + v + "|)"] = "1/(" + v + ")"; atom[v] = "1"; var match = ""; if (new Boolean(atom[f]) == true) { return atom[f]; } else if (f.match(/^[0-9]+$/)) { return ""; } else if (f.match(/([\S]+)([\s]+)\+([\s]+)([\S]+)/)) { match = /([\S]+)([\s]+)\+([\s]+)([\S]+)/.exec(f); return derive(match[1], v) + " + " + derive(match[4], v); } else if (f.match(new RegExp("^([0-9]+)(" + v + ")$"))) { match = new RegExp("^([0-9]+)(" + v + ")$").exec(f); return match[1]; } else if (f.match(new RegExp("^([0-9]+)(" + v + ")\^([0-9]+)$"))) { match = new RegExp("^([0-9]+)(" + v + ")\^([0-9]+)$").exec(f); return String((match[1] * (match[3] - 1))) + v + "^" + String(match[3] - 1); } else { return "?"; } }

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  • Eculidean space and vector magnitude

    - by Starkers
    Below we have distances from the origin calculated in two different ways, giving the Euclidean distance, the Manhattan distance and the Chebyshev distance. Euclidean distance is what we use to calculate the magnitude of vectors in 2D/3D games, and that makes sense to me: Let's say we have a vector that gives us the range a spaceship with limited fuel can travel. If we calculated this with Manhattan metric, our ship could travel a distance of X if it were travelling horizontally or vertically, however the second it attempted to travel diagonally it could only tavel X/2! So like I say, Euclidean distance does make sense. However, I still don't quite get how we calculate 'real' distances from the vector's magnitude. Here are two points, purple at (2,2) and green at (3,3). We can take two points away from each other to derive a vector. Let's create a vector to describe the magnitude and direction of purple from green: |d| = purple - green |d| = (purple.x, purple.y) - (green.x, green.y) |d| = (2, 2) - (3, 3) |d| = <-1,-1> Let's derive the magnitude of the vector via Pythagoras to get a Euclidean measurement: euc_magnitude = sqrt((x*x)+(y*y)) euc_magnitude = sqrt((-1*-1)+(-1*-1)) euc_magnitude = sqrt((1)+(1)) euc_magnitude = sqrt(2) euc_magnitude = 1.41 Now, if the answer had been 1, that would make sense to me, because 1 unit (in the direction described by the vector) from the green is bang on the purple. But it's not. It's 1.41. 1.41 units is the direction described, to me at least, makes us overshoot the purple by almost half a unit: So what do we do to the magnitude to allow us to calculate real distances on our point graph? Worth noting I'm a beginner just working my way through theory. Haven't programmed a game in my life!

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  • Should I use implicit conversions to enforce preconditions?

    - by Malvolio
    It occurs to me that I could use use implicit conversions to both announce and enforce preconditions. Consider this: object NonNegativeDouble { implicit def int2nnd(d : Double) : NonNegativeDouble = new NonNegativeDouble(d) implicit def nnd2int(d : NonNegativeDouble) : Double = d.v def sqrt(n : NonNegativeDouble) : NonNegativeDouble = scala.math.sqrt(n) } class NonNegativeDouble(val v : Double ) { if (v < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative value") } } object Test { def t1 = { val d : Double = NonNegativeDouble.sqrt(3.0); printf("%f\n", d); val n : Double = NonNegativeDouble.sqrt(-3.0); } } Ignore for the moment the actual vacuity of the example: my point is, the subclass NonNegativeDouble expresses the notion that a function only takes a subset of the entire range of the class's values. First is this: A good idea, a bad idea, or an obvious idea everybody else already knows about Second, this would be most useful with basic types, like Int and String. Those classes are final, of course, so is there a good way to not only use the restricted type in functions (that's what the second implicit is for) but also delegate to all methods on the underlying value (short of hand-implementing every delegation)?

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  • infix formula in the input

    - by gcc
    input: sqrt(2 - sin(3*A/B)^2.5) + 0.5*(C*~(D) + 3.11 +B) a b /*there are values for a,b,c,d */ c d input : sqrt(2 - asin(3*A/B)^2.5) +cos(0.5*(C*~(D)) + 3.11 +B) a b /*there are values for a,b,c,d */ c d input: sqrt(2 - sin(3*A/B)^2.5)/(0.5*(C*~(D)) + sin(3.11) +ln(B)) /*max lenght of formula is 250 characters*/ a b /*there are values for a,b,c,d */ c /*each variable with set of floating numbers*/ d As you can see infix formula in the input depends on user. My program will take a formula and n-tuples value. Then it calculate the results for each value of a,b,c and d. If you wonder I am saying ;outcome of program is graph. I dont know way how to store the formula so that I can do my job with easy. can you show me? a,b,c,d is letters cos,sin,sqrt,ln is function

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  • Testing a quadratic equation

    - by user1201587
    I'm doing a code testing for a program that calculate the results for a quadratic equation I need to have test data for the following situation, when a is not zero and d positive there is two possibilities which are in the code below, I need to find an example for the first satiation when Math.abs(b / a - 200.0) < 1.0e-4 , all the values that I have tried, excute the second one caption= "Two roots"; if (Math.abs(b / a - 200.0) < 1.0e-4) { System.out.println("first one"); x1 = (-100.0 * (1.0 + Math.sqrt(1.0 - 1.0 / (10000.0 * a)))); x2 = (-100.0 * (1.0 - Math.sqrt(1.0 - 1.0 / (10000.0 * a)))); } else { System.out.println("secrst one"); x1 = (-b - Math.sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a); x2 = (-b + Math.sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a); } } }

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  • Include upper bound in range()

    - by Jull
    How can I include the upper bound in range() function? I can't add by 1 because my for-loop looks like: for x in range(1,math.floor(math.sqrt(x))): y = math.sqrt(n - x * x) But as I understand it will actually be 1 < x < M where I need 1 < x <= M Adding 1 will completely change the result. I am trying to rewrite my old program from C# to Python. That's how it looked in C#: for (int x = 1; x <= Math.Floor(Math.Sqrt(n)); x++) double y = Math.Sqrt(n - x * x);

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  • Calculate geometric mean in Excel

    - by Libby
    I have some email network data in Excel as a edgelist meaning I have columns Vertex1, Vertex2, and then N columns of properties of that edge like how many emails were sent from one person to another. For each row in the data, Vertex1 is the source of a message, and Vertex2 is the target, so edges are directed. Here's some sample data Vertex1 Vertex2 nMessages Bob Cindy 12 Cindy Bob 3 Bob Mike 11 Cindy Mike 1 I'm trying to calculate a geometric mean of the form gm = sqrt[(# of edges ij)*(# of edges ji)] So gm for Bob and Cindy is gm = sqrt[(messages from Bob to Cindy)*(messages from Cindy to Bob)] or sqrt(12*3) = 6. Is there a way to make that a formula in Excel?

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  • Project Euler 12: (Iron)Python

    - by Ben Griswold
    In my attempt to learn (Iron)Python out in the open, here’s my solution for Project Euler Problem 12.  As always, any feedback is welcome. # Euler 12 # http://projecteuler.net/index.php?section=problems&id=12 # The sequence of triangle numbers is generated by adding # the natural numbers. So the 7th triangle number would be # 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 28. The first ten terms # would be: # 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, ... # Let us list the factors of the first seven triangle # numbers: # 1: 1 # 3: 1,3 # 6: 1,2,3,6 # 10: 1,2,5,10 # 15: 1,3,5,15 # 21: 1,3,7,21 # 28: 1,2,4,7,14,28 # We can see that 28 is the first triangle number to have # over five divisors. What is the value of the first # triangle number to have over five hundred divisors? import time start = time.time() from math import sqrt def divisor_count(x): count = 2 # itself and 1 for i in xrange(2, int(sqrt(x)) + 1): if ((x % i) == 0): if (i != sqrt(x)): count += 2 else: count += 1 return count def triangle_generator(): i = 1 while True: yield int(0.5 * i * (i + 1)) i += 1 triangles = triangle_generator() answer = 0 while True: num = triangles.next() if (divisor_count(num) >= 501): answer = num break; print answer print "Elapsed Time:", (time.time() - start) * 1000, "millisecs" a=raw_input('Press return to continue')

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  • program logic of printing the prime numbers

    - by Vignesh Vicky
    can any body help to understand this java program it just print prime n.o ,as you enter how many you want and it works good class PrimeNumbers { public static void main(String args[]) { int n, status = 1, num = 3; Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the number of prime numbers you want"); n = in.nextInt(); if (n >= 1) { System.out.println("First "+n+" prime numbers are :-"); System.out.println(2); } for ( int count = 2 ; count <=n ; ) { for ( int j = 2 ; j <= Math.sqrt(num) ; j++ ) { if ( num%j == 0 ) { status = 0; break; } } if ( status != 0 ) { System.out.println(num); count++; } status = 1; num++; } } } i dont understand this for loop condition for ( int j = 2 ; j <= Math.sqrt(num) ; j++ ) why we are taking sqrt of num...which is 3....why we assumed it as 3?

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