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  • Design pattern for isomorphic trees

    - by Peregring-lk
    I want to create a data structure to work with isomorphic tree. I don't search for a "algorithms" or methods to check if two or more trees are isomorphic each other. Just to create various trees with the same structure. Example: 2 - - - - - - - 'a' - - - - - - - 3.5 / \ / \ / \ 3 3 'f' 'y' 1.0 3.1 / \ / \ / \ 4 7 'e' 'f' 2.3 7.7 The first "layer" or tree is the "natural tree" (a tree with natural numbers), the second layer is the "character tree" and the third one is the "float tree". The data structure has a method or iterator to traverse the tree and to make diferent operations with its values. These operations could change the value of nodes, but never its structure (first I create the structure and then I configure the tree with its diferent layers). In case of that I add a new node, this would be applied to each layer. Which known design pattern fits with this description or is related with it?

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  • What is the usage of Splay Trees in the real world?

    - by Meena
    I decided to learn about balanced search trees, so I picked 2-3-4 and splay trees. What are the examples of splay trees usage in the real world? In this Cornell: http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3110/2009fa/recitations/rec-splay.html I read that splay trees are 'A good example is a network router'. But from rest of the explanation seams like network routers use hash tables and not splay trees since the lookup time is constant instead of O(log n).

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  • What is the usage of Spaly Trees in the real world?

    - by Meena
    I decided to learn about Balance search trees, so I picked 2-3-4 and splay trees. I'm wondering what are the examples of splay trees usage in the real world? In this Cornell: http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3110/2009fa/recitations/rec-splay.html I read that splay trees are 'A good example is a network router'. But from rest of the explanation seams like network routers use hash tables and not splay trees since the lookup time is constant instead of O(log n). thanks!

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  • How to find Sub-trees in non-binary tree

    - by kenny
    I have a non-binary tree. I want to find all "sub-trees" that are connected to root. Sub-tree is a a link group of tree nodes. every group is colored in it's own color. What would be be the best approach? Run recursion down and up for every node? The data structure of every treenode is a list of children, list of parents. (the type of children and parents are treenodes) Clarification: Group defined if there is a kind of "closure" between nodes where root itself is not part of the closure. As you can see from the graph you can't travel from pink to other nodes (you CAN NOT use root). From brown node you can travel to it's child so this form another group. Finally you can travel from any cyan node to other cyan nodes so the form another group

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  • Game Trees Conceptual Question

    - by Chris Corbin
    I am struggling to conceptually understand a question in a programming assignment for an algorithms class. The problem is dealing with a fictitious 2 player game, named Easy. The rules of the game are simple; each player may chose one of 4 integers {0-3} after which that integer is not available for the other player. The catch is, a player picks {0} it means they quit. The objective is for Player 1 to get {1} and Player 2 to get {2}, in which case they may win, however if both or neither succeed, then the game ends in a draw. I have been asked to draw the game tree for Easy, showing all nodes, which they explained as 4! = 24. Labeling the edges, which represent moves (selecting a number) and the leaves with who won (1 means Player 1 won, -1 means Player 2 won, and 0 means a tie). I have drawn out a game tree, which I believe is correct, however I am not 100% certain hence I am asking the question. My game tree only has 16 leaves. I am thinking that when a player picks {0}, and then quits, the game tree stops there? I don't see how it is possible to get to 24 leaves? Any help would be greatly appreciate, and if you need more information I would be happy to provide it. Thanks

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  • B- trees, B+ trees difference

    - by dta
    In a B- tree you can store both keys and data in the internal/leaf nodes. But in a B+ tree you have to store the data in the leaf nodes only. Is there any advantage of doing the above in a B+ tree? Why not use B- trees instead of B+ trees everywhere? As intuitively they seem much faster. I mean why do you need to replicate the key(data) in a B+ tree?

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  • Question on Binary Search Trees.

    - by AGeek
    Hi, I was thinking of implementing a binary search trees. I have implemented some very basic operations such as search, insert, delete. Please share your experiences as to what all other operations i could perform on binary search trees, and some real time operations(basic) that is needed every time for any given situation.. I hope my question was clear.. Thanks.

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  • OpenGL quake 3 shader file for objects (for trees)

    - by mlodziaszka
    I decided to add to my game few trees, I already quake 3 model loader (md3) its for characters and method for texture drawing is store in *.ini file. I found a package of trees in MD3 and I have no problem with loading model alone, but there is a *.shader file and i have no idea how to load it to draw texture properly. Tree pack: http://www.custommapmakers.org/wiki/index.php/Models:GR_Trees_set I do not have to use exactly this format, I can write another loader, but trees in *.obj or .3ds look even harder

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  • Persistent (purely functional) Red-Black trees on disk performance

    - by Waneck
    I'm studying the best data structures to implement a simple open-source object temporal database, and currently I'm very fond of using Persistent Red-Black trees to do it. My main reasons for using persistent data structures is first of all to minimize the use of locks, so the database can be as parallel as possible. Also it will be easier to implement ACID transactions and even being able to abstract the database to work in parallel on a cluster of some kind. The great thing of this approach is that it makes possible implementing temporal databases almost for free. And this is something quite nice to have, specially for web and for data analysis (e.g. trends). All of this is very cool, but I'm a little suspicious about the overall performance of using a persistent data structure on disk. Even though there are some very fast disks available today, and all writes can be done asynchronously, so a response is always immediate, I don't want to build all application under a false premise, only to realize it isn't really a good way to do it. Here's my line of thought: - Since all writes are done asynchronously, and using a persistent data structure will enable not to invalidate the previous - and currently valid - structure, the write time isn't really a bottleneck. - There are some literature on structures like this that are exactly for disk usage. But it seems to me that these techniques will add more read overhead to achieve faster writes. But I think that exactly the opposite is preferable. Also many of these techniques really do end up with a multi-versioned trees, but they aren't strictly immutable, which is something very crucial to justify the persistent overhead. - I know there still will have to be some kind of locking when appending values to the database, and I also know there should be a good garbage collecting logic if not all versions are to be maintained (otherwise the file size will surely rise dramatically). Also a delta compression system could be thought about. - Of all search trees structures, I really think Red-Blacks are the most close to what I need, since they offer the least number of rotations. But there are some possible pitfalls along the way: - Asynchronous writes -could- affect applications that need the data in real time. But I don't think that is the case with web applications, most of the time. Also when real-time data is needed, another solutions could be devised, like a check-in/check-out system of specific data that will need to be worked on a more real-time manner. - Also they could lead to some commit conflicts, though I fail to think of a good example of when it could happen. Also commit conflicts can occur in normal RDBMS, if two threads are working with the same data, right? - The overhead of having an immutable interface like this will grow exponentially and everything is doomed to fail soon, so this all is a bad idea. Any thoughts? Thanks! edit: There seems to be a misunderstanding of what a persistent data structure is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_data_structure

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  • Binary Trees in Scheme

    - by Javier
    Consider the following BNF defining trees of numbers. Notice that a tree can either be a leaf, a node-1 with one subtrees, or a node-2 with two subtrees. tree ::= (’leaf number) | (’node-1 tree) | (’node-2 tree tree) a. Write a template for recursive procedures on these trees. b. Define the procedure (leaf-count t) that returns the number of leaves in t > (leaf-count ’(leaf 5)) 1 > (leaf-count ’(node-2 (leaf 25) (leaf 17))) 2 > (leaf-count ’(node-1 (node-2 (leaf 4) (node-2 (leaf 2) (leaf 3))))) 3 Here's what I have so far: ;define what a leaf, node-1, and node-2 is (define leaf list) (define node-1 list) (define node-2 list) ;procedure to decide if a list is a leaf or a node (define (leaf? tree) (number? (car tree))) (define (node? tree) (pair? (car tree))) (define (leaf-count tree) (cond ((null? tree) 0) ((number? tree) 0) ((leaf? tree) 1) (else (+ (leaf-count (car tree)) (leaf-count (cdr tree)))))) It looks like it should run just fine, but when I try to run it using a simple test case like (leaf-count '(leaf 5)) I get the following error message: car: expects argument of type pair; given leaf What does this error message mean? I am defining a leaf as a list. But for some reason, it's not seeing that and gives me that error message.

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  • .NET Expression Trees Tutorial

    - by zoman
    I've been looking for a good tutorial on Expression trees (C#) for a while, but no luck so far. Most of the stuff I've found on the Web was too high level and very basic. Does anyone know some decent tutorial that goes beyond the fundamentals?

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  • Built-in precedence in Expression Trees for math?

    - by jdk
    I'm unable to find the .NET FCL built-in concept of precedence to leverage while constructing Expression Trees. Ref System.Linq.Expressions Namespace. Is this something that must be handled manually in code, or is it somehow implicit and I'm not recognizing it (e.g. maybe through helper methods or classes)? I want to apply it to math operations to ensure 3 + 5 * 10 results in 53 instead of 80.

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  • Built-in precedence in Expression Trees?

    - by jdk
    I'm unable to find the .NET FCL built-in concept of precedence to leverage while constructing Expression Trees. Ref System.Linq.Expressions Namespace. Is this something that must be handled manually in code, or is it somehow implicit and I'm not recognizing it? Maybe through helper methods or classes? I want to apply it to math operations to ensure 3 + 5 * 10 results in 53 instead of 80.

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  • Built-in precedence for Expression Trees?

    - by jdk
    I'm unable to find the .NET FCL built-in concept of precedence to leverage while constructing Expression Trees. Ref System.Linq.Expressions Namespace. Is this something that must be handled manually in code, or is it somehow implicit and I'm not recognizing it, maybe through helper methods or classes? I want to apply it to math operations to ensure 3 + 5 * 10 results in 53 instead of 80.

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  • Google Earth 6–It’s All About Trees & Better Street View

    - by Gopinath
    The latest version of Google Earth is all about viewing 3D models of trees that we can see as we walk through the streets in Google Earth and integrated street views. Tech Crunch says ..trees are obviously a hugely important part of the Earth. To get them into Google Earth, the search giant has made 3D models of over 50 different species of trees. And they’ve included over 80 million of them in various places around the world including Athens, Berlin, Chicago, New York City, San Francisco, and Tokyo. The other big addition to this latest version of Google Earth is Integrated Street View. To be clear, Google has had a form of Street View in Google Earth since 2008, but now it’s fully a part of the experience. This means that you can go all the way from space, right down to Street View seamlessly. Check the embedded video to know more about Google Earth 6 features This article titled,Google Earth 6–It’s All About Trees & Better Street View, was originally published at Tech Dreams. Grab our rss feed or fan us on Facebook to get updates from us.

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  • Why are trees shining in background?

    - by Kinected
    Currently I am creating a forest scene in the dark, and the trees are shining far away, but when I get close they are fine. I have the shaders set to "Nature/Tree Soft Occlusion [bark/leaves]", but they are still rendering strange far away, but close they are fine. I tried placing the trees in a folder named "Ambient-Occlusion" like said here, but no luck. Also fog is turned off. Thanks in advance.

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  • Using Behavior Trees and Events together

    - by weichsem
    I am beginning to work with behavior trees and am unsure how events should be handled within the tree. Lets say we have a space game where the player is dogfighting with a handful of other ships, some friendly some not. The player destroys a ship and the rest of the hostile ships should then start to retreat. How was should the shipWasDestroyed event effect the other ship's behavior trees so that they start running the retreat behavior? One way I could think of doing this is have all the conditions I care about be high level nodes that effectively state change the ship. This would mean I'd have to check all of these state change conditions on every frame the behavior tree was run, even if they are very rare occurrences. I'd prefer not doing this for performance and complexity reasons. From looking at the Halo papers on behavior trees it seems that they handled this by dynamically placing nodes into the tree when the event occurred. It seems like calculating where the new node should go could be problematic depending on the current state of the running behavior. How is this normally handled?

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  • C++ design question on traversing binary trees

    - by user231536
    I have a binary tree T which I would like to copy to another tree. Suppose I have a visit method that gets evaluated at every node: struct visit { virtual void operator() (node* n)=0; }; and I have a visitor algorithm void visitor(node* t, visit& v) { //do a preorder traversal using stack or recursion if (!t) return; v(t); visitor(t->left, v); visitor(t->right, v); } I have 2 questions: I settled on using the functor based approach because I see that boost graph does this (vertex visitors). Also I tend to repeat the same code to traverse the tree and do different things at each node. Is this a good design to get rid of duplicated code? What other alternative designs are there? How do I use this to create a new binary tree from an existing one? I can keep a stack on the visit functor if I want, but it gets tied to the algorithm in visitor. How would I incorporate postorder traversals here ? Another functor class?

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