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WPA and WPA2 use keys derived from an EAPOL handshake to encrypt traffic. Unless all four handshake packets are present for the session you're trying to decrypt, Wireshark won't be able to decrypt the traffic. You can use the display filter eapol to locate EAPOL packets in your capture.
I've noticed that the decryption works with (1, 2, 4) too, but not
with (1, 2, 3). As far as I know the first two packets are enough, at
least for what concern unicast traffic. Can someone please explain
exactly how does Wireshark deal with that, in other words why does only
the former sequence work, given that the fourth packet is just an
acknowledgement? Also, is it guaranteed that the (1, 2, 4) will always
work when (1, 2, 3, 4) works?
Test case
This is the gzipped handshake (1, 2, 4) and an ecrypted ARP packet (SSID: SSID, password: password) in base64 encoding:
H4sICEarjU8AA2hhbmRzaGFrZS5jYXAAu3J400ImBhYGGPj/n4GhHkhfXNHr37KQgWEqAwQzMAgx
6HkAKbFWzgUMhxgZGDiYrjIwKGUqcW5g4Ldd3rcFQn5IXbWKGaiso4+RmSH+H0MngwLUZMarj4Rn
S8vInf5yfO7mgrMyr9g/Jpa9XVbRdaxH58v1fO3vDCQDkCNv7mFgWMsAwXBHMoEceQ3kSMZbDFDn
ITk1gBnJkeX/GDkRjmyccfus4BKl75HC2cnW1eXrjExNf66uYz+VGLl+snrF7j2EnHQy3JjDKPb9
3fOd9zT0TmofYZC4K8YQ8IkR6JaAT0zIJMjxtWaMmCEMdvwNnI5PYEYJYSTHM5EegqhggYbFhgsJ
9gJXy42PMx9JzYKEcFkcG0MJULYE2ZEGrZwHIMnASwc1GSw4mmH1JCCNQYEF7C7tjasVT+0/J3LP
gie59HFL+5RDIdmZ8rGMEldN5s668eb/tp8vQ+7OrT9jPj/B7425QIGJI3Pft72dLxav8BefvcGU
7+kfABxJX+SjAgAA
Decode with:
$ base64 -d | gunzip > handshake.cap
Run tshark to see if it correctly decrypt the ARP packet:
$ tshark -r handshake.cap -o wlan.enable_decryption:TRUE -o wlan.wep_key1:wpa-pwd:password:SSID
It should print:
1 0.000000 D-Link_a7:8e:b4 - HonHaiPr_22:09:b0 EAPOL Key
2 0.006997 HonHaiPr_22:09:b0 - D-Link_a7:8e:b4 EAPOL Key
3 0.038137 HonHaiPr_22:09:b0 - D-Link_a7:8e:b4 EAPOL Key
4 0.376050 ZyxelCom_68:3a:e4 - HonHaiPr_22:09:b0 ARP 192.168.1.1 is at 00:a0:c5:68:3a:e4
