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  • Is it necessary to remove the metaClass after use mockDomain in Grails unit tests?

    - by Arturo Herrero
    mockDomain provide a dynamic methods like save(), validate(), ... for a domain class. Is it necessary to remove the meta classes for each class I mock using mockDomain? class UserTests extends GrailsUnitTestCase { protected void setUp() { super.setUp() mockDomain User mockDomain Address } protected void tearDown() { super.tearDown() def remove = GroovySystem.metaClassRegistry.&removeMetaClass remove User remove Address } }

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  • Deterministic key serialization

    - by Mike Boers
    I'm writing a mapping class which uses SQLite as the storage backend. I am currently allowing only basestring keys but it would be nice if I could use a couple more types hopefully up to anything that is hashable (ie. same requirements as the builtin dict). To that end I would like to derive a deterministic serialization scheme. Ideally, I would like to know if any implementation/protocol combination of pickle is deterministic for hashable objects (e.g. can only use cPickle with protocol 0). I noticed that pickle and cPickle do not match: >>> import pickle >>> import cPickle >>> def dumps(x): ... print repr(pickle.dumps(x)) ... print repr(cPickle.dumps(x)) ... >>> dumps(1) 'I1\n.' 'I1\n.' >>> dumps('hello') "S'hello'\np0\n." "S'hello'\np1\n." >>> dumps((1, 2, 'hello')) "(I1\nI2\nS'hello'\np0\ntp1\n." "(I1\nI2\nS'hello'\np1\ntp2\n." Another option is to use repr to dump and ast.literal_eval to load. This would only be valid for builtin hashable types. I have written a function to determine if a given key would survive this process (it is rather conservative on the types it allows): def is_reprable_key(key): return type(key) in (int, str, unicode) or (type(key) == tuple and all( is_reprable_key(x) for x in key)) The question for this method is if repr itself is deterministic for the types that I have allowed here. I believe this would not survive the 2/3 version barrier due to the change in str/unicode literals. This also would not work for integers where 2**32 - 1 < x < 2**64 jumping between 32 and 64 bit platforms. Are there any other conditions (ie. do strings serialize differently under different conditions)? (If this all fails miserably then I can store the hash of the key along with the pickle of both the key and value, then iterate across rows that have a matching hash looking for one that unpickles to the expected key, but that really does complicate a few other things and I would rather not do it.) Any insights?

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  • Implement python replace() function without using regexp

    - by jwesonga
    I'm trying to rewrite the equivalent of the python replace() function without using regexp. Using this code, i've managed to get it to work with single chars, but not with more than one character: def Replacer(self, find_char, replace_char): s = [] for char in self.base_string: if char == find_char: char = replace_char #print char s.append(char) s = ''.join(s) my_string.Replacer('a','E') Anybody have any pointers how to make this work with more than one character? example: my_string.Replacer('kl', 'lll')

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  • How to create a complete binary tree of height 'h' using Python?

    - by Jack
    Here is the node structure class Node: def __init__(self, data): # initializes the data members self.left = None self.right = None self.parent = None self.data = data complete binary tree Definition: A binary tree in which every level, except possibly the deepest, is completely filled. At depth n, the height of the tree, all nodes must be as far left as possible. -- http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/sqg/dads/HTML/completeBinaryTree.html I am looking for an efficient algorithm.

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  • Error using paho-mqtt in App Engine Python App

    - by calumb
    I am trying to right a Google Cloud Platform app in python with Flask that makes an MQTT connection. I have included the paho python library by doing pip install paho-mqtt -t libs/. However, when I try to run the app, even if I don't try to connect to MQTT. I get a weird error about IP address checking: RuntimeError: error('illegal IP address string passed to inet_pton',) It seems something in the remote_socket lib is causing a problem. Is this a security issue? Is there someway to disable it? Relevant code: from flask import Flask import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt import logging as logger app = Flask(__name__) # Note: We don't need to call run() since our application is embedded within # the App Engine WSGI application server. #callback to print out connection status def on_connect(mosq, obj, rc): logger.info('on_connect') if rc == 0: logger.info("Connected") mqttc.subscribe('test', 0) else: logger.info(rc) def on_message(mqttc, obj, msg): logger.info(msg.topic+" "+str(msg.qos)+" "+str(msg.payload)) mqttc = mqtt.Client("mqttpy") mqttc.on_message = on_message mqttc.on_connect = on_connect As well as full stack trace: ERROR 2014-06-03 15:14:57,285 wsgi.py:262] Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 239, in Handle handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler()) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 298, in _LoadHandler handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 84, in LoadObject obj = __import__(path[0]) File "/Users/cbarnes/code/ignite/tank-demo/appengine-flask-demo/main.py", line 24, in <module> mqttc = mqtt.Client("mqtthtpp") File "/Users/cbarnes/code/ignite/tank-demo/appengine-flask-demo/lib/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 403, in __init__ self._sockpairR, self._sockpairW = _socketpair_compat() File "/Users/cbarnes/code/ignite/tank-demo/appengine-flask-demo/lib/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 255, in _socketpair_compat listensock.bind(("localhost", 0)) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/dist27/socket.py", line 222, in meth return getattr(self._sock,name)(*args) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 668, in bind self._SetProtoFromAddr(request.mutable_proxy_external_ip(), address) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 632, in _SetProtoFromAddr proto.set_packed_address(self._GetPackedAddr(address)) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 627, in _GetPackedAddr AI_NUMERICSERV|AI_PASSIVE): File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 338, in getaddrinfo canonical=(flags & AI_CANONNAME)) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 211, in _Resolve canon, aliases, addresses = _ResolveName(name, families) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/remote_socket/_remote_socket.py", line 229, in _ResolveName apiproxy_stub_map.MakeSyncCall('remote_socket', 'Resolve', request, reply) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/apiproxy_stub_map.py", line 94, in MakeSyncCall return stubmap.MakeSyncCall(service, call, request, response) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/apiproxy_stub_map.py", line 328, in MakeSyncCall rpc.CheckSuccess() File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/api/apiproxy_rpc.py", line 156, in _WaitImpl self.request, self.response) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/ext/remote_api/remote_api_stub.py", line 200, in MakeSyncCall self._MakeRealSyncCall(service, call, request, response) File "/Users/cbarnes/google-cloud-sdk/platform/google_appengine/google/appengine/ext/remote_api/remote_api_stub.py", line 234, in _MakeRealSyncCall raise pickle.loads(response_pb.exception()) RuntimeError: error('illegal IP address string passed to inet_pton',) INFO 2014-06-03 15:14:57,291 module.py:639] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 - Thanks!

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  • I'm writing a spellchecking program, how do I replace ch in a string?

    - by Ajay Hopkins
    What am I doing wrong/what can I do? import sys import string def remove(file): punctuation = string.punctuation for ch in file: if len(ch) > 1: print('error - ch is larger than 1 --| {0} |--'.format(ch)) if ch in punctuation: ch = ' ' return ch else: return ch ref = (open("ref.txt","r")) test_file = (open("test.txt", "r")) dictionary = ref.read().split() file = test_file.read().lower() file = remove(file) print(file) This is in Python 3.1.2

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  • Python/Biomolecular Physics- Trying to code a simple stochastic simulation of a system exhibiting co

    - by user359597
    *edited 6/17/10 I'm trying to understand how to improve my code (make it more pythonic). Also, I'm interested in writing more intuitive 'conditionals' that would describe scenarios that are commonplace in biochemistry. The conditional criteria in the below program is explained in Answer #2, but I am not satisfied with it- it is correct, but isn't obvious and isn't easy to implement for more complicated conditional scenarios. Ideas welcome. Comments/criticisms welcome. First posting experience @ stackoverflow- please comment on etiquette if needed. The code generates a list of values that are the solution to the following exercise: "In a programming language of your choice, implement Gillespie’s First Reaction Algorithm to study the temporal behaviour of the reaction A---B in which the transition from A to B can only take place if another compound, C, is present, and where C dynamically interconverts with D, as modelled in the Petri-net below. Assume that there are 100 molecules of A, 1 of C, and no B or D present at the start of the reaction. Set kAB to 0.1 s-1 and both kCD and kDC to 1.0 s-1. Simulate the behaviour of the system over 100 s." def sim(): # Set the rate constants for all transitions kAB = 0.1 kCD = 1.0 kDC = 1.0 # Set up the initial state A = 100 B = 0 C = 1 D = 0 # Set the start and end times t = 0.0 tEnd = 100.0 print "Time\t", "Transition\t", "A\t", "B\t", "C\t", "D" # Compute the first interval transition, interval = transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC) # Loop until the end time is exceded or no transition can fire any more while t <= tEnd and transition >= 0: print t, '\t', transition, '\t', A, '\t', B, '\t', C, '\t', D t += interval if transition == 0: A -= 1 B += 1 if transition == 1: C -= 1 D += 1 if transition == 2: C += 1 D -= 1 transition, interval = transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC) def transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC): """ Returns nTransition, the number of the firing transition (0: A->B, 1: C->D, 2: D->C), and interval, the interval between the time of the previous transition and that of the current one. """ RAB = kAB * A * C RCD = kCD * C RDC = kDC * D dt = [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0] if RAB > 0.0: dt[0] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RAB if RCD > 0.0: dt[1] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RCD if RDC > 0.0: dt[2] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RDC interval = 1e36 transition = -1 for n in range(len(dt)): if dt[n] > 0.0 and dt[n] < interval: interval = dt[n] transition = n return transition, interval if __name__ == '__main__': sim()

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  • Counting HTML images with Python

    - by user2537246
    I need some feedback on how to count HTML images with Python 3.01 after extracting them, maybe my regular expression are used properly. Here is my code: import re, os import urllib.request def get_image(url): url = 'http://www.google.com' total = 0 try: f = urllib.request.urlopen(url) for line in f.readline(): line = re.compile('<img.*?src="(.*?)">') if total > 0: x = line.count(total) total += x print('Images total:', total) except: pass

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  • How to "uninstantiate" an object?

    - by Mark
    I wrote a function in Python: def instantiate(c): if inspect.isclass(c): return c() elif isinstance(c, object): return c else: raise Exception, '%s is not an object or class.' % c Now I want to do the opposite: get the class from an already instantiated object so that I can re-instantiate it with different parameters. How can I do that?

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  • How do I forward a request to a different url in python

    - by tax
    import SimpleHTTPServer import SocketServer class myHandler(SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): print self.path if self.path == '/analog': return "http://someserver.com/analog" return SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.do_GET(self) theport = 1234 Handler = myHandler pywebserver = SocketServer.TCPServer(("", theport), Handler) print "Python based web server. Serving at port", theport pywebserver.serve_forever()

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  • Ruby on Rails: Can I do a "link_to" to call a create action?

    - by sjsc
    How would I correctly call the create action from a link_to? Here's the create action: def create recipe = Recipe.create(:name => "French fries") redirect_to recipe end For example, I thought something like this might work: <%= link_to "Create a default recipe", recipe_path, :method => :post %> I'm not sure if that's a recommended (or even correct) way to do it. Any idea?

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  • How to express "where value is in dynamic list" in HQL/GORM?

    - by xcut
    For a grails application, I need to find a list of objects whose "attr" is one in a dynamic list of strings. The actual HQL query is more complex, but the bit I need help with is this: def result = MyObject.executeQuery("select o from MyObject as o where o.attr in :list", [list: aListOfStrings]) This is obviously not the right syntax, Grails throws it back at me as an "unexpected token", being the :list parameter. Is this possible in HQL? I don't particularly want to use Criteria in this part of the codebase.

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  • python return class

    - by William P
    Hi I new to python and I read from someone else of the example code below: class A: def current(self): data = Data(a=a,b=b,c=c) return data class B(A): #something here #print data a b c How do I print out the data a, b, and c?

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  • Django: Grouping by Dates and Servers

    - by TheLizardKing
    So I am trying to emulate google app's status page: http://www.google.com/appsstatus#hl=en but for backups for our own servers. Instead of service names on the left it'll be server names but the dates and hopefully the pagination will be there too. My models look incredibly similar to this: from django.db import models STATUS_CHOICES = ( ('UN', 'Unknown'), ('NI', 'No Issue'), ('IS', 'Issue'), ('NR', 'Not Running'), ) class Server(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Backup(models.Model): server = models.ForeignKey(Server) created = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True) modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) status = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=STATUS_CHOICES, default='UN') issue = models.TextField(blank=True) def __unicode__(self): return u'%s: %s' % (self.server, self.get_status_display()) My issue is that I am having a hell of a time displaying the information I need. Everyday a little after midnight a cron job will run and add a row for each server for that day, defaulting on status unknown (UN). My backups.html: {% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} <table> <tr> <th>Name</th> {% for server in servers %} <th>{{ created }}</th> </tr> <tr> <td>{{ server.name }}</td> {% for backup in server.backup_set.all %} <td>{{ backup.get_status_display }}</td> {% endfor %} </tr> {% endfor %} </table> {% endblock content %} This actually works but I do not know how to get the dates to show. Obviously {{ created }} doesn't do anything but the servers don't have create dates. Backups do and because it's a cron job there should only be X number of rows with any particular date (depending on how many servers we are following for that day). Summary I want to create a table, X being server names, Y being dates starting at today while all the cells being the status of a backup. The above model and template should hopefully give you an idea what my thought process but I am willing to alter anything. Basically I am create a fancy excel spreadsheet.

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  • Python begineer confused by a piece of code

    - by Protean
    I understand the gist of the code, that it forms permutations; however, I was wondering if someone could explain exactly what is going on in the return statement. def perm(l): sz = len(l) print (l) if sz <= 1: print ('sz <= 1') return [l] return [p[:i]+[l[0]]+p[i:] for i in range(sz) for p in perm(l[1:])]

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  • Scala: Can't catch exception thrown inside a closure

    - by Dmitriy
    Disclaimer: absolute novice in Scala :( I have the following defined: def tryAndReport(body: Unit) : Unit = { try { body } catch { case e: MySpecificException => doSomethingUseful } } I call it like this: tryAndReport{ someCodeThatThrowsMySpecificException() } While the call to someCodeThatThrowsMySpecificException happens just fine, the exception is not being caught in tryAndReport. Why? Thank you!

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  • Make dictionary from list with python

    - by prosseek
    I need to transform a list into dictionary as follows. The odd elements has the key, and even number elements has the value. x = (1,'a',2,'b',3,'c') - {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'} def set(self, val_): i = 0 for val in val_: if i == 0: i = 1 key = val else: i = 0 self.dict[key] = val My solution seems to long, is there a better way to get the same results?

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  • Unknown syntax error.

    - by matt1024
    Why do I get a syntax error running this code? If I remove the highlighted section (return cards[i]) I get the error highlighting the function call instead. Please help :) def dealcards(): for i in range(len(cards)): cards[i] = '' for j in range(8): cards[i] = cards[i].append(random.randint(0,9) return cards[i] print (dealcards())

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  • Rails & Twilio: Receiving nil when storing texts received from Twilio

    - by Jon Smooth
    I have set up the request URL in my Twilio account to have it POST to: myurl.com/receivetext. It appears to be successfully posting because when I check the database using the Heroku console I see the following: Post id: 5, body: nil, from: nil, created_at: "2012-06-14 17:28:01", updated_at: "2012-06-14 17:28:01" Why is it receiving nil for the body and from attributes? I can't figure out what I'm doing wrong! The created and updated at are storing successfully but the two attributes that I care about continue to be stored as nil. Here's the Receive Text controller which is receiving the Post request from Twilio: class ReceiveTextController < ApplicationController def index @post=Post.create!(body: params[:Body], from: params[:From]) end end EDIT: When I dump the params I receive the following: "{\"controller\"=\"receive_text\", \"action\"=\"index\"}" I attained this by inserting the following into my ReceiveText controller. @params = Post.create!(body: params.inspect, from: "Dumping Params") and then opening up the Heroku console to find the database entry with from = "Dumping Params". I simulated a Twilio request with a curl with the following command curl -X POST myurl.com/receivetext route -d 'AccountSid=AC123&From=%2B19252411234' I checked the production database again and noticed that the curl request did work when obtaining the FROM atribute. It stored the following: params.inspect returned "{\"AccountSid\"=\"AC123\", \"From\"=\"+19252411234\", \"co..." I received a comment stating: "As long as twilio is hitting the same URL with the same method (GET/POST) it should be filling the params array as well" I have no idea how to make this comment actionable. Any help would be greatly appreciated! I'm very new to rails. Here's my database migration (I have both attributes set to string. I have tried setting it to text and that didn't work either) : class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :posts do |t| t.string :body t.string :from t.timestamps end end end Here is my Post model: class Post < ActiveRecord::Base attr_accessible :body, :from end Routes (everything appears to be routing just fine) : MovieApp::Application.routes.draw do get "receive_text/index" get "pages/home" get "send_text/send_text_message" root to: 'pages#home' match '/receivetext', to: 'receive_text#index' match '/pages/home', to: 'pages#home' match '/sendtext', to: 'send_text#send_text_message' end Here's my gemfile (incase it helps) source 'https://rubygems.org' gem 'rails', '3.2.3' gem 'badfruit' gem 'twilio-ruby' gem 'logger' gem 'jquery-rails' group :production do gem 'pg' end group :development, :test do gem 'sqlite3' end group :assets do gem 'sass-rails', '~> 3.2.3' gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.1' gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.0.3' end

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  • Exception Handling in google app engine

    - by Rahul99
    i am raising exception using if UserId == '' and Password == '': raise Exception.MyException , "wrong userId or password" but i want print the error message on same page class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self,msg): Exception.__init__(self,msg)

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  • Fabric methods exceptions

    - by baobee
    I try to make Fabric func, which checks if Apache installed: from fabric.api import * def check_apache(): try: result = local('httpd -v', capture=True) except: print "check_apache exception" But if httpd not installed I get: [root@server-local ~]$ fab check_apache Fatal error: local() encountered an error (return code 127) while executing 'ahttpd -v' Aborting. check_apache exception Done. How can I get correct exception for Fabric local() method ? So I need to get exception and continue executing without any Fabric error messages: [root@server-local ~]$ fab check_apache check_apache exception Done.

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