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  • Implication of variable context switching time

    - by Rob
    Hi, I know that constant switching time of the Linux scheduler was a big achievement. I was just asking myself the question what would be the implication of a non-constant switching time. The only obvious reason I can think of is real-time systems where we have to meet deadlines. There it is obviously no ideal if the switching time is "random". Are there any other good reasons that favour constant switching times? Many thanks, Rob

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  • please explain my fio results - is O_SYNC|O_DIRECT misbehaving on linux?

    - by Zoltan
    I'm going mad over figuring out what the problem could be with one of our storage boxes. With a simple fio script I'm testing random writes using bs=1M and direct=1. The SSD is a Samsung 840pro attached to an LSI HBA (3Gbit/s ports). This is the result I'm getting under FreeBSD 9.1: WRITE: io=13169MB, aggrb=224743KB/s, minb=224743KB/s, maxb=224743KB/s, mint=60002msec, maxt=60002msec This is regardless of sync being set to 0 or 1. On linux, this is the result with sync=0: WRITE: io=14828MB, aggrb=253060KB/s, minb=253060KB/s, maxb=253060KB/s, mint=60001msec, maxt=60001msec and with sync=1: WRITE: io=6360.0MB, aggrb=108542KB/s, minb=108542KB/s, maxb=108542KB/s, mint=60001msec, maxt=60001msec My understanding is that since I'm operating on the raw block device, O_SYNC should not make any difference - there's no filesystem, any barrier, anything between the writes and the drive itself. Especially with O_DIRECT|O_SYNC set. Any ideas? For reference, here's the fio script I'm testing with: [global] bs=1M ioengine=sync iodepth=4 size=16g direct=1 runtime=60 filename=/dev/sdh sync=1 [rand-write] rw=randwrite stonewall

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  • How to stop a infinite running process(ztail) started by a ssh session after that session is closed

    - by Sanath Adiga
    I have a peculiar problem. My server supports multiple ssh session simultaneously, so that multiple admins can manage it simultaneously. We have a command which calls ztail to show the compressed log files and when the current ssh session is closed (without pressing ctrlc, to stop the tail command), the command should ideally stop working. But what I observed when I start a new ssh session is that the process ztail is still running in the background and consuming CPU, even though the previous session was closed. How can I determine when the session is closed, so that I can use that variable/flag to close/stop any commands initiated by that previously closed session?

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  • Maximum number of files in one ext3 directory while still getting acceptable performance?

    - by knorv
    I have an application writing to an ext3 directory which over time has grown to roughly three million files. Needless to say, reading the file listing of this directory is unbearably slow. I don't blame ext3. The proper solution would have been to let the application code write to sub-directories such as ./a/b/c/abc.ext rather than using only ./abc.ext. I'm changing to such a sub-directory structure and my question is simply: roughly how many files should I expect to store in one ext3 directory while still getting acceptable performance? What's your experience? Or in other words; assuming that I need to store three million files in the structure, how many levels deep should the ./a/b/c/abc.ext structure be? Obviously this is a question that cannot be answered exactly, but I'm looking for a ball park estimate.

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  • Find out which task is generating a lot of context switches on linux

    - by Gaks
    According to vmstat, my Linux server (2xCore2 Duo 2.5 GHz) is constantly doing around 20k context switches per second. # vmstat 3 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 2 0 7292 249472 82340 2291972 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 13 79 0 0 0 7292 251808 82344 2291968 0 0 0 184 24 20090 1 1 99 0 0 0 7292 251876 82344 2291968 0 0 0 83 17 20157 1 0 99 0 0 0 7292 251876 82344 2291968 0 0 0 73 12 20116 1 0 99 0 ... but uptime shows small load: load average: 0.01, 0.02, 0.01 and top doesn't show any process with high %CPU usage. How do I find out what exactly is generating those context switches? Which process/thread? I tried to analyze pidstat output: # pidstat -w 10 1 12:39:13 PID cswch/s nvcswch/s Command 12:39:23 1 0.20 0.00 init 12:39:23 4 0.20 0.00 ksoftirqd/0 12:39:23 7 1.60 0.00 events/0 12:39:23 8 1.50 0.00 events/1 12:39:23 89 0.50 0.00 kblockd/0 12:39:23 90 0.30 0.00 kblockd/1 12:39:23 995 0.40 0.00 kirqd 12:39:23 997 0.60 0.00 kjournald 12:39:23 1146 0.20 0.00 svscan 12:39:23 2162 5.00 0.00 kjournald 12:39:23 2526 0.20 2.00 postgres 12:39:23 2530 1.00 0.30 postgres 12:39:23 2534 5.00 3.20 postgres 12:39:23 2536 1.40 1.70 postgres 12:39:23 12061 10.59 0.90 postgres 12:39:23 14442 1.50 2.20 postgres 12:39:23 15416 0.20 0.00 monitor 12:39:23 17289 0.10 0.00 syslogd 12:39:23 21776 0.40 0.30 postgres 12:39:23 23638 0.10 0.00 screen 12:39:23 25153 1.00 0.00 sshd 12:39:23 25185 86.61 0.00 daemon1 12:39:23 25190 12.19 35.86 postgres 12:39:23 25295 2.00 0.00 screen 12:39:23 25743 9.99 0.00 daemon2 12:39:23 25747 1.10 3.00 postgres 12:39:23 26968 5.09 0.80 postgres 12:39:23 26969 5.00 0.00 postgres 12:39:23 26970 1.10 0.20 postgres 12:39:23 26971 17.98 1.80 postgres 12:39:23 27607 0.90 0.40 postgres 12:39:23 29338 4.30 0.00 screen 12:39:23 31247 4.10 23.58 postgres 12:39:23 31249 82.92 34.77 postgres 12:39:23 31484 0.20 0.00 pdflush 12:39:23 32097 0.10 0.00 pidstat Looks like some postgresql tasks are doing 10 context swiches per second, but it doesn't all sum up to 20k anyway. Any idea how to dig a little deeper for an answer?

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  • server will not reply (syn -ack)

    - by Brent
    I like to use the following commands to manage 'TIME_WAIT', in the hope to free up resources. echo 20 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1 sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=1 I found something interesting while doing a tcpdump. Sometimes if a client makes a connection (syn), the server will not reply (syn -ack). My question is, could it be because of the top three commands.

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  • A tiered approach to cloning linux partitons

    - by Djurdjura
    I'm looking at a strategy for cloning Linux (root) partitions without having to use a Live CD. Literature suggests rightly that the source and target partitions must be umounted to be able to get a clean clone. This assumes that you need to use a LiveCD. I was wondering if instead of requiring a LiveCD, if using a 3rd partition that would emulate the LiveCD functionality, if we can't achieve the same functionality. In other words, at a high level a system with 3 partitions (all bootable): Rescue Partition (LiveCD emulation) Running Partition (Source) Backup Partition (Destination) All 3 partitions are LVMS. When it's time to clone the source partition to the backup (destination) partition, we would boot to the rescue partition, unmount the other 2 partitions (is it required?), run disk check on the source, copy to the destination (dd or simple copy to avoid replicating the defragmentation from the source), run disk check on the destination partition, update Grub menu list to force boot from either partition, and reboot into that partition. My question, is it an approach that you'd recommend? MBR in all this? Any gotchas or extra checks required? Thanks, D. PS. On recommendation from members, posting here instead of stackoverflow.com.

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  • linux/unix filesystem permissions hack/feature

    - by selden
    Can linux or other unix create a file that no user, including root, can modify unless they have the secret key? By "have the secret key" I mean they are using some crypto scheme. Here's a scenario if you aren't already downvoting: Bob encrypts something about file /foo (maybe inode?) using secret key K Alice tries "sudo rm /foo" and gets permission denied, so she decrypts something about file /foo using secret key K and then "sudo rm /foo" succeeds.

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  • snow leopard: how can i monitor loading of specific extensions?

    - by ufk
    Hiya. I'm installing VoodooHDA extension in order for Intel 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio 8086:293E sound card to operate. The sound card does not work but i have no idea how to debug the issue. How can I check if the module was loaded properly? how can i make sure that there where no conflicts? how can i make sure that there were no dependencies issues with another module? Using snow leopard 64 bit. thanks!

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  • Not able to find scripts present in /etc/profile.d directory [on hold]

    - by priya
    I am using Red Hat Linux 6.0 ... using davinchi board. I have to change system clock resolution so I am changing (HZ) env var. For this I have written script so that I can change HZ = 1000 n insert that script in /etc/profile.d and write code for loop in /etc/profile so that while running as usual /etc/profile can load the scripts present in /etc/profile.d. But when I am logging into the system at root level then showing error as "-bash: ./etc/profile.d/resolution.sh(my script name): No such file or directory Also here why it is showing ./etc and not /etc . Is something related to that?? Also I tried to add script in /etc/init.d but still no change in value of HZ takes place. Please tell where to change so that this env var can get changed. The script(resolution.sh) written has :- #!/bin/bash export HZ=1000 The content of /etc/profile which I entered is: if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do if [ -r $i ]; then .$i fi done unset i fi And the output of grep command is -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 535 Feb 4 2004 profile -rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 2 2004 profile.d

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  • "Possible SYN flooding" in log despite low number of SYN_RECV connections

    - by al4
    Recently we had an apache server which was responding very slowly due to SYN flooding. The workaround for this was to enable tcp_syncookies (net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 in /etc/sysctl.conf). I posted a question about this here if you want more background. After enabling syncookies we started seeing the following message in /var/log/messages approximately every 60 seconds: [84440.731929] possible SYN flooding on port 80. Sending cookies. Vinko Vrsalovic informed me that this means the syn backlog is getting full, so I raised tcp_max_syn_backlog to 4096. At some point I also lowered tcp_synack_retries to 3 (down from the default of 5) by issuing sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=3. After doing this, the frequency seemed to drop, with the interval of the messages varying between roughly 60 and 180 seconds. Next I issued sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65536, but am still getting the message in the log. Throughout all this I've been watching the number of connections in SYN_RECV state (by running watch --interval=5 'netstat -tuna |grep "SYN_RECV"|wc -l'), and it never goes higher than about 240, much much lower than the size of the backlog. Yet I have a Red Hat server which hovers around 512 (limit on this server is the default of 1024). Are there any other tcp settings which would limit the size of the backlog or am I barking up the wrong tree? Should the number of SYN_RECV connections in netstat -tuna correlate to the size of the backlog? Update As best I can tell I'm dealing with legitimate connections here, netstat -tuna|wc -l hovers around 5000. I've been researching this today and found this post from a last.fm employee, which has been rather useful. I've also discovered that the tcp_max_syn_backlog has no effect when syncookies are enabled (as per this link) So as a next step I set the following in sysctl.conf: net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536 # default=1024 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 # default=124928 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 # default=131071 net.core.somaxconn = 512 # default = 128 net.core.optmem_max = 81920 # default = 20480 I then setup my response time test, ran sysctl -p and disabled syncookies by sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=0. After doing this the number of connections in the SYN_RECV state still remained around 220-250, but connections were starting to delay again. Once I noticed these delays I re-enabled syncookies and the delays stopped. I believe what I was seeing was still an improvement from the initial state, however some requests were still delayed which is much worse than having syncookies enabled. So it looks like I'm stuck with them enabled until we can get some more servers online to cope with the load. Even then, I'm not sure I see a valid reason to disable them again as they're only sent (apparently) when the server's buffers get full. But the syn backlog doesn't appear to be full with only ~250 connections in the SYN_RECV state! Is it possible that the SYN flooding message is a red herring and it's something other than the syn_backlog that's filling up? If anyone has any other tuning options I haven't tried yet I'd be more than happy to try them out, but I'm starting to wonder if the syn_backlog setting isn't being applied properly for some reason.

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  • Journaled filesystems and power failure

    - by Yoga
    I heard that even a journaled filesystems such as EXT3/EXT4 might corrupted during power failure, e.g. from wikipedia [1]: In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. Can anyone provide more detail by giving examples such that when corruption can occur corruption is avoided by journaled filesystems [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system

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  • ps aux as non-root doesn't show all processes

    - by JMW
    hi, i'm using an ubuntu 10.04 server... when i run ps aux as root i see all processes when i run ps aux as nonroot i see JUST the processes of the current user after a bit of research i found the following solution: root@m85:~# ls -al /proc/ total 4 dr-xr-xr-x 122 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 . drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 2010-12-23 13:30 .. dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 10 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1212 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1227 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1242 dr-x------ 6 zabbix zabbix 0 2010-12-24 23:52 12747 [...] my first idea was, that it got mounted in a weird way: /etc/fstab is ok and it doesn't seem to be mounted in an weird way... my second idea was, that there might be a rootkit: but it's not a rootkit... rkhunter tells me, that there is no rootkit installed... i don't know if it is since the machine got installed or came with an update. i've just installed zabbix-agent on the machine and realized, that it didn't work properly... What could have caused such strange permissions (500) and how can i set it back to an normal level (555) ? Crazy, i've never seen something like that... thanks in advance for any help and merry christmas :) see you

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  • BSOD > Help interpret this crash? [DMP file]

    - by feed_me_code
    System just crashed, below here is event view details.. Been running GREAT for last few days.. First crash since.. DMP File link below.. Can someone please help interpret this crash? Thanks The computer has rebooted from a bugcheck. The bugcheck was: 0x000000d1 (0x00001000000102fd, 0x0000000000000002, 0x0000000000000000, 0xfffff88010143afd). A dump was saved in: C:\Windows\Minidump\052714-23010-01.dmp. Report Id: 052714-23010-01. https://www.dropbox.com/s/ag19ejkrddnjjct/052714-23010-01.dmp

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  • How do I uncompress vmlinuz to vmlinux?

    - by Lord Loh.
    I have already tried uncompress, gzip, and all other solutions that come up as google results and these have not worked for me. To get just the image search for the GZ signature - 1f 8b 08 00. > od -A d -t x1 vmlinuz | grep '1f 8b 08 00' 0024576 24 26 27 00 ae 21 16 00 1f 8b 08 00 7f 2f 6b 45 so the image begins at 24576+8 => 24584. Then just copy the image from the point and decompress it - > dd if=vmlinuz bs=1 skip=24584 | zcat > vmlinux 1450414+0 records in 1450414+0 records out 1450414 bytes (1.5 MB) copied, 6.78127 s, 214 kB/s Got these instructions verbatim from a forum online: http://www.codeguru.com/forum/showthread.php?t=415186 This process does not work for me and end up giving errors that states file not found 0024576 and all subsequent numbers. How do I proceed extracting vmlinux from vmlinuz? Thank you. EDITED: This is a reverse engineering question. I have no access to the distro to install any RPM or recompile. I start with nothing but vmlinuz.

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  • Unable to mount root fs over NFS [on hold]

    - by johnmadrak
    I am attempting to set up a Raspberry Pi running Pidora to boot from an NFS share. My configuration in cmdline.txt is: dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<serverip>:/fake/path,nfsvers=3,rw,nolock nfsrootdebug ip=dhcp elevator=deadline rootwait On the Pi, the output I see is: IP-Config: Got DHCP answer from <router>, my address is <clientip> IP-Config: Complete: device=eth0, hwaddr=<macaddress>, ipaddr=<clientip>, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=<routerip> host=<clientip>, domain=, nis-domain=(none) bootserver=<routerip>, rootserver=<serverip>, rootpath= nameserver0=<routerip> (It pauses for a bit here) VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy VFS: Cannot open root device "nfs" or unknown-block(2,0); error -6 Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: ..... On the NFS Server (an OpenVZ Container), the output I see in the /var/log/messages is: Aug 22 23:24:01 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:783 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:24:38 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:741 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:25:25 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:752 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:26:12 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:876 for /fake/path (/fake/path) To test, I've made sure I can mount (non-root) from both the Pi and another machine and it worked. Does anyone have an idea on what could be wrong or how to narrow it down? Thank you in advanced for your help.

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  • Hosting programming blog

    - by Sergej Andrejev
    I want to host programming blog. I don't want to self-host it but instead I'm looking for a best man whom I can delegate it to. There are three requirements however: 1. Code highlighting feature 2. Image hosting 3. I should be able to change host name to my own

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  • TCP: Treason uncloaked!

    - by hurikhan77
    On one linux server (Gentoo hardened), we are experiencing bursts of the following messages in dmesg from time to time: TCP: Treason uncloaked! Peer xx.xx.xxx.xxx:65039/80 shrinks window 4094157295:4094160199. Repaired. Is there anything we should take care of or is this normal?

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  • Linux (non-transparent) per-process hugepage accounting

    - by Dan Pritts
    I've recently converted some java apps to run with linux manually-configured hugepages. I've got about 10 tomcats running on a system and I am interested in knowing how much memory each one is using. I can get summary information out of /proc/meminfo as described in Linux Huge Pages Usage Accounting. But I can't find any tools that tell me about the actual per-process hugepage usage. I poked around in /proc/pid/numa_stat and found some interesting information that led me to this grossity: function pshugepage () { HUGEPAGECOUNT=0 for num in `grep 'anon_hugepage.*dirty=' /proc/$@/numa_maps | awk '{print $6}' | sed 's/dirty=//'` ; do HUGEPAGECOUNT=$((HUGEPAGECOUNT+num)) done echo process $@ using $HUGEPAGECOUNT huge pages } The numbers it gives me are plausible, but i'm far from confident this method is correct. Environment is a quad-CPU dell, 64GB ram, RHEL6.3, oracle jdk 1.7.x (current as of 20130728)

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  • how is the the linux console displayed to the user and how does the user go about changing the conso

    - by Chris
    I've been searching for the last two day on trying to understand how the console displays itself to the user and how to change the console settings. I've had some luck along the way but nothing that I've found has giving me a real clear explanation of how the console is displayed or how to change or control it's display settings. Some examples that of what I'm looking for are as follows: How is the console displayed on the screen? I know with X11 it uses your graphics card driver to display graphics to the screen, but how is the consoles text mode handled? Could some one ether explain this to me or point me to an in-depth overview of it all? Is it possible to have multi-head support in console mode with separate tty's on each screen? If so how would I go about setting this up? How would you go about changing the size of the console display from the default 80x25 to a custom size? I'm testing anything I find on a debian testing build, which is just the minimal base install on a virtual box. In time I will be using this information to setup my main system which is multi-head with 3 monitors. I would like to be able to support all three displays in console mode if possible.

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  • Storage drives is causting system crash

    - by Chad
    I'm running Centos 5.4 with 750GB(ntfs) and 2TB drives for storage. Originally I installed the 750, everything seemed fine and then I installed the 2TB drive with NTFS already partitioned. I noticed when I would copy a lot of videos it would crash (no mouse or response from server) about 20min into it. After doing some troubleshooting I noticed the 750 would also crash when doing the same task so I decided that NTFS may be the problem. I unmounted the 2TB drive and tried to partition and format it using ext2 but when using parted it would crash at this point "writing inode tables". Looking at the dmesg logs I believe this is the error "mtrr: type mismatch for e0000000,10000000 old: write-back new: write-combining". Any idea as to what could be causing this?

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