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  • Why the cryptographic key was not provided at ubuntu 12.04 first run?

    - by user64720
    So I installed Ubuntu 12.04 a few days ago and strangely I missed the part where we choose to encrypt home folder. However I already ran the commands on this question (How to check if your home folder and swap partition are encrypted using terminal?) to check if home folder and swap partition are encrypted and they are. So why is that Ubuntu did not provide me the cryptographic key the same way it happened when I installed Ubuntu 11.04???

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  • Google Accelerates Chrome 5 Beta

    <b>Datamation: </b>"Chrome's JavaScript delivery is powered by Google's V8 technology, now improved with what the search giant described as double-digit gains over the previous Chrome beta release."

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  • Synaptics Touchpad v7.4 cannot move while pressing a key?

    - by Miguel30215
    My Synaptics Touchpad v7.4 won't move when I'm using my arrow keys. Everywhere I've looked on the internet is telling me to go to Device Pointer Properties Settings Pointing Sensitivity Palm Check and adjust those Palm Check settings, but that option isn't there and it isn't anywhere else. I've also read about going to something called "Smart Sense" but I didn't see that either. If someone could please help me, I would really appreciate it.

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  • libgdx - #iterator() cannot be used nested

    - by TimSim
    I'm getting this error when I try to check if any of the targets overlap each other: iterTargets = targets.iterator(); while (iterTargets.hasNext()) { Target target = iterTargets.next(); for (Target otherTarget:targets) { if (target.rectangle.overlaps(otherTarget.rectangle)) { // do something } } } So I can't do that? How am I supposed to check each member of an array to see if it overlaps any other member?

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  • repeated failing passwords in linux security log (/var/log/secure)

    - by wallyk
    Recently, I opened up the SSH port through my firewalls (and redirecting to my server) so I could check on the (http) server while on the road. The first week or two there was nothing different. But now, three or four weeks later, I see lots of this: Mar 20 08:38:28 localhost sshd[21895]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=mail.queued.net user=root Mar 20 08:38:31 localhost sshd[21895]: Failed password for root from 207.210.101.209 port 2854 ssh2 Mar 20 15:38:31 localhost sshd[21896]: Received disconnect from 207.210.101.209: 11: Bye Bye Mar 20 08:38:32 localhost unix_chkpwd[21900]: password check failed for user (root) Mar 20 08:38:32 localhost sshd[21898]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=mail.queued.net user=root Mar 20 08:38:34 localhost sshd[21898]: Failed password for root from 207.210.101.209 port 3729 ssh2 Mar 20 15:38:35 localhost sshd[21899]: Received disconnect from 207.210.101.209: 11: Bye Bye Mar 20 08:38:36 localhost unix_chkpwd[21903]: password check failed for user (root) Mar 20 08:38:36 localhost sshd[21901]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=mail.queued.net user=root Mar 20 08:38:38 localhost sshd[21901]: Failed password for root from 207.210.101.209 port 4313 ssh2 Mar 20 15:38:38 localhost sshd[21902]: Received disconnect from 207.210.101.209: 11: Bye Bye Mar 20 08:38:40 localhost unix_chkpwd[21906]: password check failed for user (root) Mar 20 08:38:40 localhost sshd[21904]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=mail.queued.net user=root Mar 20 08:38:42 localhost sshd[21904]: Failed password for root from 207.210.101.209 port 4869 ssh2 Mar 20 15:38:43 localhost sshd[21905]: Received disconnect from 207.210.101.209: 11: Bye Bye Mar 20 08:38:44 localhost unix_chkpwd[21909]: password check failed for user (root) Mar 20 08:38:44 localhost sshd[21907]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=mail.queued.net user=root Mar 20 08:38:46 localhost sshd[21907]: Failed password for root from 207.210.101.209 port 2512 ssh2 Mar 20 15:38:47 localhost sshd[21908]: Received disconnect from 207.210.101.209: 11: Bye Bye Mar 20 15:38:57 localhost sshd[21912]: Connection closed by 207.210.101.209 There are about 1100 lines of these for March 20th, zero for the 19th, and 800 or so for the 18th—all related to the same IP. What does it mean? What should I do? Why isn't it chronological?

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  • Why is site serving different SSL certs to different browsers?

    - by TRiG
    The SSL certificate on menswearireland.com and on www.menswearireland.com works fine on Safari, Chrome, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon, QtWeb, Firefox, and Opera. However, Internet Explorer claims that there is an error: The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted certificate authority. The security certificate presented by this website was issued for a different website's address. Security certificate problems may indicate an attempt to fool you or intercept any data you send to the server. Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/5.0) Another site hosted on the same managed server shows no errors: achill-fieldschool.com and www.achill-fieldschool.com work fine on IE, even though as far as I can tell the certificate is set up identically. What am I doing wrong? This is a LAMPP server running Plesk. It looks like the server is showing different certificates to different clients. To some clients it shows a RapidSSL certificate made out to www.menswearireland.com with menswearireland.com as a valid alternative name. To other clients, it shows a Parallels Panel certificate, made out to Parallels Panel. Here are results from a few different online SSL checkers: most say it's fine, while two show errors. Three online checkers say it's valid Comodo SSL Check shows it as valid DigiCert SSL Check shows it as valid SSL Shopper SSL Check shows it as valid Common name: www.menswearireland.com SANs: www.menswearireland.com, menswearireland.com Valid from October 2, 2012 to November 4, 2013 Serial Number: 559425 (0x88941) Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer: RapidSSL CA Another online checker seems to see a completely different certificate GeoCerts SSL Check shows it as invalid Common name: Parallels Panel Organization: Parallels Valid from August 15, 2012 to August 15, 2013 Issuer: Parallels Panel Another online checker sees more than one certificate Symantic SSL Check shows it as invalid The certificate installation checker connected to the Web server and read its certificates, but could not determine which is the primary certificate for the Web server. Incidentally, on both menswearireland.com and achill-fieldschool.com the homepage will redirect from HTTPS to HTTP. To see SSL details, visit the page /account on both (that page will redirect from HTTP to HTTPS). I’ve found more information in a more detailed online SSL checker. https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=menswearireland.com This site works only in browsers with SNI support My understanding is that SNI (RFC 6066) is a method for putting many SSL sites on one shared IP address and port. This does not work on Internet Explorer on older versions of Windows (this has to do with the version of Windows, not the version of Internet Explorer). However, all our SSL sites are on a unique IP address, so we shouldn’t need SNI.

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  • Lync server 2010 Active Directory Preparation with a Windows Server 2003 DC

    - by juFo
    I'm trying to install Lync server 2010 but i'm stuck for a while now with the "Active Directory Preparation" part of the Lync server 2010 installation. The "Prepare Schema" fails with the following error: "Step 1: Prepare Schema Run once per deployment. Extends the schema for Lync Server. Not Available: Failure occurred while attempting to check the schema state. Please ensure Active Directory is reachable." screenshot: https://skydrive.live.com/#cid=CB15F1A932B364BE&id=CB15F1A932B364BE%211742 The situation: 1 server with Windows Server 2003 (x86), which is the only Domain Controller (DC) 1 server with Windows Server 2008 R2 (x64) where Lync should be installed. First I have found that the DFL/FFL were not correct: On the DC (server2003) I have changed the Domain Functional Level to Windows Server 2003 and also the Forest Functional Level to Windows Server 2003. If I check these settings on the Server2008 with Active Directory Domains and Trusts, I see indeed that the DFL and FFL are being set to Windows Server 2003. (Windows Server 2003 is the minimum required for Lync server 2010) I tried the Lync AD Preparation again but still got the same message: https://skydrive.live.com/#cid=CB15F1A932B364BE&id=CB15F1A932B364BE%211742 I'm logged in on the Server2008 and Server2003 with the domain administrator account. If I check "Active Directory Users and Computers" and go to the directory Users and watch the properties from the Administrator User then it is also a Member of: Domain Admins Domain Users Enterprise Admins Schema Admins Group Policy Creator Owners The firewall on the server2008 is turned off, still nog working So now my question is: what should I do to make the Lync setup (Active Directory Preparation) work? (I would appreciate clear step-by-step suggestions to check.) Thanks in advance. Update 1: Now I've extended AD successfully on the 2003 DC, using this link: http://blogs.pointbridge.com/Blogs/sloan_jason/Pages/Post.aspx?_ID=2 but when I check the Active Directory Preparation again on the Lync install, it still gives me the same error as in the screenshot I've provided. Update 2: I found out that there is a log on "C:\Users\\AppData\Local\Temp\ with this: Get-CSDomainState Get Domain State Error: An error occurred: "Microsoft.Rtc.Management.ADConnect.NoSuitableServerFoundException" "No suitable domain controller was found in domain "OurDomain.LOCAL". Errors:\r\n"OurDCserver.OurDomain.LOCAL5.2 (3790)5.2 (3790) Service Pack1OurDCserver.OurDomain.LOCAL5.2 (3790)5.2 (3790)Service Pack 1"" I thought Lync could be installed with a Windows Server 2003 (according to the documentation on technet) and it doesn't require a SP. :s

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  • HAProxy reqrep remove URI on backend request

    - by Jim
    real quick question regarding HAProxy reqrep. I am trying to rewrite/replace the request that gets sent to the backend. I have the following example domain and URIs http://domain/web1 http://domain/web2 I want web1 to go to backend webfarm1, and web2 to go to webfarm2. Currently this does happen. However I want to strip off the web1 or web2 URI when the request is sent to the backend. Here is my haproxy.cfg frontend webVIP_80 mode http bind :80 #acl routing to backend acl web1_path path_beg /web1 acl web2_path path_beg /web2 #which backend use_backend webfarm1 if web1_path use_backend webfarm2 if web2_path default_backend webfarm1 backend webfarm1 mode http reqrep ^([^\ ]*)\ /web1/(.*) \1\ /\2 balance roundrobin option httpchk HEAD /index HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ example.com server webtest1 10.0.0.10:80 weight 5 check slowstart 5000ms server webtest2 10.0.0.20:80 weight 5 check slowstart 5000ms backend webfarm2 mode http reqrep ^([^\ ]*)\ /web2/(.*) \1\ /\2 balance roundrobin option httpchk HEAD /index HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ example.com server webtest1-farm2 10.0.0.110:80 weight 5 check slowstart 5000ms server webtest2-farm2 10.0.0.120:80 weight 5 check slowstart 5000ms If I go to http://domain/web1 or http://domain/web2 I see it in the error logs that the request on a server in each backend that the requst is for the resource /web1 or /web2 respectively. Therefore I believe there to be something wrong with my regular expression, even though I copied and pasted it from the Documentation. http://code.google.com/p/haproxy-docs/wiki/reqrep Summary: I'm trying to route traffic based on URI, however I want to strip the URI on the backend side. Go to http://domain/web1 -- backend request of / to webfarm1 Thank you! -Jim

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  • rpm build from src file

    - by danielrutledge
    Hi all, I'm trying to build from a *.src.rpm file on FC 12 in such a way that the files are distributed a across my system as they would with a normal binary build (in this case, *.h files end up in /usr/include). When I ran rpmbuild, the headers weren't present. Here's my rpmbuild command: [root@localhost sphirewalld]# rpm -ivv /home/dan/Downloads/gtest-1.3.0-2.20090601svn257.fc12.src.rpm ============== /home/dan/Downloads/gtest-1.3.0-2.20090601svn257.fc12.src.rpm Expected size: 489395 = lead(96)+sigs(180)+pad(4)+data(489115) Actual size: 489395 loading keyring from pubkeys in /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key couldn't find any keys in /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key loading keyring from rpmdb opening db environment /var/lib/rpm/Packages cdb:mpool:joinenv opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Packages rdonly mode=0x0 locked db index /var/lib/rpm/Packages opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Name rdonly mode=0x0 read h# 931 Header sanity check: OK added key gpg-pubkey-57bbccba-4a6f97af to keyring read h# 1327 Header sanity check: OK added key gpg-pubkey-7fac5991-4615767f to keyring read h# 1420 Header sanity check: OK added key gpg-pubkey-16ca1a56-4a100959 to keyring read h# 1896 Header sanity check: OK added key gpg-pubkey-a3a882c1-4a1009ef to keyring Using legacy gpg-pubkey(s) from rpmdb /home/dan/Downloads/gtest-1.3.0-2.20090601svn257.fc12.src.rpm: Header SHA1 digest: OK (3e98ed9b1631395d417e00f35c83ebe588ea9d3b) added source package [0] found 1 source and 0 binary packages Expected size: 489395 = lead(96)+sigs(180)+pad(4)+data(489115) Actual size: 489395 InstallSourcePackage at: psm.c:232: Header SHA1 digest: OK (3e98ed9b1631395d417e00f35c83ebe588ea9d3b) gtest-1.3.0-2.20090601svn257.fc12 ========== Directories not explicitly included in package: 0 /root/rpmbuild/SOURCES/ 1 /root/rpmbuild/SPECS/ ========== warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root fini 100664 1 ( 0, 0) 478034 /root/rpmbuild/SOURCES/gtest-1.3.0.tar.bz2;4ba93ce1 unknown warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root fini 100644 1 ( 0, 0) 30505 /root/rpmbuild/SOURCES/gtest-svnr257.patch;4ba93ce1 unknown warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root fini 100644 1 ( 0, 0) 2732 /root/rpmbuild/SPECS/gtest.spec;4ba93ce1 unknown GZDIO: 63 reads, 511788 total bytes in 0.005930 secs closed db index /var/lib/rpm/Name closed db index /var/lib/rpm/Packages closed db environment /var/lib/rpm/Packages Thanks for your help.

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  • Does WebDAV even work on IIS 7? I say nay

    - by FlavorScape
    I've tried every configuration from the top 10 stack overflow and server fault results for WebDAV 405 on IIS (for verb PROPFIND and PUT). I'm running server 2008 SP2. Followed all the instructions here. I'm no stranger to configuring servers. This has gotten nowhere after 8 hours. Confirmed system.webserver in applicationhost.config: <add name="WebDAV" path="*" verb="PROPFIND,PROPPATCH,MKCOL,PUT,COPY,DELETE,MOVE,LOCK,UNLOCK" modules="WebDAVModule" resourceType="Unspecified" requireAccess="None" /> Port 443 with basic auth, same issue. Tried port 80 with windows auth. Broken. (405) Windows authentication. Check. Added authoring rules for default site and application. Check. Not the firewall. Check. added "Desktop Experience" role feature Tried HTTPS with Basic Authentication on port 443. Does not work. No other services are running like Sharepoint. Check. confirmed user has read/write NT level permissions for the folder/virtual dir tried net use * http://localhost /user:MYDOMAIN\me myPass get error 1920, if I don't authenticate I get error 67 confirmed I'm not applying filtering to WebDAV: <requestFiltering> <fileExtensions applyToWebDAV="false" /> <verbs applyToWebDAV="false" /> <hiddenSegments applyToWebDAV="false" /> 405 - HTTP verb used to access this page is not allowed. The page you are looking for cannot be displayed because an invalid method (HTTP verb) was used to attempt access. SHOULD I JUST GIVE UP? Other questions that helped none: 405 - ‘Method not Allowed’ adding service hosted in IIS7 webdav on iis7.5 - simply cannot make it work http://studentguru.gr/b/kingherc/archive/2009/11/21/webdav-for-iis-7-on-windows-server-2008-r2.aspx

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  • Gentoo Linux useful utilities

    - by Alakdae
    I want to make a list of utilities that come in handy in Gentoo (general Linux tools available in all distributions also appreciated). What tools and commands do you use and consider helpful in administration of a Gentoo server? I will update the list with command from answers from time to time. eclean Utility for cleaning distfiles and binary packages. Usage example: eclean distfiles Usage example output: Cleans out the files in /usr/portage/distfiles. Pretty handy. Package: app-portage/gentoolkit eix Very useful tool for getting information about a package. Similar to "emerge -s" but much faster and more precise. Usage example: eix gentoolkit Usage example output: Show information about package such as: available versions, masked versions, installed versions and description. Package: app-portage/eix eix-test-obsolete Check system for obsolete, redundant, uninstalled entries in package.keywords, package.mask, package.unmask, package.use and package.cflags Usage example: eix-test-obsolete Usage example output: Shows non-matching entries, redundant entries, and uninstalled entries. Package: app-portage/eix equery Another very useful tool for getting information about packages (listing package files, checking which files belong to which package and much more) Usage example: equery b emerge Usage example output: Show which packages installed a file called emerge Package: app-portage/gentoolkit genlop Utility for extracting information about emerged ebuilds Usage example: genlop -l --date yesterday Usage example output: Show a list of packages that have been emerged yesterdayPackage: app-portage/genlop glsa-check Checks system if it's affected by GLSAs (security issues) Usage example: glsa-check -l affected Usage example output: List of GLSA that the system is affected by. Package: app-portage/gentoolkit rc-update Utility for managing (adding, deleting) runlevel scripts. Usage example: rc-update add syslog-ng default Usage example output: Adds syslog-ng to default runlevel. Package: sys-apps/baselayout revdep-rebuild Scans libraries and binaries for missing shared library dependencies Usage example: revdep-rebuild Usage example output: Gather binaries and libraries information, check for dependencies, rebuild packages with missing dependencies Package: app-portage/gentoolkit

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  • Import exponetial fixed width format data into Excel

    - by Tom Daniel
    I've received a bunch of text data files consiting of Lots of records (30K/file) of 3 fields each of 5-place numbers in exponential format: s0.nnnnnEsee (where s is +/-, n is a digit and ee is the exponent (always 2 digit). When I open the file in Notepad, the format is perfectly uniform throughout each file, but when I import it to Excel using Data|Import|Fixed Width, many of the data values get messed up, no matter what format (text, exponential, various custom tries) I assign to the cells. Looking at the Notepad version, it appears that leading + signs were replaced with a space in the data file, but the sign of the exponential is always there. This means that some fields begin with a space, and this appears to confuse the Excel import routine. I get the same result in Excel 2003 and 2007. I'm sure there's a straightforward solution (hopefully without a messy VBA routine), but I can't figure out what to try next. :-) To clarify (hopefully), here are some input records and the corresponding text input to Excel: Notepad Excel -0.11311E+01 0.10431E-04 0.27018E-03 -0.11311E 1.0431E-05 2.7018E-04 0.19608E+00-0.81414E-02-0.89553E-02 0.19608E -8.1414E-03 8.9553E-03 etc. Whoopee! Solved my own problem - in the spirit of Jeopardy, now that I've begun the question, here's the answer - Use a different "File Origin" - several other than the default "Unicode UTF..." work fine! What a pain. Hope this helps somebody else avoid a few unpleasant hours! Aloha from Kona, Tom

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  • Computer Comparison - which is "better"

    - by David Murdoch
    A company I work with recently replaced their old server and gave it to me. Their old server is a Dell PowerEdge 2600. I've been playing with the machine and even installed Windows Server 2008 on it...and it seems to run it pretty well. Here are the specs for the two machines: Dev Machine: AMD Athlon64 3000+ 2.38 GHz (overclocked from 1.8GHz [@ 280x8.5] - it is stable-ish) Memory (RAM): 1x1GB OCZ PC3200 (Dual-Channel) 300GB HD OS: Windows XP Pro (32bit) SuperPi 1M digit test: 40 seconds Dell PowerEdge 2600 Server: Intel Xeon CPU 2.8GHz 2.8GHz Memory (RAM): 512MBx2 (PC2700, not dual channel) 68GB HD (RAID 5) OS: Windows Server 2000 (32bit) SuperPi 1M digit test: 56 seconds [using 1 processor] (Themes and Aero-Flass UI turned off, of course) I use my computer to regularly run Photoshop CS5, Illustrator CS5, Flash CS5, 5 browsers (Chrome, FF, IE, Safari, Opera), iTunes, Visual Studio 2010, and Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 [sometimes simultaneously :-) ]. The SuperPi test has my dev machine coming in about 30% faster than the Server machine...though this could be due to the server running "Vista" with background processes prioritized. Do you think it would be realistic/advantageous for me to move from my dev machine to the Dell PowerEdge 2600? Is it possible to install additional DVD drives/burners on the server? Can I install my internal 300 GB hard drive on the server? Can I add some USB 2.0 ports? Note: I'll probably install Win XP Pro on the dev machine if I do switch. If not, are there any creative and useful way for me to take advantage of this server (with the goal of faster computing)?

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  • litespeed issue with content-type

    - by sandeep.s85
    I am running magento with litespeed. The problem I am facing is that ajax call is being made of which header is set as x-json, but lightspeed is setting another header of text/html content type I've checked that page with apache and everything is working fine. I checked the response headers with apache and litespeed and here are they: With apache: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 07 Sep 2012 05:58:47 GMT Server: Apache Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Set-Cookie: frontend=164b21c64808a05e806027bdbd4d745d; expires=Fri, 07-Sep-2012 06:58:48 GMT; path=/; domain=mydomain.com; httponly Connection: close Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Type: application/x-json With litespeed: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 07 Sep 2012 06:10:55 GMT Server: LiteSpeed Connection: close Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Set-Cookie: frontend=164b21c64808a05e806027bdbd4d745d; expires=Fri, 07-Sep-2012 07:10:55 GMT; path=/; domain=mydomain.com; httponly Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 474 Vary: User-Agent I've also added application/json to mime.properties of litespeed,restarted it but that did not work. Here is the screenshot

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  • Haproxy ACL for balance on URL request

    - by Elgreco08
    I'm usung Ubuntu with haproxy 1.4.13 version. Its load balancing two subdomains: app1.domain.com app2.domain.com now i want to be able to use ACL to send based on url request to the right backends For example: http://app1.domain.com/path/games/index.php sould be send to backend1 http://app1.domain.com/path/photos/index.php should be send to backend2 http://app2.domain.com/path/mail/index.php sould be send to backend3 http://app2.domain.com/path/wazap/index.php should be send to backend4 i did used the code the the following acl frontend http-farm bind 0.0.0.0:80 acl app1web hdr_beg(host) -i app1 # for http://app1.domain.com acl app2web hdr_beg(host) -i app2 # for http://app2.domain.com acl msg-url-1 url_reg ^\/path/games/.* acl msg-url-2 url_reg ^\/path/photos/.* acl msg-url-3 url_reg ^\/path/mail/.* acl msg-url-4 url_reg ^\/path/wazap/.* use_backend games if msg-url-1 app1web use_backend photos if msg-url-2 app2web use_backend mail if ..... backend games option httpchk GET /alive.php HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ app1.domain.com option forwardfor balance roundrobin server appsrv-1 192.168.1.10:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 server appsrv-2 192.168.1.11:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 backend photos option httpchk GET /alive.php HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ app2.domain.com option forwardfor balance roundrobin server appsrv-1 192.168.1.13:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 server appsrv-2 192.168.1.14:80 check inter 2000 fall 3 .... Since the path mail, photos...etc will be application pools on iis, i want to monitor them if they are alive, if the pool does not respond it should stop serving it. my problem is for sure in the regular expression in the ACL acl msg-url-4 url_reg ^\/path/wazap/.* What should i change in the ACL to make it work ? thanks for any hints

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  • PostgreSQL user authentication against PAM

    - by elmuerte
    I am trying to set up authentication via PAM for PostgreSQL 9.3. I already managed to get this working on an Ubuntu 12.04 server, but I am unable to get this working on a Centos-6 install. The relevant pg_hba.conf line: host all all 0.0.0.0/0 pam pamservice=postgresql93 The pam.d/postgressql93 is the default config shipped with the official postgresql 9.3 package: #%PAM-1.0 auth include password-auth account include password-auth When a user tries to authenticate the following is reported in secure log: hostname unix_chkpwd[31807]: check pass; user unknown hostname unix_chkpwd[31808]: check pass; user unknown hostname unix_chkpwd[31808]: password check failed for user (myuser) hostname postgres 10.1.0.1(61459) authentication: pam_unix(postgresql93:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=26 euid=26 tty= ruser= rhost= user=myuser The relevant content of password-auth config is: auth required pam_env.so auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet auth required pam_deny.so account required pam_unix.so account sufficient pam_localuser.so account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 500 quiet account required pam_permit.so The problem is with the pam_unix.so. It is unable to validate the password, and unable to retrieve the user info (when I remove the auth entry of pam_unix.so). The Centos-6 install is only 5 days old, so it does not have a lot of baggage. The unix_chkpwd is suid and has execute rights for everybody, so it should be able to check the shadow file (which has no privileges at all?).

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  • How does one make sure or even guarantee server time are sync correctly between dozens of servers across multiple datacenter on different location?

    - by forestclown
    Currently our web applications contain a logic to check if the data sent to the web server is expired or not by comparing the timestamp of the data with the date/time of the server. Everything goes will, until some dude from data center accidentally modify one of the web server date/time and causes some disruptions in our web services. My managers are of course not happy with this, and said we shouldn't use timestamp to check expiry in the first place...anyway.... Network Time Protocol is implemented, because of data centers are spread across different continents so we have one NTP server in each data center. The servers within the data center will have cron jobs to check against the time with their NTP server from the same data center. If time is out of sync it will auto update the server date/time. But then with our managers not happy with it, and think it could still easily causes the same problem. e.g. what if someone accidentally modify the NTP date/time? what if all the NTP servers are out of sync with each other? which NTP servers we can really trust? and blah blah.. So my questions are: What are the current practice to sync date/time between servers across multiple data centers or locations? How does one manages time stamp between web apps? e.g. Server A send data (contain timestamp of Server A) to Server B (compare timestamp between Server B and the timestamp from the data to see if it has expired or not. This is to avoid HTTP replay) Should we really not use timestamp check? Thanks & Best Regards

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  • reset locale in debian under Squeeze

    - by si2w
    I have problems with locale in debian. I tried many thing but it doesn't anything for me : locale -a locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory C POSIX en_US.utf8 I try to set en_US.utf8 without success with this :dpkg-reconfigure locales -plow perl: warning: Setting locale failed. perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LANGUAGE = "en_US", LC_ALL = (unset), LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8", LANG = (unset) are supported and installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C"). locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory /usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory /usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory Generating locales (this might take a while)... en_US.UTF-8... done Generation complete. perl: warning: Setting locale failed. perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LANGUAGE = "en_US", LC_ALL = (unset), LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8", LANG = (unset) are supported and installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C"). perl: warning: Setting locale failed. perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LANGUAGE = "en_US", LC_ALL = (unset), LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8", LANG = (unset) are supported and installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C"). After reboot, i try to use a perl script : perl: warning: Setting locale failed. perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LANGUAGE = "en_US", LC_ALL = (unset), LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8", LANG = "en_US.UTF-8" are supported and installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C"). Here is my /etc/default/locale config file : cat /etc/default/locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en_US Any idea to solve this (stupid) problem ? Thanks

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  • Importing long numerical identifiers into Excel

    - by Niels Basjes
    I have some data in a database that uses ids that have the form of 16 digit numbers. In some situations i need to export the data in such a way that it can be manipulated in excel. So i export the data into a file and import it into excel. I've tried several file formats and I'm stuck. The problem I'm facing is that when reading a file into excel that has a cell that looks like a number then excel treats it as a number. The catch is that (as far as i can tell) all numerical values in excel are double precision floating point which have a precision of less than 16 digits. So my ids are changed: very often the last digit its changed to a 0. So far I've only been able to convince excel to keep the Id unchanged by breaking it myself: by adding a letter or symbol to the Id. This however means that in order to use the value again it must be "unbroken". Is there a way to create a file where i can specify that excel must treat the value as a text without changing the value? Or its there a way to let excel treat the value as a long (64bit integer)?

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  • In Icinga (Nagios), how do I configure hosts with multiple IPs?

    - by gertvdijk
    I'm setting up Icinga (Nagios fork) and I have some machines with multiple interfaces. Some services are only listening on one of them and to check them correctly, I like to know if it's possible to have multiple IP addresses configured for a single host in Icinga. Here's a minimal example: Remote Server: eth0: 1.2.3.4 (public IP) eth1: 10.1.2.3 (private IP, secure tunnel) Apache listening on 1.2.3.4:80. (public only) OpenSSH listening on 10.1.2.3:22. (internal network only) Postfix SMTP listening on 0.0.0.0:25 (all interfaces) Icinga Server: eth0: 10.2.3.4 (private IP, internet access) Now if I define a host: define host { use generic-host host_name server1 alias server1.gertvandijk.net address 10.1.2.3 } This will not check the HTTP status correctly. And defining an additional host: define host { use generic-host host_name server1-public alias server1.gertvandijk.net address 1.2.3.4 } will check everything, but shows up as two independent hosts. Now I want to 'aggregate' these two hosts to show up as a single host, yet providing an easy configuration to check the services on their proper address. What is the most elegant number-of-configuration-lines-saving solution to this? I read about several plugins available to workaround this, but I can't figure out what is the current way to address it. Solutions go back to 2003, but I'm running Icinga 1.7.1, already capable of the address6 option, yet that triggers IPv6-only resolving on the hostname... Ideally, I wish to configure Icinga to be intelligent enough to know that the Postfix instance running on 10.1.2.3:25 is the same as 1.2.3.4:25 and thus not triggering two alarms. I guess this must have been tackled before and sysadmins have it set up now. Please share your solution to this. Thanks! :)

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  • Can't seem to get C TCP Server-Client Communications Right

    - by Zeesponge
    Ok i need some serious help here. I have to make a TCP Server Client. When the Client connects to server using a three stage handshake. AFterwards... while the Client is running in the terminal, the user enters linux shell commands like xinput list, ls -1, ect... something that uses standard output. The server accepts the commands and uses system() (in a fork() in an infinite loop) to run the commands and the standard output is redirected to the client, where the client prints out each line. Afterward the server sends a completion signal of "\377\n". In which the client goes back to the command prompt asking for a new command and closes its connection and exit()'s when inputting "quit". I know that you have to dup2() both the STDOUT_FILENO and STDERR_FILENO to the clients file descriptor {dup2(client_FD, STDOUT_FILENO). Everything works accept when it comes for the client to retrieve system()'s stdout and printing it out... all i get is a blank line with a blinking cursor (client waiting on stdin). I tried all kinds of different routes with no avail... If anyone can help out i would greatly appreciate it TCP SERVER CODE include #include <sys/socket.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <signal.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> //Prototype void handle_client(int connect_fd); int main() { int server_sockfd, client_sockfd; socklen_t server_len, client_len; struct sockaddr_in server_address; struct sockaddr_in client_address; server_sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); server_address.sin_family = AF_INET; server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); server_address.sin_port = htons(9734); server_len = sizeof(server_address); bind(server_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_address, server_len); /* Create a connection queue, ignore child exit details and wait for clients. */ listen(server_sockfd, 10); signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); while(1) { printf("server waiting\n"); client_len = sizeof(client_address); client_sockfd = accept(server_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_address, &client_len); if(fork() == 0) handle_client(client_sockfd); else close(client_sockfd); } } void handle_client(int connect_fd) { const char* remsh = "<remsh>\n"; const char* ready = "<ready>\n"; const char* ok = "<ok>\n"; const char* command = "<command>\n"; const char* complete = "<\377\n"; const char* shared_secret = "<shapoopi>\n"; static char server_msg[201]; static char client_msg[201]; static char commands[201]; int sys_return; //memset client_msg, server_msg, commands memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); memset(&commands, 0, sizeof(commands)); //read remsh from client read(connect_fd, &client_msg, 200); //check remsh validity from client if(strcmp(client_msg, remsh) != 0) { errno++; perror("Error Establishing Handshake"); close(connect_fd); exit(1); } //memset client_msg memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); //write remsh to client write(connect_fd, remsh, strlen(remsh)); //read shared_secret from client read(connect_fd, &client_msg, 200); //check shared_secret validity from client if(strcmp(client_msg, shared_secret) != 0) { errno++; perror("Invalid Security Passphrase"); write(connect_fd, "no", 2); close(connect_fd); exit(1); } //memset client_msg memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); //write ok to client write(connect_fd, ok, strlen(ok)); // dup2 STDOUT_FILENO <= client fd, STDERR_FILENO <= client fd dup2(connect_fd, STDOUT_FILENO); dup2(connect_fd, STDERR_FILENO); //begin while... while read (client_msg) from server and >0 while(read(connect_fd, &client_msg, 200) > 0) { //check command validity from client if(strcmp(client_msg, command) != 0) { errno++; perror("Error, unable to retrieve data"); close(connect_fd); exit(1); } //memset client_msg memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); //write ready to client write(connect_fd, ready, strlen(ready)); //read commands from client read(connect_fd, &commands, 200); //run commands using system( ) sys_return = system(commands); //check success of system( ) if(sys_return < 0) { perror("Invalid Commands"); errno++; } //memset commands memset(commands, 0, sizeof(commands)); //write complete to client write(connect_fd, complete, sizeof(complete)); } } TCP CLIENT CODE #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> #include "readline.c" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sockfd; int len; struct sockaddr_in address; int result; const char* remsh = "<remsh>\n"; const char* ready = "<ready>\n"; const char* ok = "<ok>\n"; const char* command = "<command>\n"; const char* complete = "<\377\n"; const char* shared_secret = "<shapoopi>\n"; static char server_msg[201]; static char client_msg[201]; memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(server_msg)); /* Create a socket for the client. */ sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); /* Name the socket, as agreed with the server. */ memset(&address, 0, sizeof(address)); address.sin_family = AF_INET; address.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[1]); address.sin_port = htons(9734); len = sizeof(address); /* Now connect our socket to the server's socket. */ result = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, len); if(result == -1) { perror("ACCESS DENIED"); exit(1); } //write remsh to server write(sockfd, remsh, strlen(remsh)); //read remsh from server read(sockfd, &server_msg, 200); //check remsh validity from server if(strcmp(server_msg, remsh) != 0) { errno++; perror("Error Establishing Initial Handshake"); close(sockfd); exit(1); } //memset server_msg memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(server_msg)); //write shared secret text to server write(sockfd, shared_secret, strlen(shared_secret)); //read ok from server read(sockfd, &server_msg, 200); //check ok velidity from server if(strcmp(server_msg, ok) != 0 ) { errno++; perror("Incorrect security phrase"); close(sockfd); exit(1); } //? dup2 STDIN_FILENO = server socket fd? //dup2(sockfd, STDIN_FILENO); //begin while(1)/////////////////////////////////////// while(1){ //memset both msg arrays memset(&client_msg, 0, sizeof(client_msg)); memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(server_msg)); //print Enter Command, scan input, fflush to stdout printf("<<Enter Command>> "); scanf("%s", client_msg); fflush(stdout); //check quit input, if true close and exit successfully if(strcmp(client_msg, "quit") == 0) { printf("Exiting\n"); close(sockfd); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } //write command to server write(sockfd, command, strlen(command)); //read ready from server read(sockfd, &server_msg, 200); //check ready validity from server if(strcmp(server_msg, ready) != 0) { errno++; perror("Failed Server Communications"); close(sockfd); exit(1); } //memset server_msg memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(server_msg)); //begin looping and retrieving from stdin, //break loop at EOF or complete while((read(sockfd, server_msg, 200) != 0) && (strcmp(server_msg, complete) != 0)) { //while((fgets(server_msg, 4096, stdin) != EOF) || (strcmp(server_msg, complete) == 0)) { printf("%s", server_msg); memset(&server_msg, 0, sizeof(server_msg)); } } }

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  • Zabbix doesn't update value from file neither with log[] nor with vfs.file.regexp[] item

    - by tymik
    I am using Zabbix 2.2. I have a very specific environment, where I have to generate desired data to file via script, then upload that file to ftp from host and download it to Zabbix server from ftp. After file is downloaded, I check it with log[] and vfs.file.regexp[] items. I use these items as below: log[/path/to/file.txt,"C.*\s([0-9]+\.[0-9])$",Windows-1250,,"all",\1] vfs.file.regexp[/path/to/file.txt,"C.*\s([0-9]+\.[0-9])$",Windows-1250,,,\1] The line I am parsing looks like below: C: 8195Mb 5879Mb 2316Mb 28.2 The value I want to extract is 28.2 at the end of file. The problem I am currently trying to solve is that when I update the file (upload from host to ftp, then download from ftp to Zabbix server), the value does not update. I was trying only log[] at start, but I suspect, that log[] treat the file as real log file and doesn't check the same lines (althought, following the documentation, it should with "all" value), so I added vfs.file.regexp[] item too. The log[] has received a value in past, but it doesn't update. The vfs.file.regexp[] hasn't received any value so far. file.txt has got reuploaded and redownloaded several times and situation doesn't change. It seems that log[] reads only new lines in the file, it doesn't check lines already caught if there are any changes. The zabbix_agentd.log file doesn't report any problem with access to file, nor with regexp construction (it did report "unsupported" for log[] key, when I had something set up wrong). I use debug logging level for agent - I haven't found any interesting info about that problem. I have no idea what I might be doing wrong or what I do not know about how Zabbix is performing these checks. I see 2 solutions for that: adding more lines to the file instead of making new one or making new files and check them with logrt[], but those doesn't satisfy my desires. Any help is greatly appreciated. Of course I will provide additional information, if requested - for now I don't know what else might be useful.

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  • Is there any reason this cronjob would fail in cron, but not on the command line?

    - by Treffynnon
    I have written a little one liner that will email me when a list of files changes - I used sha512 to generate a list of hashes and then periodically check that those hashes still match. */5 * * * * /usr/bin/sha512sum --status -c /sha512.sumlist && echo "Success" > /dev/null || echo "Check robots.txt and index.html in /var/www as staging sites are now potentially exposed to the world and the damned googlebot" | /usr/bin/mail -s "Default staging server files have changed" [email protected] It works fine on the command line with: /usr/bin/sha512sum --status -c /sha512.sumlist && echo "Success" > /dev/null || echo "Check robots.txt and index.html in /var/www as staging sites are now potentially exposed to the world and the damned googlebot" | /usr/bin/mail -s "Default staging server files have changed" [email protected] As soon as I run it as a cronjob though it emails every time it runs with the failure message instead of only when the sha512sum check should fail. Is there something silly I have missed in a rush? I forgot to mention that I am running an Ubuntu machine.

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  • The Inkremental Architect&acute;s Napkin - #4 - Make increments tangible

    - by Ralf Westphal
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/theArchitectsNapkin/archive/2014/06/12/the-inkremental-architectacutes-napkin---4---make-increments-tangible.aspxThe driver of software development are increments, small increments, tiny increments. With an increment being a slice of the overall requirement scope thin enough to implement and get feedback from a product owner within 2 days max. Such an increment might concern Functionality or Quality.[1] To make such high frequency delivery of increments possible, the transition from talking to coding needs to be as easy as possible. A user story or some other documentation of what´s supposed to get implemented until tomorrow evening at latest is one side of the medal. The other is where to put the logic in all of the code base. To implement an increment, only logic statements are needed. Functionality like Quality are just about expressions and control flow statements. Think of Assembler code without the CALL/RET instructions. That´s all is needed. Forget about functions, forget about classes. To make a user happy none of that is really needed. It´s just about the right expressions and conditional executions paths plus some memory allocation. Automatic function inlining of compilers which makes it clear how unimportant functions are for delivering value to users at runtime. But why then are there functions? Because they were invented for optimization purposes. We need them for better Evolvability and Production Efficiency. Nothing more, nothing less. No software has become faster, more secure, more scalable, more functional because we gathered logic under the roof of a function or two or a thousand. Functions make logic easier to understand. Functions make us faster in producing logic. Functions make it easier to keep logic consistent. Functions help to conserve memory. That said, functions are important. They are even the pivotal element of software development. We can´t code without them - whether you write a function yourself or not. Because there´s always at least one function in play: the Entry Point of a program. In Ruby the simplest program looks like this:puts "Hello, world!" In C# more is necessary:class Program { public static void Main () { System.Console.Write("Hello, world!"); } } C# makes the Entry Point function explicit, not so Ruby. But still it´s there. So you can think of logic always running in some function. Which brings me back to increments: In order to make the transition from talking to code as easy as possible, it has to be crystal clear into which function you should put the logic. Product owners might be content once there is a sticky note a user story on the Scrum or Kanban board. But developers need an idea of what that sticky note means in term of functions. Because with a function in hand, with a signature to run tests against, they have something to focus on. All´s well once there is a function behind whose signature logic can be piled up. Then testing frameworks can be used to check if the logic is correct. Then practices like TDD can help to drive the implementation. That´s why most code katas define exactly how the API of a solution should look like. It´s a function, maybe two or three, not more. A requirement like “Write a function f which takes this as parameters and produces such and such output by doing x” makes a developer comfortable. Yes, there are all kinds of details to think about, like which algorithm or technology to use, or what kind of state and side effects to consider. Even a single function not only must deliver on Functionality, but also on Quality and Evolvability. Nevertheless, once it´s clear which function to put logic in, you have a tangible starting point. So, yes, what I´m suggesting is to find a single function to put all the logic in that´s necessary to deliver on a the requirements of an increment. Or to put it the other way around: Slice requirements in a way that each increment´s logic can be located under the roof of a single function. Entry points Of course, the logic of a software will always be spread across many, many functions. But there´s always an Entry Point. That´s the most important function for each increment, because that´s the root to put integration or even acceptance tests on. A batch program like the above hello-world application only has a single Entry Point. All logic is reached from there, regardless how deep it´s nested in classes. But a program with a user interface like this has at least two Entry Points: One is the main function called upon startup. The other is the button click event handler for “Show my score”. But maybe there are even more, like another Entry Point being a handler for the event fired when one of the choices gets selected; because then some logic could check if the button should be enabled because all questions got answered. Or another Entry Point for the logic to be executed when the program is close; because then the choices made should be persisted. You see, an Entry Point to me is a function which gets triggered by the user of a software. With batch programs that´s the main function. With GUI programs on the desktop that´s event handlers. With web programs that´s handlers for URL routes. And my basic suggestion to help you with slicing requirements for Spinning is: Slice them in a way so that each increment is related to only one Entry Point function.[2] Entry Points are the “outer functions” of a program. That´s where the environment triggers behavior. That´s where hardware meets software. Entry points always get called because something happened to hardware state, e.g. a key was pressed, a mouse button clicked, the system timer ticked, data arrived over a wire.[3] Viewed from the outside, software is just a collection of Entry Point functions made accessible via buttons to press, menu items to click, gestures, URLs to open, keys to enter. Collections of batch processors I´d thus say, we haven´t moved forward since the early days of software development. We´re still writing batch programs. Forget about “event-driven programming” with its fancy GUI applications. Software is just a collection of batch processors. Earlier it was just one per program, today it´s hundreds we bundle up into applications. Each batch processor is represented by an Entry Point as its root that works on a number of resources from which it reads data to process and to which it writes results. These resources can be the keyboard or main memory or a hard disk or a communication line or a display. Together many batch processors - large and small - form applications the user perceives as a single whole: Software development that way becomes quite simple: just implement one batch processor after another. Well, at least in principle ;-) Features Each batch processor entered through an Entry Point delivers value to the user. It´s an increment. Sometimes its logic is trivial, sometimes it´s very complex. Regardless, each Entry Point represents an increment. An Entry Point implemented thus is a step forward in terms of Agility. At the same time it´s a tangible unit for developers. Therefore, identifying the more or less numerous batch processors in a software system is a rewarding task for product owners and developers alike. That´s where user stories meet code. In this example the user story translates to the Entry Point triggered by clicking the login button on a dialog like this: The batch then retrieves what has been entered via keyboard, loads data from a user store, and finally outputs some kind of response on the screen, e.g. by displaying an error message or showing the next dialog. This is all very simple, but you see, there is not just one thing happening, but several. Get input (email address, password) Load user for email address If user not found report error Check password Hash password Compare hash to hash stored in user Show next dialog Viewed from 10,000 feet it´s all done by the Entry Point function. And of course that´s technically possible. It´s just a bunch of logic and calling a couple of API functions. However, I suggest to take these steps as distinct aspects of the overall requirement described by the user story. Such aspects of requirements I call Features. Features too are increments. Each provides some (small) value of its own to the user. Each can be checked individually by a product owner. Instead of implementing all the logic behind the Login() entry point at once you can move forward increment by increment, e.g. First implement the dialog, let the user enter any credentials, and log him/her in without any checks. Features 1 and 4. Then hard code a single user and check the email address. Features 2 and 2.1. Then check password without hashing it (or use a very simple hash like the length of the password). Features 3. and 3.2 Replace hard coded user with a persistent user directoy, but a very simple one, e.g. a CSV file. Refinement of feature 2. Calculate the real hash for the password. Feature 3.1. Switch to the final user directory technology. Each feature provides an opportunity to deliver results in a short amount of time and get feedback. If you´re in doubt whether you can implement the whole entry point function until tomorrow night, then just go for a couple of features or even just one. That´s also why I think, you should strive for wrapping feature logic into a function of its own. It´s a matter of Evolvability and Production Efficiency. A function per feature makes the code more readable, since the language of requirements analysis and design is carried over into implementation. It makes it easier to apply changes to features because it´s clear where their logic is located. And finally, of course, it lets you re-use features in different context (read: increments). Feature functions make it easier for you to think of features as Spinning increments, to implement them independently, to let the product owner check them for acceptance individually. Increments consist of features, entry point functions consist of feature functions. So you can view software as a hierarchy of requirements from broad to thin which map to a hierarchy of functions - with entry points at the top.   I like this image of software as a self-similar structure on many levels of abstraction where requirements and code match each other. That to me is true agile design: the core tenet of Agility to move forward in increments is carried over into implementation. Increments on paper are retained in code. This way developers can easily relate to product owners. Elusive and fuzzy requirements are not tangible. Software production is moving forward through requirements one increment at a time, and one function at a time. In closing Product owners and developers are different - but they need to work together towards a shared goal: working software. So their notions of software need to be made compatible, they need to be connected. The increments of the product owner - user stories and features - need to be mapped straightforwardly to something which is relevant to developers. To me that´s functions. Yes, functions, not classes nor components nor micro services. We´re talking about behavior, actions, activities, processes. Their natural representation is a function. Something has to be done. Logic has to be executed. That´s the purpose of functions. Later, classes and other containers are needed to stay on top of a growing amount of logic. But to connect developers and product owners functions are the appropriate glue. Functions which represent increments. Can there always be such a small increment be found to deliver until tomorrow evening? I boldly say yes. Yes, it´s always possible. But maybe you´ve to start thinking differently. Maybe the product owner needs to start thinking differently. Completion is not the goal anymore. Neither is checking the delivery of an increment through the user interface of a software. Product owners need to become comfortable using test beds for certain features. If it´s hard to slice requirements thin enough for Spinning the reason is too little knowledge of something. Maybe you don´t yet understand the problem domain well enough? Maybe you don´t yet feel comfortable with some tool or technology? Then it´s time to acknowledge this fact. Be honest about your not knowing. And instead of trying to deliver as a craftsman officially become a researcher. Research an check back with the product owner every day - until your understanding has grown to a level where you are able to define the next Spinning increment. ? Sometimes even thin requirement slices will cover several Entry Points, like “Add validation of email addresses to all relevant dialogs.” Validation then will it put into a dozen functons. Still, though, it´s important to determine which Entry Points exactly get affected. That´s much easier, if strive for keeping the number of Entry Points per increment to 1. ? If you like call Entry Point functions event handlers, because that´s what they are. They all handle events of some kind, whether that´s palpable in your code or note. A public void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) {…} might look like an event handler to you, but public static void Main() {…} is one also - for then event “program started”. ?

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