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• Python Profiling In Windows, How do you ignore Builtin Functions

  - by Tim McJilton

  I have not been capable of finding this anywhere online. I was looking to find out using a profiler how to better optimize my code, and when sorting by which functions use up the most time cumulatively, things like str(), print, and other similar widely used functions eat up much of the profile. What is the best way to profile a python program to get the user-defined functions only to see what areas of their code they can optimize? I hope that makes sense, any light you can shed on this subject would be very appreciated.

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• Capturing stdout within the same process in Python

  - by danben

  I've got a python script that calls a bunch of functions, each of which writes output to stdout. Sometimes when I run it, I'd like to send the output in an e-mail (along with a generated file). I'd like to know how I can capture the output in memory so I can use the email module to build the e-mail. My ideas so far were: use a memory-mapped file (but it seems like I have to reserve space on disk for this, and I don't know how long the output will be) bypass all this and pipe the output to sendmail (but this may be difficult if I also want to attach the file)

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• Python grab class in class definition.

  - by epochwolf

  I don't even know how to explain this, so here is the code I'm trying. class Test: type = self.__name__ #self doesn't work, how do I get a reference to Test? class Test2(Test): pass #Test2.type should return "Test2" The reason I'm even trying this is I'm working on creating a base class for an orm I'm using. I want to avoid defining the table name for every model I have. Also knowing what the limits of python is will help me avoid wasting time trying impossible things.

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• Random List of millions of elements in Python Efficiently

  - by eWizardII

  Hello, I have read this answer potentially as the best way to randomize a list of strings in Python. I'm just wondering then if that's the most efficient way to do it because I have a list of about 30 million elements via the following code: import json from sets import Set from random import shuffle a = [] for i in range(0,193): json_data = open("C:/Twitter/user/user_" + str(i) + ".json") data = json.load(json_data) for j in range(0,len(data)): a.append(data[j]['su']) new = list(Set(a)) print "Cleaned length is: " + str(len(new)) ## Take Cleaned List and Randomize it for Analysis shuffle(new) If there is a more efficient way to do it, I'd greatly appreciate any advice on how to do it. Thanks,

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• Draw and move a point over an image in python

  - by frx08

  Hi all I have to do a little script in Python. In this script I have a variable (that represents a coordinate) that is continuously updated to a new value. So I have to draw a red point over a image and update the point position every time the variable that contains the coordinate is updated. I tried to explain what I need doing something like this but obviously it doesn't works: import Tkinter, Image, ImageDraw, ImageTk i=0 root = Tkinter.Tk() im = Image.open("img.jpg") root.geometry("%dx%d" % (im.size[0], im.size[1])) while True: draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) draw.ellipse((i, 0, 10, 10), fill=(255, 0, 0)) pi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im) label = Tkinter.Label(root, image=pi) label.place(x=0, y=0, width=im.size[0], height=im.size[1]) i+=1 del draw someone may help me please? thanks very much!

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• Python Importing object that originates in one module from a different module into a third module

  - by adewinter

  I was reading the sourcode for a python project and came across the following line: from couchexport.export import Format (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/views.py#L1 ) I went over to couchexport/export.py to see what Format was (Class? Dict? something else?). Unfortunately Format isn't in that file. export.py does however import a Format from couchexport.models where there is a Format class (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/models.py#L11). When I open up the original file in my IDE and have it look up the declaration, in line I mentioned at the start of this question, it leads directly to models.py. What's going on? How can an import from one file (export.py) actually be an import from another file (models.py) without being explicitly stated?

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• Web framework recommendation for python (webservices, auth, cache, ...)

  - by illuminated

  Hi all, Googling for the past week, but cannot finally decide which python web framework would be right for me. The web app I'm about to develop would be almost completely "pure" html with js (jQuery). Server side would have to do the following: authentication session management caching web services (almost all the on page data would be pulled with jQuery through web services) secured web services (through some form of authentication; this is for remote accessing some of the web services though other web apps, desktop/mobile applications) If there is a good tutorial/guide/idea for how to do this in Django I would be most thankfull if someone could share it as I already have experience with it. The thing that made me start thinking about other frameworks is Django's built in ORM. I know I could swap it with SQLAlchemy, but wouldn't go down that road if I'm not sure all the rest of the requirements is supported. Thanks all in advance.

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• MD5 hash differences between Python and other file hashers

  - by Sam

  I have been doing a bit of programming in Python (still a n00b at it) and came across something odd. I made a small program to find the MD5 hash of a filename passed to it on the command line. I used a function I found here on SO. When I ran it against a file, I got a hash "58a...113". But when I ran Microsoft's FCIV or the md5sum.py in \Python26\Tools\Scripts\, I get a different hash, "591...ae6". The actual hashing part of the md5sum.py in Scripts is m = md5.new() while 1: data = fp.read(bufsize) if not data: break m.update(data) out.write('%s %s\n' % (m.hexdigest(), filename)) This looks functionally identical to the code in the function given in the other answer... What am I missing? (This is my first time posting to stackoverflow, please let me know if I am doing it wrong.)

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• Python - react to custom keyboard interrupt

  - by flixic

  Hello. I am writing python chatbot that displays output through console. Every half second it asks server for updates, and responds to message. In the console I can see chat log. This is sufficient in most cases, however, sometimes I want to interrupt normal workflow and write custom chat answer myself. I would love to be able to press a button (or combination) that would switch to "custom reply mode". What is the best way to do that, or achieve similar result? Thanks a lot!

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• python: multiline regular expression

  - by facha

  Hi, everyone I have a piece of text and I've got to parse usernames and hashes out of it. Right now I'm doing it with two regular expressions. Could I do it with just one multiline regular expression? #!/usr/bin/env python import re test_str = """ Hello, UserName. Please read this looooooooooooooooong text. hash Now, write down this hash: fdaf9399jef9qw0j. Then keep reading this loooooooooong text. Hello, UserName2. Please read this looooooooooooooooong text. hash Now, write down this hash: gtwnhton340gjr2g. Then keep reading this loooooooooong text. """ logins = re.findall('Hello, (?P<login>.+).',test_str) hashes = re.findall('hash: (?P<hash>.+).',test_str)

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• How to sort a list by the 2nd tuple element in python and C#

  - by user350468

  I had a list of tuples where every tuple consists of two integers and I wanted to sort by the 2nd integer. After looking in the python help I got this: sorted(myList, key=lambda x: x[1]) which is great. My question is, is there an equally succinct way of doing this in C# (the language I have to work in)? I know the obvious answer involving creating classes and specifying an anonymous delegate for the whole compare step but perhaps there is a linq oriented way as well. Thanks in advance for any suggestions.

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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• Problem with literal arguments in the PATTERN string for a python 2to3 fixer

  - by Zxaos

  Hi folks. I'm writing a fixer for the 2to3 tool in python. In my pattern string, I have a section where I'd like to match an empty string as an argument, or an empty unicode string. The relevant chunk of my pattern looks like: (args='""' | args='u""') My issue is the second option never matches. Even if it's alone, it won't match. However, if I simply say args=any and then output args, I can catch cases where args is exactly equal to the second option. Is there some weird unicode handling thing going on? Why won't the second literal option ever match?

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

  - by h3

  I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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• Python: Hack to call a method on an object that isn't of its class

  - by cool-RR

  Assume you define a class, which has a method which does some complicated processing: class A(object): def my_method(self): # Some complicated processing is done here return self And now you want to use that method on some object from another class entirely. Like, you want to do A.my_method(7). This is what you'd get: TypeError: unbound method my_method() must be called with A instance as first argument (got int instance instead). Now, is there any possibility to hack things so you could call that method on 7? I'd want to avoid moving the function or rewriting it. (Note that the method's logic does depend on self.) One note: I know that some people will want to say, "You're doing it wrong! You're abusing Python! You shouldn't do it!" So yes, I know, this is a terrible terrible thing I want to do. I'm asking if someone knows how to do it, not how to preach to me that I shouldn't do it.

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• Return numerical array in python

  - by khan

  Okay..this is kind of an interesting question. I have a php form through which user enters values for x and y like this: X: [1,3,4] Y: [2,4,5] These values are stored into database as varchars. From there, these are called by a python program which is supposed to use them as numerical (numpy) arrays. However, these are called as plain strings, which means that calculation can not be performed over them. Is there a way to convert them into numerical arrays before processing or is there something else which is wrong? Helpp!!

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• Subtracting two lists in Python

  - by wich

  In Python, How can one subtract two non-unique, unordered lists? Say we have a = [0,1,2,1,0] and b = [0, 1, 1] I'd like to do something like c = a - b and have c be [2, 0] or [0, 2] order doesn't matter to me. This should throw an exception if a does not contain all elements in b. Note this is different from sets! I'm not interested in finding the difference of the sets of elements in a and b, I'm interested in the difference between the actual collections of elements in a and b. I can probably work this out with a for loop, looking up the first element of b in a and then removing the element from b and from a, etc. But this doesn't appeal to me, I'd like to do this with list comprehension in a nice and easy way. Is this possible?

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• convert string to dict using list comprehension in python

  - by Pavel

  I have came across this problem a few times and can't seem to figure out a simple solution. Say I have a string string = "a=0 b=1 c=3" I want to convert that into a dictionary with a, b and c being the key and 0, 1, and 3 being their respective values (converted to int). Obviously I can do this: list = string.split() dic = {} for entry in list: key, val = entry.split('=') dic[key] = int(val) But I don't really like that for loop, It seems so simple that you should be able to convert it to some sort of list comprehension expression. And that works for slightly simpler cases where the val can be a string. dic = dict([entry.split('=') for entry in list]) However, I need to convert val to an int on the fly and doing something like this is syntactically incorrect. dic = dict([[entry[0], int(entry[1])] for entry.split('=') in list]) So my question is: is there a way to eliminate the for loop using list comprehension? If not, is there some built in python method that will do that for me?

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• Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

  - by user335223

  Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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• Find the min max and average of one column of data in python

  - by user1440194

  I have a set of data that looks like this 201206040210 -3461.00000000 -8134.00000000 -4514.00000000 -4394.00000000 0 201206040211 -3580.00000000 -7967.00000000 -4614.00000000 -7876.00000000 0 201206040212 -3031.00000000 -9989.00000000 -9989.00000000 -3419.00000000 0 201206040213 -1199.00000000 -6961.00000000 -3798.00000000 -5822.00000000 0 201206040214 -2940.00000000 -5524.00000000 -5492.00000000 -3394.00000000 0 I want to take the second to last column and find the min, max, and average. Im a little confused on how to use split when the columns are delimited by a space and -. i Figure once i do that i can use min() and max function. I have written a shell script to do the same here #!/bin/ksh awk '{print substr($5,2);}' data' > /data1 sort -n data1 > data2 tail -1 data2 head -1 data2 awk '{sum+=$1} END {print "average = ",sum/NR}' data2 Im just not sure how to do this in python. Thanks

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• Apply function to one element of a list in Python

  - by user189637

  I'm looking for a concise and functional style way to apply a function to one element of a tuple and return the new tuple, in Python. For example, for the following input: inp = ("hello", "my", "friend") I would like to be able to get the following output: out = ("hello", "MY", "friend") I came up with two solutions which I'm not satisfied with. One uses a higher-order function. def apply_at(arr, func, i): return arr[0:i] + [func(arr[i])] + arr[i+1:] apply_at(inp, lambda x: x.upper(), 1) One uses list comprehensions (this one assumes the length of the tuple is known). [(a,b.upper(),c) for a,b,c in [inp]][0] Is there a better way? Thanks!

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• Python | How to create dynamic and expandable dictionaries

  - by MMRUser

  I want to create a Python dictionary which holds values in a multidimensional accept and it should be able to expand, this is the structure that the values should be stored :- userdata = {'data':[{'username':'Ronny Leech','age':'22','country':'Siberia'},{'username':'Cronulla James','age':'34','country':'USA'}]} Lets say I want to add another user def user_list(): users = [] for i in xrange(5, 0, -1): lonlatuser.append(('username','%s %s' % firstn, lastn)) lonlatuser.append(('age',age)) lonlatuser.append(('country',country)) return dict(user) This will only returns a dictionary with a single value in it (since the key names are same values will overwritten).So how do I append a set of values to this dictionary. Note: assume age, firstn, lastn and country are dynamically generated. Thanks.

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