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• What are practical guidelines for evaluating a language's "Turing Completeness"?

  - by AShelly

  I've read "what-is-turing-complete" and the wikipedia page, but I'm less interested in a formal proof than in the practical implications of being Turing Complete. What I'm actually trying to decide is if the toy language I've just designed could be used as a general-purpose language. I know I can prove it is if I can write a Turing machine with it. But I don't want to go through that exercise until I'm fairly certain of success. Is there a minimum set of features without which Turing Completeness is impossible? Is there a set of features which virtually guarantees completeness? (My guess is that conditional branching and a readable/writeable memory store will get me most of the way there) EDIT: I think I've gone off on a tangent by saying "Turing Complete". I'm trying to guess with reasonable confidence that a newly invented language with a certain feature set (or alternately, a VM with a certain instruction set) would be able to compute anything worth computing. I know proving you can building a Turing machine with it is one way, but not the only way. What I was hoping for was a set of guidelines like: "if it can do X,Y,and Z, it can probably do anything".

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• Hazelcast Distributed Executor Service KeyOwner

  - by János Veres

  I have problem understanding the concept of Hazelcast Distributed Execution. It is said to be able to perform the execution on the owner instance of a specific key. From Documentation: <T> Future<T> submitToKeyOwner(Callable<T> task, Object key) Submits task to owner of the specified key and returns a Future representing that task. Parameters: task - task key - key Returns: a Future representing pending completion of the task I believe that I'm not alone to have a cluster built with multiple maps which might actually use the same key for different purposes, holding different objects (e.g. something along the following setup): IMap<String, ObjectTypeA> firstMap = HazelcastInstance.getMap("firstMap"); IMap<String, ObjectTypeA_AppendixClass> secondMap = HazelcastInstance.getMap("secondMap"); To me it seems quite confusing what documentation says about the owner of a key. My real frustration is that I don't know WHICH - in which map - key does it refer to? The documentation also gives a "demo" of this approach: import com.hazelcast.core.Member; import com.hazelcast.core.Hazelcast; import com.hazelcast.core.IExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.Set; import com.hazelcast.config.Config; public void echoOnTheMemberOwningTheKey(String input, Object key) throws Exception { Callable<String> task = new Echo(input); HazelcastInstance hz = Hazelcast.newHazelcastInstance(); IExecutorService executorService = hz.getExecutorService("default"); Future<String> future = executorService.submitToKeyOwner(task, key); String echoResult = future.get(); } Here's a link to the documentation site: Hazelcast MultiHTML Documentation 3.0 - Distributed Execution Did any of you guys figure out in the past what key does it want?

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• Retrieve a list of the most popular GET param variations for a given URL?

  - by jamtoday

  I'm working on building intelligence around link propagation, and because I need to deal with many short URL services where a reverse-lookup from an exact URL address is required, I need to be able to resolve multiple approximate versions of the same URL. An example would be a URL like http://www.example.com?ref=affil&hl=en&ct=0 Of course, changing GET params in certain circumstances can refer to a completely different page, especially if the GET params in question refer to a profile or content ID. But a quick parse of the page would quickly determine how similar the pages were to each other. Using a bit of machine learning, it could quickly become clear which GET params don't effect the content of the pages returned for a given site. I'm assuming a service to send a URL and get a list of very similar URLs could only be offered by the likes of Google or Yahoo (or Twitter), but they don't seem to offer this feature, and I haven't found any other services that do. If you know of any services that do cluster together groups of almost identical URLs in the aforementioned way, please let me know. My bounty is a hug.

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• Performance of Java matrix math libraries?

  - by dfrankow

  We are computing something whose runtime is bound by matrix operations. (Some details below if interested.) This experience prompted the following question: Do folk have experience with the performance of Java libraries for matrix math (e.g., multiply, inverse, etc.)? For example: JAMA: http://math.nist.gov/javanumerics/jama/ COLT: http://acs.lbl.gov/~hoschek/colt/ Apache commons math: http://commons.apache.org/math/ I searched and found nothing. Details of our speed comparison: We are using Intel FORTRAN (ifort (IFORT) 10.1 20070913). We have reimplemented it in Java (1.6) using Apache commons math 1.2 matrix ops, and it agrees to all of its digits of accuracy. (We have reasons for wanting it in Java.) (Java doubles, Fortran real*8). Fortran: 6 minutes, Java 33 minutes, same machine. jvisualm profiling shows much time spent in RealMatrixImpl.{getEntry,isValidCoordinate} (which appear to be gone in unreleased Apache commons math 2.0, but 2.0 is no faster). Fortran is using Atlas BLAS routines (dpotrf, etc.). Obviously this could depend on our code in each language, but we believe most of the time is in equivalent matrix operations. In several other computations that do not involve libraries, Java has not been much slower, and sometimes much faster.

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• Classification: Dealing with Abstain/Rejected Class

  - by abner.ayala

  I am asking for your input and/help on a classification problem. If anyone have any references that I can read to help me solve my problem even better. I have a classification problem of four discrete and very well separated classes. However my input is continuous and has a high frequency (50Hz), since its a real-time problem. The circles represent the clusters of the classes, the blue line the decision boundary and Class 5 equals the (neutral/resting do nothing class). This class is the rejected class. However the problem is that when I move from one class to the other I activate a lot of false positives in the transition movements, since the movement is clearly non-linear. For example, every time I move from class 5 (neutral class) to 1 I first see a lot of 3's before getting to the 1 class. Ideally, I will want my decision boundary to look like the one in the picture below where the rejected class is Class =5. Has a higher decision boundary than the others classes to avoid misclassification during transition. I am currently implementing my algorithm in Matlab using naive bayes, kNN, and SVMs optimized algorithms using Matlab. Question: What is the best/common way to handle abstain/rejected classes classes? Should I use (fuzzy logic, loss function, should I include resting cluster in the training)?

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• SSRS2005 timeout error

  - by jaspernygaard

  Hi I've been running around circles the last 2 days, trying to figure a problem in our customers live environment. I figured I might as well post it here, since google gave me very limited information on the error message (5 results to be exact). The error boils down to a timeout when requesting a certain report in SSRS2005, when a certain parameter is used. The deployment scenario is: Machine #1 Running reporting services (SQL2005, W2K3, IIS6) Machine #2 Running datawarehouse database (SQL2005, W2K3) which is the data source for #1 Both machines are running on the same vm cluster and LAN. The report requests a fairly simple SP - lets called it sp(param $a, param $b). When requested with param $a filled, it executes correctly. When using param $b, it times out after the global timeout periode has passed. If I run the stored procedure with param $b directly from sql management studio on #2, it returns the results perfectly fine (within 3-4s). I've profiled the datawarehouse database on #2 and when param $b is used, the query from the reporting service to the database, never reaches #2. The error message that I get upon timeout, when using param $b, when invoking the report directly from SSRS web interface is: "An error has occurred during report processing. Cannot read the next data row for the data set DataSet. A severe error occurred on the current command. The results, if any, should be discarded. Operation cancelled by user." The ExecutionLog for the SSRS does give me much information besides the error message rsProcessingAborted I'm running out of ideas of how to nail this problem. So I would greatly appreciate any comments, suggestions or ideas. Thanks in advance!

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• Is it possible to write map/reduce jobs for Amazon Elastic MapReduce using .NET?

  - by Chris

  Is it possible to write map/reduce jobs for Amazon Elastic MapReduce (http://aws.amazon.com/elasticmapreduce/) using .NET languages? In particular I would like to use C#. Preliminary research suggests not. The above URL's marketing text suggests you have a "choice of Java, Ruby, Perl, Python, PHP, R, or C++", without mentioning .NET languages. This Amazon thread (http://developer.amazonwebservices.com/connect/thread.jspa?messageID=136051 -- "Support for C# / F# map/reducers") explicitly says that "currently Amazon Elastic MapReduce does not support Mono platform or languages such as C# or F#." The above suggests that it can't be done. I'm wondering if there are any workarounds, though. For example, can I modify the Elastic MapReduce machine image for my account, and install Mono on there? An alternative, suggested by Amazon FAQs "Using Other Software Required by Your Jar" (http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/ElasticMapReduce/latest/DeveloperGuide/index.html?CHAP_AdvancedTopics.html) and "How to Use Additional Files and Libraries With the Mapper or Reducer" (http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/ElasticMapReduce/latest/DeveloperGuide/index.html?addl_files.html), is to make the first step of the Map/Reduce job be to install Mono on the local instance. That sounds kind of inefficient, but maybe it could work? Maybe a saner alternative would be to try to forgo the convenience of Elastic MapReduce, and manually set up my own Hadoop cluster on EC2. Then I assume I could install Mono without difficulty.

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• 1k of Program Space, 64 bytes of RAM. Is assembly an absolute must?

  - by Earlz

  (If your lazy see bottom for TL;DR) Hello, I am planning to build a new (prototype) project dealing with physical computing. Basically, I have wires. These wires all need to have their voltage read at the same time. More than a few hundred microseconds difference between the readings of each wire will completely screw it up. The Arduino takes about 114 microseconds. So the most I could read is 2 or 3 wires before the latency would skew the accuracy of the readings. So my plan is to have an Arduino as the "master" of an array of ATTinys. The arduino is pretty cramped for space, but it's a massive playground compared to the tinys. An ATTiny13A has 1k of flash ROM(program space), 64 bytes of RAM, and 64 bytes of (not-durable and slow) EEPROM. (I'm choosing this for price as well as size) The ATTinys in my system will not do much. Basically, all they will do is wait for a signal from the Master, and then read the voltage of 1 or 2 wires and store it in RAM(or possibly EEPROM if it's that cramped). And then send it to the Master using only 1 wire for data.(no room for more than that!). So far then, all I should have to do is implement trivial voltage reading code (using built in ADC). But this communication bit I'm worried about. Do you think a communication protocol(using just 1 wire!) could even be implemented in such constraints? TL;DR: In less than 1k of program space and 64 bytes of RAM(and 64 bytes of EEPROM) do you think it is possible to implement a 1 wire communication protocol? Would I need to drop to assembly to make it fit? I know that currently my Arduino programs linking to the Wiring library are over 8k, so I'm a bit concerned.

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• Calculate an Internet (aka IP, aka RFC791) checksum in C#

  - by Pat

  Interestingly, I can find implementations for the Internet Checksum in almost every language except C#. Does anyone have an implementation to share? Remember, the internet protocol specifies that: "The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16 bit words in the header. For purposes of computing the checksum, the value of the checksum field is zero." More explanation can be found from Dr. Math. There are some efficiency pointers available, but that's not really a large concern for me at this point. Please include your tests! (Edit: Valid comment regarding testing someone else's code - but I am going off of the protocol and don't have test vectors of my own and would rather unit test it than put into production to see if it matches what is currently being used! ;-) Edit: Here are some unit tests that I came up with. They test an extension method which iterates through the entire byte collection. Please comment if you find fault in the tests. [TestMethod()] public void InternetChecksum_SimplestValidValue_ShouldMatch() { IEnumerable<byte> value = new byte[1]; // should work for any-length array of zeros ushort expected = 0xFFFF; ushort actual = value.InternetChecksum(); Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual); } [TestMethod()] public void InternetChecksum_ValidSingleByteExtreme_ShouldMatch() { IEnumerable<byte> value = new byte[]{0xFF}; ushort expected = 0xFF; ushort actual = value.InternetChecksum(); Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual); } [TestMethod()] public void InternetChecksum_ValidMultiByteExtrema_ShouldMatch() { IEnumerable<byte> value = new byte[] { 0x00, 0xFF }; ushort expected = 0xFF00; ushort actual = value.InternetChecksum(); Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual); }

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• tips for fixing bad coding/dev habits ?

  - by dfafa

  i want to become a better coder....so i have decided to sign up for computing science program...maybe a formal education can assist me. i started working on smaller projects to learn but currently i have really bad coding/dev habits which is hindering my productivity as the codebase increases.... i have highlighted them and perhaps someone could make suggestions (or redirect to resources) or a more efficient method. most stuff that i made in the past were web apps. i usually develop with putty + nano...i just love the minimalist feel i use winscp and develop directly on my private web server...too lazy to do it on localhost and upload it later. i dont use subversion control...which one do i need ? sometimes ctrl +z doesn't work well. when i run out of ideas for naming variable, i use swear words instead. i swear a lot when i get stuck....how to deal with anger issue ? my codes look ugly with comments everywhere. would rather use procedural coding finds "thinking" in OO difficult and time consuming i "write first think later". refactors code only if i am getting paid for it. dislikes configuring linux distro, Apache, MySQL, scaling, designing graphics and layouts. does not like writing tests likes working alone. does not like sharing codes. has an econ degree dislikes reading other people's code would rather write it on my own it seems my only true desire is to translate my ideas to a working prototype as fast as possible....it seems like i am very uninterested in the other details...could it be that i am not cut out to be a coder after all ? is going back to study comp sci a bad idea ?

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• Using game of life or other virtual environment for artificial (intelligence) life simulation? [clos

  - by Berlin Brown

  One of my interests in AI focuses not so much on data but more on biologic computing. This includes neural networks, mapping the brain, cellular-automata, virtual life and environments. Described below is an exciting project that includes develop a virtual environment for bots to evolve in. "Polyworld is a cross-platform (Linux, Mac OS X) program written by Larry Yaeger to evolve Artificial Intelligence through natural selection and evolutionary algorithms." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyworld " Polyworld is a promising project for studying virtual life but it still is far from creating an "intelligent autonomous" agent. Here is my question, in theory, what parameters would you use create an AI environment? Possibly a brain environment? Possibly multiple self contained life organisms that have their own "brain" or life structures. I would like a create a spin on the game of life simulation. What if you have a 64x64 game of life grid. But instead of one grid, you might have N number of grids. The N number of grids are your "life force" If all of the game of life entities die in a particular grid then that entire grid dies. A group of "grids" makes up a life form. I don't have an immediate goal. First, I want to simulate an environment and visualize what is going on in the environment with OpenGL and see if there are any interesting properties to the environment. I then want to add "scarce resources" and see if the AI environment can manage resources adequately.

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• SQL Server 2008 - db mail issue

  - by Chris

  Hello. I have two instances of SQL Server 2008. One was upgraded from SQL Server 2000 and one was a clean, new install. SQL Mail operates perfectly on both instances. DB Mail operates perfectly on the newly installed instance. On the upgraded instance, DB Mail does not send any mail. Of course, I am not positive that the fact this instance is upgraded has anything to do with the issue, but it might. The configuration of my db mail profile and account looks identical to my functioning instance. In the configuration of the 'alerts' tab in the SQL Agent properties i have tried selecting both DB Mail and SQL Mail to no avail. Both instances use the same SMTP server with the same authentication (domain with db engine account). All messages sent via sp_send_db mail and those sent via the 'test email' option are visible in the sysmail_allitems queue and remain there as 'unsent'. The send_status eventually changes to 'failed'. The only messages in the sysmail_event_log are 'mail queue stopped by login domain\myuser', 'mail queue started by login domain/myuser' and 'activiation successful.'. selecting from the externalmailqueue has the same number of rows as sysmail_allitems. i have tried bouncing the agent, the entire instance and moving the other functioning instance to the other node in the cluster. any thoughts? thx.

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• how would you like computer science classes to be taught?

  - by aaa

  hello I am a graduate student now, and hopefully someday I will teach. my interests are C++, Python, embedded languages, and scientific computing. Meanwhile I daydream about how I would teach. I was not quite happy with my undergraduate university as I found many computer science classes lacking. so I would like to ask you, if you were a student, how would you like your computer science classes to be taught? I understand it is a very subjective question, but nevertheless I think it's important to know what people want. Some specific points I am interested in: should computer languages be taught explicitly, or should students be required to pick up language on their own? what is better for learning, tests, projects, some sort of take-home exam? how do you think classtime should be used? theory, introduction, explanations, etc.? do you think the group projects are important? how much about computer architecture do you want to learn in computer science class, not necessarily assembler class. should particular operating system/editor be mandated or encouraged? Thanks thank you for your comments. Question has been closed because it is a discussion question rather than Q&A. If you know appropriate website for discussions of such sort with low noise ratio, please let me know.

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• Debugging Actionmailer

  - by Trip

  I have actionmailer set up. Emails are not being sent, and no errors. Where can I start my search to debug this? class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base default_url_options[:host] = APP_DOMAIN def email_blast(user, subject, message) subject subject from NOTIFIER_EMAIL recipients user.email sent_on Time.zone.now body :user => user.first_name + ' ' + user.last_name, :message => message end I do get a return in my log that the email was sent, just no actual email goes through. Also the reason, that this is not working is because I switched form a cluster to a solo box and some server settings were overwritten. I suspect that is probably the reason why this is not working. Anyone know what specific server settings I would have to look at ? UPDATE: ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :sendmail config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => "75.101.153.93" } I found this in my production.rb . This code was originally here when it worked. Again, I believe that there must be something missing on my server..I did a 'which sendmail' and it returned /usr/bin/sendmail , so I added this : config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = true config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings = { :location => '/usr/bin/sendmail', :arguments => '-i -t' } Redeployed, restarted the server, and tested it. No emails were sent. The production.log said something was sent : Processing MediaController#create_a_video (for 173.161.167.41 at 2010-06-03 11:58:13) [GET] Parameters: {"action"=>"create_a_video", "controller"=>"media", "organization_id"=>"470", "_"=>"1275591493194"} Sent mail to [email protected] Rendering media/create_a_video Completed in 128ms (View: 51, DB: 1) | 200 OK [http://invent.hqchannel.com/organizations/470/media/create_a_video?_=1275591493194]

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• Hadoop reduce task gets hung

  - by user806098

  I set up a hadoop cluster with 4 nodes, When running a map-reduce task, the map task finishes quickly, while the reduce task hangs at 27% percent. I checked the log, it's that the reduce task fails to fetch map output from map nodes. The job tracker log of master shows messages like this: 2011-06-27 19:55:14,748 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobTracker: Adding task (REDUCE) 'attempt_201106271953_0001_r_000000_0' to tip task_201106271953_0001_r_000000, for tracker 'tracker_web30.bbn.com.cn:localhost/127.0.0.1:56476' And the name node log of master shows messages like this: 2011-06-27 14:00:52,898 INFO org.apache.hadoop.ipc.Server: IPC Server handler 4 on 54310, call register(DatanodeRegistration(202.106.199.39:50010, storageID=DS-1989397900-202.106.199.39-50010-1308723051262, infoPort=50075, ipcPort=50020)) from 192.168.225.19:16129: error: java.io.IOException: verifyNodeRegistration: unknown datanode 202.106.199.3 9:50010 However, neither the "web30.bbn.com.cn" or 202.106.199.39, 202.106.199.3 is the slave node. I think such ip/domains appear because hadoop fails to resolve a node(first in the Intranet DNS server), then it goes to a higher-level DNS server, later to the top, still fails, then the "junk" ip/domains are returned. But I checked my config, it goes like this: /etc/hosts: 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 192.168.225.16 master 192.168.225.66 slave1 192.168.225.20 slave5 192.168.225.17 slave17 conf/core-site.xml: hadoop.tmp.dir /root/hadoop_tmp/hadoop_${user.name} fs.default.name hdfs://master:54310 io.sort.mb 1024 hdfs-site.xml: dfs.replication 3 masters: master slaves: master slave1 slave5 slave17 Also, all firewalls(iptables) are turned off, and ssh between each 2 nodes is ok. so I don't know where exact the error comes from. Please help. Thanks a lot.

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• 1k of Program Space, 64 bytes of RAM. Is 1 wire communication possible?

  - by Earlz

  (If your lazy see bottom for TL;DR) Hello, I am planning to build a new (prototype) project dealing with physical computing. Basically, I have wires. These wires all need to have their voltage read at the same time. More than a few hundred microseconds difference between the readings of each wire will completely screw it up. The Arduino takes about 114 microseconds. So the most I could read is 2 or 3 wires before the latency would skew the accuracy of the readings. So my plan is to have an Arduino as the "master" of an array of ATTinys. The arduino is pretty cramped for space, but it's a massive playground compared to the tinys. An ATTiny13A has 1k of flash ROM(program space), 64 bytes of RAM, and 64 bytes of (not-durable and slow) EEPROM. (I'm choosing this for price as well as size) The ATTinys in my system will not do much. Basically, all they will do is wait for a signal from the Master, and then read the voltage of 1 or 2 wires and store it in RAM(or possibly EEPROM if it's that cramped). And then send it to the Master using only 1 wire for data.(no room for more than that!). So far then, all I should have to do is implement trivial voltage reading code (using built in ADC). But this communication bit I'm worried about. Do you think a communication protocol(using just 1 wire!) could even be implemented in such constraints? TL;DR: In less than 1k of program space and 64 bytes of RAM(and 64 bytes of EEPROM) do you think it is possible to implement a 1 wire communication protocol? Would I need to drop to assembly to make it fit? I know that currently my Arduino programs linking to the Wiring library are over 8k, so I'm a bit concerned.

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• Building Paypal based membership website - total noob - would appreciate help

  - by Ali

  this is a follow up on my question on paypal integration. I'm working ona membership site for racing fans. My membership site has 3 membership levels - free, gold and premium. When a user signs up he/she can gets a free membership on the spot but has the option to upgrade to a gold membership for 4 Dollars a month or a premium membership for 10 Dollars a month. I've gone through the paypal integration guide a few times though and have a vague understanding of how to get this to work. I think the recurring payments option would be fine enough - however I don't know how do I implement this in my system. Like when a user decides to go for a paid account i.e. Gold or premium from basic - what should I do on both my code side and on the paypal account side - I'd really appreciate if anyone would outline what I'd have to do here. Plus when a user decides to upgrade from lets say a Gold to a premium account - there is the issue of computing how much should be charged to upgrade his/her account eg: a user has been billed for 4 dollars and the next day opts to go for a premium account so assuming that the surplus for the rest of the month is 5 dollars and further from that all payments would be recurring 10 dollars monthly - how do I implement this? And in case a user decides to downgrade from a premium account of 10 dollars a month to a gold account of 4 dollars a month - how do I handle the surplus which would have to be refunded for that month alone and changing the membership? And like wise if someone wishes to cancel membership and go to having a free account - how do I refund whatever is owed and cancel the subscription. I'm sorry if it sounds like I'm asking to be spoon fed :( I'm quite new to this and this is for a client and I would really appreciate all the help here and really have to get this working right. Thanks again everyone - waiting for all your replies.

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• How to keep your unit test Arrange step simple and still guarantee DDD invariants ?

  - by ian31

  DDD recommends that the domain objects should be in a valid state at any time. Aggregate roots are responsible for guaranteeing the invariants and Factories for assembling objects with all the required parts so that they are initialized in a valid state. However this seems to complicate the task of creating simple, isolated unit tests a lot. Let's assume we have a BookRepository that contains Books. A Book has : an Author a Category a list of Bookstores you can find the book in These are required attributes : a book has to have an author, a category and at least a book store you can buy the book from. There's likely to be a BookFactory since it is quite a complex object, and the Factory will initialize the Book with at least all the mentioned attributes. Now we want to unit test a method of the BookRepository that returns all the Books. To test if the method returns the books, we have to set up a test context (the Arrange step in AAA terms) where some Books are already in the Repository. If the only tool at our disposal to create Book objects is the Factory, the unit test now also uses and is dependent on the Factory and inderectly on Category, Author and Store since we need those objects to build up a Book and then place it in the test context. Would you consider this is a dependency in the same way that in a Service unit test we would be dependent on, say, a Repository that the Service would call ? How would you solve the problem of having to re-create a whole cluster of objects in order to be able to test a simple thing ? How would you break that dependency and get rid of all these attributes we don't need in our test ? By using mocks or stubs ? If you mock up things a Repository contains, what kind of mock/stubs would you use as opposed to when you mock up something the object under test talks to or consumes ?

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• How to keep your unit tests simple and isolated and still guarantee DDD invariants ?

  - by ian31

  DDD recommends that the domain objects should be in a valid state at any time. Aggregate roots are responsible for guaranteeing the invariants and Factories for assembling objects with all the required parts so that they are initialized in a valid state. However this seems to complicate the task of creating simple, isolated unit tests a lot. Let's assume we have a BookRepository that contains Books. A Book has : an Author a Category a list of Bookstores you can find the book in These are required attributes : a book has to have an author, a category and at least a book store you can buy the book from. There's likely to be a BookFactory since it is quite a complex object, and the Factory will initialize the Book with at least all the mentioned attributes. Now we want to unit test a method of the BookRepository that returns all the Books. To test if the method returns the books, we have to set up a test context (the Arrange step in AAA terms) where some Books are already in the Repository. If the only tool at our disposal to create Book objects is the Factory, the unit test now also uses and is dependent on the Factory and inderectly on Category, Author and Store since we need those objects to build up a Book and then place it in the test context. Would you consider this is a dependency in the same way that in a Service unit test we would be dependent on, say, a Repository that the Service would call ? How would you solve the problem of having to re-create a whole cluster of objects in order to be able to test a simple thing ? How would you break that dependency and get rid of all these attributes we don't need in our test ? By using mocks or stubs ? If you mock up things a Repository contains, what kind of mock/stubs would you use as opposed to when you mock up something the object under test talks to or consumes ?

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• Need help implementing this algorithm with map Hadoop MapReduce

  - by Julia

  Hi all! i have algorithm that will go through a large data set read some text files and search for specific terms in those lines. I have it implemented in Java, but I didnt want to post code so that it doesnt look i am searching for someone to implement it for me, but it is true i really need a lot of help!!! This was not planned for my project, but data set turned out to be huge, so teacher told me I have to do it like this. EDIT(i did not clarified i previos version)The data set I have is on a Hadoop cluster, and I should make its MapReduce implementation I was reading about MapReduce and thaught that i first do the standard implementation and then it will be more/less easier to do it with mapreduce. But didnt happen, since algorithm is quite stupid and nothing special, and map reduce...i cant wrap my mind around it. So here is shortly pseudo code of my algorithm LIST termList (there is method that creates this list from lucene index) FOLDER topFolder INPUT topFolder IF it is folder and not empty list files (there are 30 sub folders inside) FOR EACH sub folder GET file "CheckedFile.txt" analyze(CheckedFile) ENDFOR END IF Method ANALYZE(CheckedFile) read CheckedFile WHILE CheckedFile has next line GET line FOR(loops through termList) GET third word from line IF third word = term from list append whole line to string buffer ENDIF ENDFOR END WHILE OUTPUT string buffer to file Also, as you can see, each time when "analyze" is called, new file has to be created, i understood that map reduce is difficult to write to many outputs??? I understand mapreduce intuition, and my example seems perfectly suited for mapreduce, but when it comes to do this, obviously I do not know enough and i am STUCK! Please please help.

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• Are document-oriented databases any more suitable than relational ones for persisting objects?

  - by Owen Fraser-Green

  In terms of database usage, the last decade was the age of the ORM with hundreds competing to persist our object graphs in plain old-fashioned RMDBS. Now we seem to be witnessing the coming of age of document-oriented databases. These databases are highly optimized for schema-free documents but are also very attractive for their ability to scale out and query a cluster in parallel. Document-oriented databases also hold a couple of advantages over RDBMS's for persisting data models in object-oriented designs. As the tables are schema-free, one can store objects belonging to different classes in an inheritance hierarchy side-by-side. Also, as the domain model changes, so long as the code can cope with getting back objects from an old version of the domain classes, one can avoid having to migrate the whole database at every change. On the other hand, the performance benefits of document-oriented databases mainly appear to come about when storing deeper documents. In object-oriented terms, classes which are composed of other classes, for example, a blog post and its comments. In most of the examples of this I can come up with though, such as the blog one, the gain in read access would appear to be offset by the penalty in having to write the whole blog post "document" every time a new comment is added. It looks to me as though document-oriented databases can bring significant benefits to object-oriented systems if one takes extreme care to organize the objects in deep graphs optimized for the way the data will be read and written but this means knowing the use cases up front. In the real world, we often don't know until we actually have a live implementation we can profile. So is the case of relational vs. document-oriented databases one of swings and roundabouts? I'm interested in people's opinions and advice, in particular if anyone has built any significant applications on a document-oriented database.

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• CORBA on MacOS X (Cocoa)

  - by user8472

  I am currently looking into different ways to support distributed model objects (i.e., a computational model that runs on several different computers) in a project that initially focuses on MacOS X (using Cocoa). As far as I know there is the possibility to use the class cluster around NSProxy. But there also seem to be implementations of CORBA around with Objective-C support. At a later time there may be the need to also support/include Windows machines. In that case I would need to use something like Gnustep on the Windows side (which may be an option, if it works well) or come up with a combination of both technologies. Or write something manually (which is, of course, the least desirable option). My questions are: If you have experience with both technologies (Cocoa native infrastructure vs. CORBA) can you point out some key features/issues of either approach? Is it possible to use Gnustep with Cocoa in the way explained above? Is it possible (and reasonably feasible, i.e. simpler than writing a network layer manually) to communicate among all MacOS clients using Cocoa's technology and with Windows clients through CORBA?

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• Performing calculations by subsets of data in R

  - by Vivi

  I want to perform calculations for each company number in the column PERMNO of my data frame, the summary of which can be seen here: > summary(companydataRETS) PERMNO RET Min. :10000 Min. :-0.971698 1st Qu.:32716 1st Qu.:-0.011905 Median :61735 Median : 0.000000 Mean :56788 Mean : 0.000799 3rd Qu.:80280 3rd Qu.: 0.010989 Max. :93436 Max. :19.000000 My solution so far was to create a variable with all possible company numbers compns <- companydataRETS[!duplicated(companydataRETS[,"PERMNO"]),"PERMNO"] And then use a foreach loop using parallel computing which calls my function get.rho() which in turn perform the desired calculations rhos <- foreach (i=1:length(compns), .combine=rbind) %dopar% get.rho(subset(companydataRETS[,"RET"],companydataRETS$PERMNO == compns[i])) I tested it for a subset of my data and it all works. The problem is that I have 72 million observations, and even after leaving the computer working overnight, it still didn't finish. I am new in R, so I imagine my code structure can be improved upon and there is a better (quicker, less computationally intensive) way to perform this same task (perhaps using apply or with, both of which I don't understand). Any suggestions?

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• Simplest distributed persistent key/value store that supports primary key range queries

  - by StaxMan

  I am looking for a properly distributed (i.e. not just sharded) and persisted (not bounded by available memory on single node, or cluster of nodes) key/value ("nosql") store that does support range queries by primary key. So far closest such system is Cassandra, which does above. However, it adds support for other features that are not essential for me. So while I like it (and will consider using it of course), I am trying to figure out if there might be other mature projects that implement what I need. Specifically, for me the only aspect of value I need is to access it as a blob. For key, however, I need range queries (as in, access values ordered, limited by start and/or end values). While values can have structures, there is no need to use that structure for anything on server side (can do client-side data binding, flexible value/content types etc). For added bonus, Cassandra style storage (journaled, all sequential writes) seems quite optimal for my use case. To help filter out answers, I have investigated some alternatives within general domain like: Voldemort (key/value, but no ordering) and CouchDB (just sharded, more batch-oriented); and am aware of systems that are not quite distributed while otherwise qualifying (bdb variants, tokyo cabinet itself (not sure if Tyrant might qualify), redis (in-memory store only)).

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• Natural problems to solve using closures

  - by m.u.sheikh

  I have read quite a few articles on closures, and, embarassingly enough, I still don't understand this concept! Articles explain how to create a closure with a few examples, but I don't see any point in paying much attention to them, as they largely look contrived examples. I am not saying all of them are contrived, just that the ones I found looked contrived, and I dint see how even after understanding them, I will be able to use them. So in order to understand closures, I am looking at a few real problems, that can be solved very naturally using closures. For instance, a natural way to explain recursion to a person could be to explain the computation of n!. It is very natural to understand a problem like computing the factorial of a number using recursion. Similarly, it is almost a no-brainer to find an element in an unsorted array by reading each element, and comparing with the number in question. Also, at a different level, doing Object-oriented programming also makes sense. So I am trying to find a number of problems that could be solved with or without closures, but using closures makes thinking about them and solving them easier. Also, there are two types to closures, where each call to a closure can create a copy of the environment variables, or reference the same variables. So what sort of problems can be solved more naturally in which of the closure implementations?

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