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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• Problem with literal arguments in the PATTERN string for a python 2to3 fixer

  - by Zxaos

  Hi folks. I'm writing a fixer for the 2to3 tool in python. In my pattern string, I have a section where I'd like to match an empty string as an argument, or an empty unicode string. The relevant chunk of my pattern looks like: (args='""' | args='u""') My issue is the second option never matches. Even if it's alone, it won't match. However, if I simply say args=any and then output args, I can catch cases where args is exactly equal to the second option. Is there some weird unicode handling thing going on? Why won't the second literal option ever match?

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• Return numerical array in python

  - by khan

  Okay..this is kind of an interesting question. I have a php form through which user enters values for x and y like this: X: [1,3,4] Y: [2,4,5] These values are stored into database as varchars. From there, these are called by a python program which is supposed to use them as numerical (numpy) arrays. However, these are called as plain strings, which means that calculation can not be performed over them. Is there a way to convert them into numerical arrays before processing or is there something else which is wrong? Helpp!!

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• Python: Hack to call a method on an object that isn't of its class

  - by cool-RR

  Assume you define a class, which has a method which does some complicated processing: class A(object): def my_method(self): # Some complicated processing is done here return self And now you want to use that method on some object from another class entirely. Like, you want to do A.my_method(7). This is what you'd get: TypeError: unbound method my_method() must be called with A instance as first argument (got int instance instead). Now, is there any possibility to hack things so you could call that method on 7? I'd want to avoid moving the function or rewriting it. (Note that the method's logic does depend on self.) One note: I know that some people will want to say, "You're doing it wrong! You're abusing Python! You shouldn't do it!" So yes, I know, this is a terrible terrible thing I want to do. I'm asking if someone knows how to do it, not how to preach to me that I shouldn't do it.

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• Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

  - by h3

  I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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• Subtracting two lists in Python

  - by wich

  In Python, How can one subtract two non-unique, unordered lists? Say we have a = [0,1,2,1,0] and b = [0, 1, 1] I'd like to do something like c = a - b and have c be [2, 0] or [0, 2] order doesn't matter to me. This should throw an exception if a does not contain all elements in b. Note this is different from sets! I'm not interested in finding the difference of the sets of elements in a and b, I'm interested in the difference between the actual collections of elements in a and b. I can probably work this out with a for loop, looking up the first element of b in a and then removing the element from b and from a, etc. But this doesn't appeal to me, I'd like to do this with list comprehension in a nice and easy way. Is this possible?

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• Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

  - by user335223

  Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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• Python how to handle # in a dictionary

  - by Jack

  I've got some json from last.fm's api which I've serialised into a dictionary using simplejson. A quick example of the basic structure is below. { "artist": "similar": { "artist": { "name": "Blah", "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "small"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "medium"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "large"} } } } Any ideas how I can access the image urls of various different sizes. My attempts at accessing the #text variable don't seem to work because python doesn't appear to like #'s in the names. And any ideas how I can easily get the url for the depending on the size? Thanks, Jack

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• Counts of events grouped by date in python?

  - by Sologoub

  This is no doubt another noobish question, but I'll ask it anyways: I have a data set of events with exact datetime in UTC. I'd like to create a line chart showing total number of events by day (date) in the specified date range. Right now I can retrieve the total data set for the needed date range, but then I need to go through it and count up for each date. The app is running on google app engine and is using python. What is the best way to create a new data set showing date and corresponding counts (including if there were no events on that date) that I can then use to pass this info to a django template? Data set for this example looks like this: class Event(db.Model): event_name = db.StringProperty() doe = db.DateTimeProperty() dlu = db.DateTimeProperty() user = db.UserProperty() Ideally, I want something with date and count for that date. Thanks and please let me know if something else is needed to answer this question!

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• convert string to dict using list comprehension in python

  - by Pavel

  I have came across this problem a few times and can't seem to figure out a simple solution. Say I have a string string = "a=0 b=1 c=3" I want to convert that into a dictionary with a, b and c being the key and 0, 1, and 3 being their respective values (converted to int). Obviously I can do this: list = string.split() dic = {} for entry in list: key, val = entry.split('=') dic[key] = int(val) But I don't really like that for loop, It seems so simple that you should be able to convert it to some sort of list comprehension expression. And that works for slightly simpler cases where the val can be a string. dic = dict([entry.split('=') for entry in list]) However, I need to convert val to an int on the fly and doing something like this is syntactically incorrect. dic = dict([[entry[0], int(entry[1])] for entry.split('=') in list]) So my question is: is there a way to eliminate the for loop using list comprehension? If not, is there some built in python method that will do that for me?

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• Apply function to one element of a list in Python

  - by user189637

  I'm looking for a concise and functional style way to apply a function to one element of a tuple and return the new tuple, in Python. For example, for the following input: inp = ("hello", "my", "friend") I would like to be able to get the following output: out = ("hello", "MY", "friend") I came up with two solutions which I'm not satisfied with. One uses a higher-order function. def apply_at(arr, func, i): return arr[0:i] + [func(arr[i])] + arr[i+1:] apply_at(inp, lambda x: x.upper(), 1) One uses list comprehensions (this one assumes the length of the tuple is known). [(a,b.upper(),c) for a,b,c in [inp]][0] Is there a better way? Thanks!

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• Find the min max and average of one column of data in python

  - by user1440194

  I have a set of data that looks like this 201206040210 -3461.00000000 -8134.00000000 -4514.00000000 -4394.00000000 0 201206040211 -3580.00000000 -7967.00000000 -4614.00000000 -7876.00000000 0 201206040212 -3031.00000000 -9989.00000000 -9989.00000000 -3419.00000000 0 201206040213 -1199.00000000 -6961.00000000 -3798.00000000 -5822.00000000 0 201206040214 -2940.00000000 -5524.00000000 -5492.00000000 -3394.00000000 0 I want to take the second to last column and find the min, max, and average. Im a little confused on how to use split when the columns are delimited by a space and -. i Figure once i do that i can use min() and max function. I have written a shell script to do the same here #!/bin/ksh awk '{print substr($5,2);}' data' > /data1 sort -n data1 > data2 tail -1 data2 head -1 data2 awk '{sum+=$1} END {print "average = ",sum/NR}' data2 Im just not sure how to do this in python. Thanks

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• In python writing from XML to CSV, encoding error

  - by user574435

  Hi, I am trying to convert an XML file to CSV, but the encoding of the XML ("ISO-8859-1") apparently contains characters that are not in the ascii codec which Python uses to write rows. I get the error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "convert_folder_to_csv_PLAYER.py", line 139, in <module> xml2csv_PLAYER(filename) File "convert_folder_to_csv_PLAYER.py", line 121, in xml2csv_PLAYER fout.writerow(row) UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xe1' in position 4: ordinal not in range(128) I have tried opening the file as follows: dom1 = parse(input_filename.encode( "utf-8" ) ) and I have tried replacing the \xe1 character in each row before it is written. Any suggestions?

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• Read random lines from huge CSV file in Python

  - by jbssm

  I have this quite big CSV file (15 Gb) and I need to read about 1 million random lines from it. As far as I can see - and implement - the CSV utility in Python only allows to iterate sequentially in the file. It's very memory consuming to read the all file into memory to use some random choosing and it's very time consuming to go trough all the file and discard some values and choose others, so, is there anyway to choose some random line from the CSV file and read only that line? I tried without success: import csv with open('linear_e_LAN2A_F_0_435keV.csv') as file: reader = csv.reader(file) print reader[someRandomInteger] A sample of the CSV file: 331.093,329.735 251.188,249.994 374.468,373.782 295.643,295.159 83.9058,0 380.709,116.221 352.238,351.891 183.809,182.615 257.277,201.302 61.4598,40.7106

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• Python programming. Accessing Windows rigth click menu options

  - by Zack

  I'm hoping to automate a few tasks at work. One of them being combining and converting power point files to PDFs. I'm a bit of a newbie (I just finished Magus Heitland's Beginning Python), so I'm not entirely sure what I'm specifically asking. On windows, one can select multiple files, right click, and select combine as adobe PDF. I've figured out the 'grouping' of the files I want to convert (I traverse the dir and nest the files inside of a list based on their names), but I'm unsure how to pursue the next step (the rightclick/combine command). Googling has led me to things like win32api, pywinauto, and ctypes. But as I read over what they do my newbieness prevents me from knowing which is the tool I need. Could any one suggest a few good resources or tips?

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• How to create a glib.Source from Python?

  - by Matt Joiner

  I want to integrate some asyncore.dispatcher instances into GLib's default main context. I figure I can create a custom GSource that's able to detect event readiness on the various sockets in asyncore.socket_map. From C I believe this is done by creating the necessary GSourceFuncs which could involve cheap and non-blocking calls to select, and then handling them using asyncore.read, .write and friends. How do I actually create a GSource from Python? The class glib.Source is undocumented, and attempts to use the class interactively have been in vain. Is there some other method that allows me to handled socket events in the asyncore module without resorting to timeouts (or anything that endangers potential throughput and CPU usage)?

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• Python | How to create dynamic and expandable dictionaries

  - by MMRUser

  I want to create a Python dictionary which holds values in a multidimensional accept and it should be able to expand, this is the structure that the values should be stored :- userdata = {'data':[{'username':'Ronny Leech','age':'22','country':'Siberia'},{'username':'Cronulla James','age':'34','country':'USA'}]} Lets say I want to add another user def user_list(): users = [] for i in xrange(5, 0, -1): lonlatuser.append(('username','%s %s' % firstn, lastn)) lonlatuser.append(('age',age)) lonlatuser.append(('country',country)) return dict(user) This will only returns a dictionary with a single value in it (since the key names are same values will overwritten).So how do I append a set of values to this dictionary. Note: assume age, firstn, lastn and country are dynamically generated. Thanks.

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• Python having problems writing/reading and testing in a correct format

  - by Ionut

  I’m trying to make a program that will do the following: check if auth_file exists if yes - read file and try to login using data from that file - if data is wrong - request new data if no - request some data and then create the file and fill it with requested data So far: import json import getpass import os import requests filename = ".auth_data" auth_file = os.path.realpath(filename) url = 'http://example.com/api' headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} def load_auth_file(): try: f = open(auth_file, "r") auth_data = f.read() r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return auth_data else: print "Incorrect login..." req_auth() except IOError: f = file(auth_file, "w") f.write(req_auth()) f.close() def req_auth(): user = str(raw_input('Username: ')) password = getpass.getpass('Password: ') auth_data = (user, password) r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return user, password elif r.reason == "FORBIDDEN": print "Incorrect login information..." req_auth() return False I have the following problems(understanding and applying the correct way): I can't find a correct way of storing the returned data from req_auth() to auth_file in a format that can be read and used in load_auth file PS: Of course I'm a beginner in Python and I'm sure I have missed some key elements here :(

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• Proper way to reload a python module from the console

  - by ensnare

  I'm debugging from the python console and would like to reload a module every time I make a change so I don't have to exit the console and re-enter it. I'm doing: >>> from project.model.user import * >>> reload(user) but I receive: >>>NameError: name 'user' is not defined What is the proper way to reload the entire user class? Is there a better way to do this, perhaps auto-updating while debugging? Thanks.

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• Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

  - by wes

  I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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• What are "named tuples" in Python?

  - by Denilson Sá

  Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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• Python Parse CSV Correctly

  - by cornerstone

  I am very new to Python. I want to parse a csv file such that it will recognize quoted values - For example 1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck" should be split as ('1997', 'Ford', 'E350', 'Super, luxurious truck') and NOT ('1997', 'Ford', 'E350', '"Super', ' luxurious truck"') the above is what I get if I use something like str.split(). How do I do this? Also would it be best to store these values in an array or some other data structure? because after I get these values from the csv I want to be able to easily choose, lets say any two of the columns and store it as another array or some other data structure. Thanks in advance.

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