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• What have you learnt that has a steep learning curve?

  - by Jonathan Khoo

  Recently, I've invested time in learning the intricacies of Git and it has got me thinking about time and learning. (My previous experience with version control systems was only limited use of CVS and SVN.) It took me a whole day's worth of reading to be able to understand the concepts and differences of Git. There are an infinite number of things available for us to learn. Some, more useful than others. I don't know Fortran - I'm relatively young. But looking back at the preceding years of my life, I notice that I'm busier and busier as time goes on. The amount of things I have to get through in a day is increasingly out of my control. It doesn't take a genius to extrapolate that information and realise I'll have even less time in the future - unless I get fired, but I have no strong plans relating to that idea for now. So, given that I have much more time and energy now than I will have in the future: what have you learnt, that has a steep learning curve, that you would possibly recommend to a fellow programmer? Edit: I've stumbled upon the excellent question What programming skills have provided you the best return on investment? and hav realised that my way of approaching how to spend learning time was naive - it doesn't matter if ten useful concepts can be learnt in the time of one if they're worth it.

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• How does key-based caching work?

  - by Dominic Santos

  I recently read an article on the 37Signals blog and I'm left wondering how it is that they get the cache key. It's all well and good having a cache key that includes the object's timestamp (this means that when you update the object the cache will be invalidated); but how do you then use the cache key in a template without causing a DB hit for the very object that you are trying to fetch from the cache. Specifically, how does this affect One to Many relations where you are rendering a Post's Comments for example. Example in Django: {% for comment in post.comments.all %} {% cache comment.pk comment.modified %} <p>{{ post.body }}</p> {% endcache %} {% endfor %} Is caching in Rails different to just requests to memcached for example (I know that they convert your cache key to something different). Do they also cache the cache key?

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• Python class representation under the hood

  - by decentralised

  OK, here is a simple Python class: class AddSomething(object): __metaclass__ = MyMetaClass x = 10 def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def add(self, a, b): return a + b We have specified a metaclass, and that means we could write something like this: class MyMetaClass(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, cdict): # do something with the class Now, the cdict holds a representation of AddSomething: AddSomething = type('AddSomething', (object,), {'x' : 10, '__init__': __init__, 'add': add}) So my question is simple, are all Python classes represented in this second format internally? If not, how are they represented? EDIT - Python 2.7

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• Databinding to an Entity Framework in WPF

  - by King Chan

  Is it good to use databinding to Entity Framework's Entity in WPF? I created a singleton entity framework context: To have only one connection and it won't open and close all the time. So I can pass the Entity around to any class, and can modify the Entity and make changes to the database. All ViewModels getting the entity out from the same Context and databinding to the View saves me time from mapping new object, but now I imagine there is problem in not using the newest Context: A ViewModel databinding to a Entity, then someone else updated the data. The ViewModel will still display the old data, because the Context is never being dispose to refresh. I always create new Context and then dispose of it. If I want to pass the Entity around, then there will be conflicts between Context and Entity. What is the suggested way of doing this ?

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• Modified Strategy Design Pattern

  - by Samuel Walker

  I've started looking into Design Patterns recently, and one thing I'm coding would suit the Strategy pattern perfectly, except for one small difference. Essentially, some (but not all) of my algorithms, need an extra parameter or two passed to them. So I'll either need to pass them an extra parameter when I invoke their calculate method or store them as variables inside the ConcreteAlgorithm class, and be able to update them before I call the algorithm. Is there a design pattern for this need / How could I implement this while sticking to the Strategy Pattern? I've considered passing the client object to all the algorithms, and storing the variables in there, then using that only when the particular algorithm needs it. However, I think this is both unwieldy, and defeats the point of the strategy pattern. Just to be clear I'm implementing in Java, and so don't have the luxury of optional parameters (which would solve this nicely).

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• scalablity of Scala over Java

  - by Marcus

  I read an article that says Scala handles concurrency better than Java. http://www.theserverside.com/feature/Solving-the-Scalability-Paradox-with-Scala-Clojure-and-Groovy ...the scalability limitation is confined specifically to the Java programming language itself, but it is not a limitation of the Java platform as a whole... The scalability issues with Java aren't a new revelation. In fact, plenty of work has been done to address these very issues, with two of the most successful projects being the programming languages named Scala and Clojure... ...Scala is finding ways around the problematic thread and locking paradigm of the Java language... How is this possible? Doesn't Scala use Java's core libraries which brings all the threading and locking issues from Java to Scala?

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• Can an issue tracking system be distributed?

  - by Klaim

  I was thinking about issue tracking software like Redmine, Trac or even the one that is in Fossil and something hit me: Is there a reason why Redmine and Trac are not possible to be distributed? Or maybe it's possible and I just don't know how it's possible? If it's not possible, why? By distributed I mean like Facebook or Google or other applications that effectively runs on multiple hardware a the same time but share data.

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• When using method chaining, do I reuse the object or create one?

  - by MainMa

  When using method chaining like: var car = new Car().OfBrand(Brand.Ford).OfModel(12345).PaintedIn(Color.Silver).Create(); there may be two approaches: Reuse the same object, like this: public Car PaintedIn(Color color) { this.Color = color; return this; } Create a new object of type Car at every step, like this: public Car PaintedIn(Color color) { var car = new Car(this); // Clone the current object. car.Color = color; // Assign the values to the clone, not the original object. return car; } Is the first one wrong or it's rather a personal choice of the developer? I believe that he first approach may quickly cause the intuitive/misleading code. Example: // Create a car with neither color, nor model. var mercedes = new Car().OfBrand(Brand.MercedesBenz).PaintedIn(NeutralColor); // Create several cars based on the neutral car. var yellowCar = mercedes.PaintedIn(Color.Yellow).Create(); var specificModel = mercedes.OfModel(99).Create(); // Would `specificModel` car be yellow or of neutral color? How would you guess that if // `yellowCar` were in a separate method called somewhere else in code? Any thoughts?

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• What's the difference between implementing an Interface explicitly or implicitly?

  - by Rachel

  In Visual Studio I can right-click on an interface and choose to Implement Interface, or Implement Interface Explicitly. public class Test : ITest { public string Id // Generated by Implement Interface { get { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } string ITest.Id // Generated by Implement Interface Explicitly { get { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } } The only difference I see between the two is that the Interface name is added to the interface properties and methods when they're created if you choose to Implement Interface Explicitly. I find it makes the code a bit more readable since I can see where that method/property comes from, however does this make any difference in how the class is used or compiled? And does it really matter if I implement my interfaces implicitly or explicitly?

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• Representation of data in application versus database

  - by user1815201

  I'm going to make an application that will be given data to put in a database. The data will for the most part be the same, but the way it is formatted will vary a lot (could be in anything from text files to .xls to .doc). I'm not a very experienced developer, but I can see some potential issues and I want to minimize them. First off I have decided to use the DAO pattern, so that I can easily support new file formats or file suddenly formatted in different ways. What I really wonder about though, is how I should manage the data itself within my application. I'm thinking that the database DAO should have models representing each table of the database with the same relations between them, to make the uploading process easy. But should the filesystem DAO's have to use the same models? I can imaging that when the database changes, the change will suddenly propagate throughout the entire system, all DAOs and models alike. And that is obviously a bad thing. I'm a little bit tired and out of time. Will update with what ever questions you have. Thanks!

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• How to turn on/off code modules?

  - by Safran Ali

  I am trying to run multiple sites using single code base and code base consist of the following module (i.e. classes) User module Q & A module Faq module and each class works on MVC pattern i.e. it consist of Entity class Helper class (i.e. static class) View (i.e. pages and controls) and let's say I have 2 sites site1.com and site2.com. And I am trying to achieve following functionality site1.com can have User, Q & A and Faq module up and running site2.com can have User and Q & A module live while Faq module is switched off but it can be turned-on if needed, so my query here is what is the best way to achieve such functionality Do I introduce a flag bit that I check on every page and control belonging to that module? It's more like CMS where you can turn on/off different features. I am trying to get my head around it, please provide me with an example or point out if I am taking the wrong approach.

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• Do you think natively compiled languages have reached their EOL?

  - by Yuval A

  If we look at the major programming languages in use today it is pretty noticeable that the vast majority of them are, in fact, interpreted. Looking at the largest piece of the pie we have Java and C# which are both enterprise-ready, heavy-duty, serious programming languages which are basically compiled to byte-code only to be interpreted by their respective VMs (the JVM and the CLR). If we look at scripting languages, we have Perl, Python, Ruby and Lua which are all interpreted (either from code or from bytecode - and yes, it should be noted that they are absolutely not the same). Looking at compiled languages we have C which is nowadays used in embedded and low-level, real-time environments, and C++ which is still alive and kicking, when you want to get down to serious programming as close to the hardware as you can, but still have some nice abstractions to help you with day to day tasks. Basically, there is no real runner-up compiled language in the distance. Do you feel that languages which are natively compiled to executable, binary code are a thing of the past, taken over by interpreted languages which are much more portable and compatible? Does C++ mark an end of an era? Why don't we see any new compiled languages anymore? I think I should clarify: I do not want this to turn into a "which language is better" discussion, because that is not the issue at hand. The languages I gave as example are only examples. Please focus on the question I raised, and if you disagree with my statement that compiled languages are less frequent these days, that is totally fine, I am more than happy to be proved mistaken.

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• Block elements vs inline elements in HTML: why the distinction?

  - by EpsilonVector

  The distinction between block and inline elements always seemed strange to me. The whole difference is that a block element takes up the entire width thus forcing a line break before and after the element, and an inline element only takes up as much as the content. Why not just have one type of element- an inline element where you can also apply custom height/width, and use that? You want line breaks? Insert a <br />, or maybe add a special tag in the CSS for that behavior. The way it's now, I don't see it solving any problem, and instead it only forces a property that in my opinion should be decided by a designer. So why the two types?

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• Au revoir, Python?

  - by GuySmiley

  I'm an ex-C++ programmer who's recently discovered (and fallen head-over-heels with) Python. I've taken some time to become reasonably fluent in Python, but I've encountered some troubling realities that may lead me to drop it as my language of choice, at least for the time being. I'm writing this in the hopes that someone out there can talk me out of it by convincing me that my concerns are easily circumvented within the bounds of the python universe. I picked up python while looking for a single flexible language that will allow me to build end-to-end working systems quickly on a variety of platforms. These include: - web services - mobile apps - cross-platform client apps for PC Development speed is more of a priority at the time-being than execution speed. However, in order to improve performance over time without requiring major re-writes or architectural changes I think it's imperative to be able to interface easily with Java. That way, I can use Java to optimize specific components as the application scales, without throwing away any code. As far as I can tell, my requirement for an enterprise-capable, platform-independent, fast language with a large developer base means it would have to be Java. .NET or C++ would not cut it due to their respective limitations. Also Java is clearly de rigeur for most mobile platforms. Unfortunately, tragically, there doesn't seem to be a good way to meet all these demands. Jython seems to be what I'm looking for in principle, except that it appears to be practically dead, with no one developing, supporting, or using it to any great degree. And also Jython seems too married to the Java libraries, as you can't use many of the CPython standard libraries with it, which has a major impact on the code you end up writing. The only other option that I can see is to use JPype wrapped in marshalling classes, which may work although it seems like a pain and I wonder if it would be worth it in the long run. On the other hand, everything I'm looking for seems to be readily available by using JRuby, which seems to be much better supported. As things stand, I think this is my best option. I'm sad about this because I absolutely love everything about Python, including the syntax. The perl-like constructs in Ruby just feel like such a step backwards to me in terms of readability, but at the end of the day most of the benefits of python are available in Ruby as well. So I ask you - am I missing something here? Much of what I've said is based on what I've read, so is this summary of the current landscape accurate, or is there some magical solution to the Python-Java divide that will snuff these concerns and allow me to comfortably stay in my happy Python place?

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• Is it possible to implement an infinite IEnumerable without using yield with only C# code?

  - by sinelaw

  This isn't a practical problem, it's more of a riddle. Problem I'm curious to know if there's a way to implement something equivalent to the following, but without using yield: IEnumerable<T> Infinite<T>() { while (true) { yield return default(T); } } Rules You can't use the yield keyword Use only C# itself directly - no IL code, no constructing dynamic assemblies etc. You can only use the basic .NET lib (only mscorlib.dll, System.Core.dll? not sure what else to include). However if you find a solution with some of the other .NET assemblies (WPF?!), I'm also interested. Don't implement IEnumerable or IEnumerator. Notes The closest I've come yet: IEnumerable<int> infinite = null; infinite = new int[1].SelectMany(x => new int[1].Concat(infinite)); This is "correct" but hits a StackOverflowException after 14399 iterations through the enumerable (not quite infinite). I'm thinking there might be no way to do this due to the CLR's lack of tail recursion optimization. A proof would be nice :)

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• Why does void in C mean not void?

  - by Naftuli Tzvi Kay

  In strongly-typed languages like Java and C#, void (or Void) as a return type for a method seem to mean: This method doesn't return anything. Nothing. No return. You will not receive anything from this method. What's really strange is that in C, void as a return type or even as a method parameter type means: It could really be anything. You'd have to read the source code to find out. Good luck. If it's a pointer, you should really know what you're doing. Consider the following examples in C: void describe(void *thing) { Object *obj = thing; printf("%s.\n", obj->description); } void *move(void *location, Direction direction) { void *next = NULL; // logic! return next; } Obviously, the second method returns a pointer, which by definition could be anything. Since C is older than Java and C#, why did these languages adopt void as meaning "nothing" while C used it as "nothing or anything (when a pointer)"?

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• How to become an expert web-developer?

  - by John Smith

  I am currently a Junior PHP developer and I really LOVE it, I love internet from first time I got into it, I always loved smartly-created websites, always was wondering how it all works, always admired websites with good design and rich functionality, and finally I am creating web-sites on my own and it feels really great. My goals are to become expert web-developer (aiming for creating websites for small and medium business, not enterprise-sized systems), to have a great full-time job, to do freelance and to create my own startup in future. General question: What do I do to be an expert, professional and demanded web-programmer? More concrete questions: 1). How do I choose languages and technologies needed? I know that every web-developer must know HTML+CSS+JS+AJAX+JQuery, I am doing some design aswell cause I like it and I need it for freelance also. But what about backend languages? Currently I picked PHP cause it's most demanded in my area and most of web uses it, but what would happen in future? Say, in 3 years, I am good at PHP and PHP frameworks by than, but what if some other languages get most popular? Do I switch to them? I know that good programmer is not about languages and frameworks but about ability to learn and to aim the goals, but still I think that learning frameworks for some language can take quite some time. Am I wrong? 2). In general, what are basic guidelines to be expert web-developer? What are most important things I should focus on? Thank you!

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• Is Google Closure a true compiler?

  - by James Allardice

  This question is inspired by the debate in the comments on this Stack Overflow question. The Google Closure Compiler documentation states the following (emphasis added): The Closure Compiler is a tool for making JavaScript download and run faster. It is a true compiler for JavaScript. Instead of compiling from a source language to machine code, it compiles from JavaScript to better JavaScript. However, Wikipedia gives the following definition of a "compiler": A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language... A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. Based on that, I would say that Google Closure is not a compiler. But the fact that Google explicitly state that it is in fact a "true compiler" makes me wonder if there's more to it. Is Google Closure really a JavaScript compiler?

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• Securing iOS or Android Backend API

  - by El Guapo

  I have an application that I am writing for both iOS and Android; this application will be served by a ReSTFUL API running on a cluster of servers on "the internets". I am curious how the rest of the world is going about securing their APIs so only specific applications running on iOS or Android can use these APIs. I could go the same route as other OAuth providers by providing a key/secret combination (2-legged OAuth), however, what do I do if I ever have to change these keys??? Do I create a new key/secret for every person that downloads the app???

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• Good resources for learning Rails?

  - by Bobby Tables

  I just finished working through Peter Cooper's "Beginning Ruby". So now I've got a reasonable grounding in the Ruby language and would like to move onto learning Rails. This question's answers give some good pointers, but I'd like to hear some specific reviews of books and online materials. I generally learn best by working through books with good practical/technical examples AND some passive reading content that breaks up the study between practical and reading sessions (this is what made "Beginning Ruby" great for me), but I'm worried that RoR is evolving fast and that any printed book I order might be obsolete by the time I get it and work through it. Is this a fair worry? Or can anyone recommend a good Rails 3 book that should be up to date at least for the next year or so? Also, I had a brief look at some of the online resources from the other questions, and Rails for Zombies seems to get a lot of praise. Has anyone here actually used it as their introductory guide to Rails? Basically I'd like to hear first-hand accounts of people who went through this "Ruby-to-Rails" learning phase recently and which materials were useful to you.

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• Algorithm for a lucky game [on hold]

  - by Ronnie

  Assume we have the following Keno(lottery type) game: From 80 numbers(from 1 to 80), 20 are being drawn. The players choose 1 or 2 or 3..... or 12 numbers to play(12 categories). If they choose for example 4 then they win if they predict correctly a certain amount of numbers(2,3 or 4) from the 4 they have played and lose if the predict only 1 or 0 numbers. They win X times their money accordingly to some predefined factor depending on how many numbers they predict from each category. The same with the other categories. And e.g 11 out of 11 gives 250000 times your money and 12 out of 12 gives 1000000 your money. So the company would want to avoid winnings so high. Every draw by the company is being made every 5 minutes and in each draw around 120000 (let's say) different predictions(Keno tickets) are being played. Let's assume 12000 are being played in category 10 and 12000 in category 11 and also 12000 in category 12. I'm wondering if there is an algorithm to allow the company that provides the game in the 5 minutes between the drawings, to find a 20 number set, in order to avoid any "12 out of 12" and "11 out of 11" and "11 out of 12" and "10 out of 11" and "10 out of 10" winning ticket. That means is there any algorithm, where in a time of less than 1 minute approximately(in todays hardware), to be able to find a 20 number set so that none of the 12000 12 and 11 and 10 number sets that the players played(in categories 10,11 and 12) contains any winning of "12 out of 12" and "11 out of 11" and "11 out of 12" and "10 out of 11" and "10 out of 10"? Or even better the generalization of the problem: What is the best algorithm(from a perspective of minimal time), to be able to find a Y number set from numbers 1 to Z(e.g Y=20, Z=80) so that none of the X sets of K-numbers that are being played(in category K) contains more than K-m numbers from the Y-set? (Note that for Y=K and m=1 there is a practical algorithm.)

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• Mobile Apps for Hospitals?

  - by Joey Green

  I currently work for a pretty large hospital and have been dabbling in iPhone development for a couple years. The CEO is wanting to get together a group to see what mobile technology we could create. I was contacted to be the main developer. I wanted to gather some ideas of what kind of mobile apps people have seen deployed in hospitals. Not necessarily medical apps that you can get on the app store, but rather apps built specifically for a hospital. Any ideas? If this is not the appropriate forum for a question like this, can someone point me to a forum where it would be appropriate?

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• What to use for simple cross-platform games instead of Flash?

  - by jmh_gr

  In short, for simple games: Is Flash still a good option for browser-based PC clients? It still has 90%+ penetration. What is a good alternative for mobile devices? It HTML5 + JavaScript the choice for mobile? Or does one have to learn a new native language for each target platform? (Android, Apple, Windows Phone)... If you desire further background: There are more blogs about the official demise of mobile Flash than I can count, along with endless useless and vitriolic comments. I'm actually trying to do something practical: build simple games that can be served accross multiple platforms. Several months ago I plopped down $1100 for CS5.5 Web and am wading into Flash. Bummer. My question to people who actually develop simple games and apps: What platform should I use instead? Is Flash still a sensible platform for web-served PC users? For example, let's say I build a simple arcade game that I would like to serve as an app to mobile users and as a browser-based game to PC users. Should I still invest the time and effort to learn and develop in Flash for the PC users, while building a parallel code set in some other language for mobile users? My games are simple enough that it would be annoying but not inconceivable to maintain parallel code sets.

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• Computer Science Programming Certificate vs. Computer Science Degree?

  - by Jess

  I'm kind of in a tough spot. My current living conditions require that I work a full-time job while attending school. I've attended a UC in the past but had to withdraw my junior year due to financial issues at home. I currently work an entry-level IT corp job but I'm looking to further my salary/skills by getting a degree, or a programming certificate like this one: http://www.lavc.edu/voced1/CSITCertCSP/CSITCertFrameCSP.htm Herein lies the problem. I prefer getting a CS degree from an accredited university but I looked at the schedules for classes and it is impossible to work around my current 40/hr work week. There are random morning classes, with the occasional evening class, but the times get even more construed as I move my way up to the upper divisions. So what I guess I'm trying to get at is, can anyone lay out the pros and cons of obtaining a certificate vs. the degree (besides obvious points like the latter being 100x better)? I'm aware that having a degree is always going to be a better route, but...is the programming certificate useless? Should I not even bother?

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• Can You Have "Empty" Abstract/Classes?

  - by ShrimpCrackers

  Of course you can, I'm just wondering if it's rational to design in such a way. I'm making a breakout clone and was doing some class design. I wanted to use inheritance, even though I don't have to, to apply what I've learned in C++. I was thinking about class design and came up with something like this: GameObject - base class (consists of data members like x and y offsets, and a vector of SDL_Surface* MovableObject : GameObject - abstract class + derived class of GameObject (one method void move() = 0; ) NonMovableObject : GameObject - empty class...no methods or data members other than constructor and destructor(at least for now?). Later I was planning to derive a class from NonMovableObject, like Tileset : NonMovableObject. I was just wondering if "empty" abstract classes or just empty classes are often used...I notice that the way I'm doing this, I'm just creating the class NonMovableObject just for sake of categorization. I know I'm overthinking things just to make a breakout clone, but my focus is less on the game and more on using inheritance and designing some sort of game framework.

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