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• In python: how to apply itertools.product to elements of a list of lists

  - by Guilherme Rocha

  I have a list of arrays and I would like to get the cartesian product of the elements in the arrays. I will use an example to make this more concrete... itertools.product seems to do the trick but I am stuck in a little detail. arrays = [(-1,+1), (-2,+2), (-3,+3)]; If I do cp = list(itertools.product(arrays)); I get cp = cp0 = [((-1, 1),), ((-2, 2),), ((-3, 3),)] But what I want to get is cp1 = [(-1,-2,-3), (-1,-2,+3), (-1,+2,-3), (-1,+2,+3), ..., (+1,+2,-3), (+1,+2,+3)]. I have tried a few different things: cp = list(itertools.product(itertools.islice(arrays, len(arrays)))); cp = list(itertools.product(iter(arrays, len(arrays)))); They all gave me cp0 instead of cp1. Any ideas? Thanks in advance.

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• python: sorting

  - by nabizan

  hi im doing a loop so i could get dict of data, but since its a dict it's sorting alphabetical and not as i push it trought the loop ... is it possible to somehow turn off alphabetical sorting? here is how do i do that data = {} for item in container: data[item] = {} ... for key, val in item_container.iteritems(): ... data[item][key] = val whitch give me something like this data = { A : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, B : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, C : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 } } and i want it to be as i was going throught the loop, e.g. data = { B : {K2 : V2, K3 : V3, K1 : V1}, A : {K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3}, C : {K3 : V3, K1 : V1, K2 : V2} }

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• Python: OSX Library for fast full screen jpg/png display

  - by Parand

  Frustrated by lack of a simple ACDSee equivalent for OS X, I'm looking to hack one up for myself. I'm looking for a gui library that accommodates: Full screen image display High quality image fit-to-screen (for display) Low memory usage Fast display Reasonable learning curve (the simpler the better) Looks like there are several choices, so which is the best? Here are some I've run across: PyOpenGL PyGame PyQT wxpython I don't have any particular experience with any of these, nor any strong desire to become an expert - I'm looking for the simplest solution. What do you recommend? [Update] For those not familiar with ACDSee, here's what it does that I care about: Simple list/thubmnail display of images in a directory Sort by name/size/type Ability to view images full screen Single-key delete while viewing full screen Move to next/previous image while viewing full screen Ability to select a group of images for: move to / copy to directory delete resize ACDSee has a bunch of niceties as well, such as remembering directories you've moved images to in the past, remembering your resize settings, displaying the total size of the images you've selected, etc. I've tried most of the options I could find (including Xee) and none of them quite get there. Please keep in mind that this is a programming/library question, not a criticism of any of the existing tools.

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• unevenly centered subplots in matplotlib in Python?

  - by user248237

  I am plotting a simple pair of subplots in matplotlib that are for some reason unevenly centered. I plot them as follows: plt.figure() # first subplot s1 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 1) plt.bar([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]) # second subplot s2 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 2) plt.pcolor(rand(5,5)) # add colorbar plt.colorbar() # square axes axes_square(s1) axes_square(s2) where axes_square is simply: def axes_square(plot_handle): plot_handle.axes.set_aspect(1/plot_handle.axes.get_data_ratio()) The plot I get is attached. The top and bottom plots are unevenly centered. I'd like their yaxis to be aligned and their boxes to be aligned. If I remove the plt.colorbar() call, the plots become centered. How can I have the plots centered while the colorbar of pcolor is still shown? I want the axes to be centered and have the colorbar be outside of that alignment, either to the left or to the right of the pcolor matrix. image of plots link thanks.

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• Simplest way to handle and display errors in a Python Pylons controller without a helper class

  - by ensnare

  I have a class User() that throw exceptions when attributes are incorrectly set. I am currently passing the exceptions from the models through the controller to the templates by essentially catching exceptions two times for each variable. Is this a correct way of doing it? Is there a better (but still simple) way? I prefer not to use any third party error or form handlers due to the extensive database queries we already have in place in our classes. Furthermore, how can I "stop" the chain of processing in the class if one of the values is invalid? Is there like a "break" syntax or something? Thanks. >>> u = User() >>> u.name = 'Jason Mendez' >>> u.password = '1234' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "topic/model/user.py", line 79, in password return self._password ValueError: Your password must be greater than 6 characters In my controller "register," I have: class RegisterController(BaseController): def index(self): if request.POST: c.errors = {} u = User() try: u.name = c.name = request.POST['name'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['name'] = error try: u.email = c.email = request.POST['email'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['email'] = error try: u.password = c.password = request.POST['password'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['password'] = error try: u.commit() except ValueError, error: pass return render('/register.mako')

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• what is this code mean in python,

  - by zjm1126

  def a(): print 'sss' print getattr(a, "_decorated_function", a).__name__ it print : a thanks

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• Sorting objects in Python

  - by Curious2learn

  I want to sort objects using by one of their attributes. As of now, I am doing it in the following way USpeople.sort(key=lambda person: person.utility[chosenCar],reverse=True) This works fine, but I have read that using operator.attrgetter() might be a faster way to achieve this sort. First, is this correct? Assuming that it is correct, how do I use operator.attrgetter() to achieve this sort? I tried, keyFunc=operator.attrgetter('utility[chosenCar]') USpeople.sort(key=keyFunc,reverse=True) However, I get an error saying that there is no attribute 'utility[chosenCar]'. The problem is that the attribute by which I want to sort is in a dictionary. For example, the utility attribute is in the following form: utility={chosenCar:25000,anotherCar:24000,yetAnotherCar:24500} I want to sort by the utility of the chosenCar using operator.attrgetter(). How could I do this? Thanks in advance.

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• Python: How efficient is subtring extraction?

  - by Cameron

  I've got the entire contents of a text file (at least a few KB) in string myStr. Will the following code create a copy of the string (less the first character) in memory? myStr = myStr[1:] I'm hoping it just refers to a different location in the same internal buffer. If not, is there a more efficient way to do this? Thanks!

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• Converting python objects for rpy2

  - by bgbg

  The following code is supposed to created a heatmap in rpy2 import numpy as np from rpy2.robjects import r data = np.random.random((10,10)) r.heatmap(data) However, it results in the following error Traceback (most recent call last): File "z.py", line 8, in <module> labRow=rowNames, labCol=colNames) File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 418, in __call__ new_args = [conversion.py2ri(a) for a in args] File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 93, in default_py2ri raise(ValueError("Nothing can be done for the type %s at the moment." %(type(o)))) ValueError: Nothing can be done for the type <type 'numpy.ndarray'> at the moment. From the documentation I learn that r.heatmap expects "a numeric matrix". How do I convert np.array to the required data type?

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• Passing list and dictionary type parameter with Python

  - by prosseek

  When I run this code def func(x, y, *w, **z): print x print y if w: print w if z: print z else: print "None" func(10,20, 1,2,3,{'k':'a'}) I get the result as follows. 10 20 (1, 2, 3, {'k': 'a'}) None But, I expected as follows, I mean the list parameters (1,2,3) matching *w, and dictionary matching **z. 10 20 (1,2,3) {'k':'a'} Q : What went wrong? How can I pass the list and dictionary as parameters? Added func(10,20, 10,20,30, k='a') seems to be working

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• python regular expression for domain names

  - by user230911

  I am trying use the following regression to extract domain name from a text, but it just produce nothing, what's wrong with it? I don't know if this is suitable to ask this "fix code" question, maybe I should read more. I just want to save some time. Thanks pat_url = re.compile(r''' (?:https?://)* (?:[\w]+[\-\w]+[.])* (?P<domain>[\w\-]*[\w.](com|net)([.](cn|jp|us))*[/]*) ''') print re.findall(pat_url,"http://www.google.com/abcde") I want the output to be google.com

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• Python key word arguments

  - by pythonic metaphor

  I have several layers of function calls, passing around a common dictionary of key word arguments: def func1(**qwargs): func2(**qwargs) func3(**qwargs) I would like to supply some default arguments in some of the subsequent function calls, something like this: def func1(**qwargs): func2(arg = qwargs.get("arg", default), **qwargs) func3(**qwargs) The problem with this approach is that if arg is inside qwargs, a TypeError is raised with "got multiple values for keyword argument". I don't want to set qwargs["arg"] to default, because then func3 gets this argument without warrant. I could make a copy.copy of the qwargs and set "arg" in the copy, but qwargs could have large data structures in it and I don't want to copy them (maybe copy.copy wouldn't, only copy.deepcopy?). What's the pythonic thing to do here?

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• Fast iterating over first n items of an iterable in python

  - by martinthenext

  Hello! I'm looking for a pythonic way of iterating over first n items of a list, and it's quite important to do this as fast as possible. This is how I do it now: count = 0 for item in iterable: do_somethin(item) count += 1 if count >= n: break Doesn't seem neat to me. Another way of doing this is: for item in itertools.islice(iterable, n): do_something(item) This looks good, the question is it fast enough to use with some generator(s)? For example: pair_generator = lambda iterable: itertools.izip(*[iter(iterable)]*2) for item in itertools.islice(pair_generator(iterable), n): so_something(item) Will it run fast enough as compared to the first method? Is there some easier way to do it?

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• Threading in python: retrieve return value when using target=

  - by Philipp Keller

  I want to get the "free memory" of a bunch of servers like this: def get_mem(servername): res = os.popen('ssh %s "grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | sed \'s/[^0-9]//g\'"' % servername) return res.read().strip() since this can be threaded I want to do something like that: import threading thread1 = threading.Thread(target=get_mem, args=("server01", )) thread1.start() But now: how can I access the return value(s) of the get_mem functions? Do I really need to go the full fledged way creating a class MemThread(threading.Thread) and overwriting __init__ and __run__?

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• sending instant messages through python (msn)

  - by code_by_night

  ok I am well aware there are many other questions about this, but I have been searching and have yet to find a solid proper answer that doesnt revolve around jabber or something worse. (no offense to jabber users, just I don't want all the extras that come with it) I currently have msnp and twisted.words, I simply want to send and receive messages, have read many examples that have failed to work, and msnp is poorly documented. My preference is msnp as it requires much less code, I'm not looking for something complicated. Using this code I can login, and view my friends that are online (can't send them messages though.): import msnp import time, threading msn = msnp.Session() msn.login('[email protected]', 'XXXXXX') msn.sync_friend_list() class MSN_Thread(threading.Thread): def run(self): msn.start_chat("[email protected]") #this does not work while True: msn.process() time.sleep(1) start_msn = MSN_Thread() start_msn.start() I hope I have been clear enough, its pretty late and my head is not in a clear state after all this msn frustration. edit: since it seems msnp is extremely outdated could anyone recommend with simple examples on how I could achieve this? Don't need anything fancy that requires other accounts.

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• Xml comparison in Python

  - by Gregg Lind

  Building on another SO question, how can one check whether two well-formed XML snippets are semantically equal. All I need is "equal" or not, since I'm using this for unit tests. In the system I want, these would be equal (note the order of 'start' and 'end'): <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats start="1275955200" end="1276041599"> </Stats> # Reodered start and end <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats end="1276041599" start="1275955200" > </Stats> I have lmxl and other tools at my disposal, and a simple function that only allows reordering of attributes would work fine as well!

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• python duration of a file object in an argument list

  - by msw

  In the pickle module documentation there is a snippet of example code: reader = pickle.load(open('save.p', 'rb')) which upon first read looked like it would allocate a system file descriptor, read its contents and then "leak" the open descriptor for there isn't any handle accessible to call close() upon. This got me wondering if there was any hidden magic that takes care of this case. Diving into the source, I found in Modules/_fileio.c that file descriptors are closed by the fileio_dealloc() destructor which led to the real question. What is the duration of the file object returned by the example code above? After that statement executes does the object indeed become unreferenced and therefore will the fd be subject to a real close(2) call at some future garbage collection sweep? If so, is the example line good practice, or should one not count on the fd being released thus risking kernel per-process descriptor table exhaustion?

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• Python - How to pickle yourself?

  - by Mark

  I want my class to implement Save and Load functions which simply do a pickle of the class. But apparently you cannot use 'self' in the fashion below. How can you do this? self = cPickle.load(f) cPickle.dump(self,f,2)

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• Accessing Class Variables from a List in a nice way in Python

  - by Dennis

  Suppose I have a list X = [a, b, c] where a, b, c are instances of the same class C. Now, all these instances a,b,c, have a variable called v, a.v, b.v, c.v ... I simply want a list Y = [a.v, b.v, c.v] Is there a nice command to do this? The best way I can think of is: Y = [] for i in X Y.append(i.v) But it doesn't seem very elegant ~ since this needs to be repeated for any given "v" Any suggestions? I couldn't figure out a way to use "map" to do this.

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• python dict function on enumerate object

  - by Lundus

  Hi, If I have an enumerate object x, why does doing the following: dict(x) clear all the items in the enumerate sequence?

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• Cleaning an XML file in Python before parsing

  - by Sam

  I'm using minidom to parse an xml file and it threw an error indicating that the data is not well formed. I figured out that some of the pages have characters like ไอเฟล &, causing the parser to hiccup. Is there an easy way to clean the file before I start parsing it? Right now I'm using a regular expressing to throw away anything that isn't an alpha numeric character and the </> characters, but it isn't quite working.

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• How to display locale sensitive time format without seconds in python

  - by Tim Kersten

  I can output a locale sensitive time format using strftime('%X'), but this always includes seconds. How might I display this time format without seconds? >>> import locale >>> import datetime >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12:22:43 >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'zh_TW.utf-8') 'zh_TW.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12?22?58? The only way I can think of doing this is attempting to parse the output of locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) and strip out the seconds bit, but that brings it's own trickery. >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %H?%M?%S? >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %T

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• How to read a string one letter at a time in python

  - by dan

  I need to convert a string inputed by a user into morse code. The way our professor wants us to do this is to read from a morseCode.txt file, seperate the letters from the morseCode into two lists, then convert each letter to morse code (inserting a new line when there is a space). I have the beginning. What it does is reads the morseCode.txt file and seperates the letters into a list [A, B, ... Z] and the codes into a list ['– – . . – –\n', '. – . – . –\n'...]. We haven't learned "sets" yet, so I can't use that. How would I then take the string that they inputed, go through letter by letter, and convert it to morse code? I'm a bit caught up. Here's what I have right now (not much at all...) morseCodeFile = open('morseCode.txt', 'r') letterList = [] codeList = [] line = morseCodeFile.readline() while line != '': letterList.append(line[0]) codeList.append(line[2:]) line = morseCodeFile.readline() morseCodeFile.close() userInput = input("Enter a string to be converted to morse code or press <enter> to quit ")

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• Python: deleting rows in a text file

  - by Jenny

  A sample of the following text file i have is: > 1 -4.6 -4.6 -7.6 > > 2 -1.7 -3.8 -3.1 > > 3 -1.6 -1.6 -3.1 the data is separated by tabs in the text file and the first column indicates the position. I need to iterate through every value in the text file apart from column 0 and find the lowest value. once the lowest value has been found that value needs to be written to a new text file along with the column name and position. Column 0 has the name "position" Column 1 "fifteen", column 2 "sixteen" and column 3 "seventeen" for example the lowest value in the above data is "-7.6" and is in column 3 which has the name "seventeen". Therefore "7.6", "seventeen" and its position value which in this case is 1 need to be written to the new text file. I then need a number of rows deleted from the above text file. E.G. the lowest value above is "-7.6" and is found at position "1" and is found in column 3 which as the name "seventeen". I therefore need seventeen rows deleted from the text file starting from and including position 1 so the the column in which the lowest value is found denotes the amount of rows that needs to be deleted and the position it is found at states the start point of the deletion

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• Download whole directories in Python SimpleHTTPServer

  - by awegawef

  I really like how I can easily share files on a network using the SimpleHTTPServer, but I wish there was an option like "download entire directory". Is there an easy (one liner) way to implement this? Thanks

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