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  • Python: can't pickle module objects error

    - by adum
    i'm trying to pickle a big class and getting "TypeError: can't pickle module objects". despite looking around the web, i can't exactly figure out what this means. and i'm not sure which "module object" is causing the trouble. is there a way to find the culprit? the stack trace doesn't seem to indicate anything.

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  • Flatten (an irregular) list of lists in Python

    - by telliott99
    Yes, I know this subject has been covered before (here, here, here, here), but AFAIK, all solutions save one choke on a list like this: L = [[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]], 6] where the desired output is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] or perhaps even better, an iterator. The only solution I saw that works for an arbitrary nesting is from @Alabaster Codify here: def flatten(x): result = [] for el in x: if hasattr(el, "__iter__") and not isinstance(el, basestring): result.extend(flatten(el)) else: result.append(el) return result flatten(L) So to my question: is this the best model? Did I overlook something? Any problems?

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  • Remove certain keys from a dictionary in python

    - by Margaret
    I'm trying to construct a dictionary that contains a series of sets: {Field1:{Value1, Value2, Value3}, Field2{Value4}} The trouble is, I then wish to delete any fields from the dictionary that only have one value in the set. I have been writing code like this: for field in FieldSet: if len(FieldSet[field]) == 1: del(FieldSet[field]) But receive the error "RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during execution". (Not surprising, since that's what I'm doing.) It's not the be-all and end-all if I have to knock together some sort of workaround, but is it possible to do this?

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  • FIFO dequeueing in python?

    - by Aaron Ramsey
    hello again everybody— I'm looking to make a functional (not necessarily optimally efficient, as I'm very new to programming) FIFO queue, and am having trouble with my dequeueing. My code looks like this: class QueueNode: def __init__(self, data): self.data = data self.next = None def __str__(self): return str(self.data) class Queue: def__init__(self): self.front = None self.rear = None self.size = 0 def enqueue(self, item) newnode = QueueNode(item) newnode.next = None if self.size == 0: self.front = self.rear = newnode else: self.rear = newnode self.rear.next = newnode.next self.size = self.size+1 def dequeue(self) dequeued = self.front.data del self.front self.size = self.size-1 if self.size == 0: self.rear = None print self.front #for testing if I do this, and dequeue an item, I get the error "AttributeError: Queue instance has no attribute 'front'." I guess my function doesn't properly assign the new front of the queue? I'm not sure how to fix it though. I don't really want to start from scratch, so if there's a tweak to my code that would work, I'd prefer that—I'm not trying to minimize runtime so much as just get a feel for classes and things of that nature. Thanks in advance for any help, you guys are the best.

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  • Memory problems while code is running (Python, Networkx)

    - by MIN SU PARK
    I made a code for generate a graph with 379613734 edges. But the code couldn't be finished because of memory. It takes about 97% of server memory when it go through 62 million lines. So I killed it. Do you have any idea to solve this problem? My code is like this: import os, sys import time import networkx as nx G = nx.Graph() ptime = time.time() j = 1 for line in open("./US_Health_Links.txt", 'r'): #for line in open("./test_network.txt", 'r'): follower = line.strip().split()[0] followee = line.strip().split()[1] G.add_edge(follower, followee) if j%1000000 == 0: print j*1.0/1000000, "million lines done", time.time() - ptime ptime = time.time() j += 1 DG = G.to_directed() # P = nx.path_graph(DG) Nn_G = G.number_of_nodes() N_CC = nx.number_connected_components(G) LCC = nx.connected_component_subgraphs(G)[0] n_LCC = LCC.nodes() Nn_LCC = LCC.number_of_nodes() inDegree = DG.in_degree() outDegree = DG.out_degree() Density = nx.density(G) # Diameter = nx.diameter(G) # Centrality = nx.betweenness_centrality(PDG, normalized=True, weighted_edges=False) # Clustering = nx.average_clustering(G) print "number of nodes in G\t" + str(Nn_G) + '\n' + "number of CC in G\t" + str(N_CC) + '\n' + "number of nodes in LCC\t" + str(Nn_LCC) + '\n' + "Density of G\t" + str(Density) + '\n' # sys.exit() # j += 1 The edge data is like this: 1000 1001 1000245 1020191 1000 10267352 1000653 10957902 1000 11039092 1000 1118691 10346 11882 1000 1228281 1000 1247041 1000 12965332 121340 13027572 1000 13075072 1000 13183162 1000 13250162 1214 13326292 1000 13452672 1000 13844892 1000 14061830 12340 1406481 1000 14134703 1000 14216951 1000 14254402 12134 14258044 1000 14270791 1000 14278978 12134 14313332 1000 14392970 1000 14441172 1000 14497568 1000 14502775 1000 14595635 1000 14620544 1000 14632615 10234 14680596 1000 14956164 10230 14998341 112000 15132211 1000 15145450 100 15285998 1000 15288974 1000 15300187 1000 1532061 1000 15326300 Lastly, is there anybody who has an experience to analyze Twitter link data? It's quite hard to me to take a directed graph and calculate average/median indegree and outdegree of nodes. Any help or idea?

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  • need help with a small Python program

    - by Matthew
    Basically looking for a small program that will do nothing but activate the F6 key every x seconds for the active window, x being whatever number I enter, and the program stops with the hit of like ctrl+z or something. What would be a good way to do this?

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  • Python re.IGNORECASE being dynamic

    - by Adam Nelson
    I'd like to do something like this: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',re.I) And have re.I be dynamic, so I can do case-sensitive or insensitive comparisons on the fly. This works but is undocumented: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',1) To set it to sensitive. Is there a Pythonic way to do this? My best thought so far is: if case_sensitive: regex_senstive = 1 else: regex_sensitive = re.I re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',regex_sensitive)

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  • Python: How to make a cross-module variable?

    - by Dan Homerick
    The __debug__ variable is handy in part because it affects every module. If I want to create another variable that works the same way, how would I do it? The variable (let's be original and call it 'foo') doesn't have to be truly global, in the sense that if I change foo in one module, it is updated in others. I'd be fine if I could set foo before importing other modules and then they would see the same value for it.

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  • Python unicode issues (2.6)

    - by ephemeralis
    I'm currently working on a irc bot for a multi-lingual channel, and I'm encountering some issues with unicode which are proving nearly impossible to solve. No matter what configuration of unicode encoding I seem to try, the list function which the below code sits within just flat out does nothing (c.notice is a class function which sends a NOTICE command to the irc server) or when it does do something, spits out something which obviously isn't encoded. The command should be sending ??, but instead it seems hellbent on sending å¤©å­ with a previous configuration of the same commands. The one I have specified below is of the 'send nothing' variety. I haven't worked with unicode before this, and thus I am quite stuck. I'm also positive that I'm doing this completely wrong as a consequence. (compileCMD just takes a list and spits out a single string of all the elements within the list) uk = self.compileCMD(self.faq.keys(),0) ukeys = unicode(uk,"utf-8").encode("utf-8") c.notice(nick, u"Current list of faq entries: %s" % (uk))

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  • Recognizing language of a short text? - Python

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, I'm have a list of articles, each article has its own title and description. Unfortunately, from the sources I am using, there is no way to know what language they are written. Also, text is not entirely written in 1 language; almost always English words are present. I reckon I would need dictionary databases stored on my machine, but it feels a bit unpractical. What would you suggest I do?

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  • Comparing a time delta in python

    - by Alpesh Patel
    I have a variable which is <type 'datetime.timedelta'> and I would like to compare it against certain values. Lets say d produces this datetime.timedelta value 0:00:01.782000 I would like to compare it like this: #if d is greater than 1 minute if d>1:00: print "elapsed time is greater than 1 minute" I have tried converting datetime.timedelta.strptime() but that does seem to work. Is there an easier way to compare this value?

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  • How do I overwrite a file currently being read by Python

    - by Brian
    Hi guys, I am not too sure the best way to word this, but what I want to do, is read a pdf file, make various modifications, and save the modified pdf over the original file. As of now, I am able to save the modified pdf to a separate file, but I am looking to replace the original, not create a new file. Here is my current code: from pyPdf import PdfFileWriter, PdfFileReader output = PdfFileWriter() input = PdfFileReader(file('input.pdf', 'rb')) blank = PdfFileReader(file('C:\\BLANK.pdf', 'rb')) # Copy the input pdf to the output. for page in range(int(input.getNumPages())): output.addPage(input.getPage(page)) # Add a blank page if needed. if (input.getNumPages() % 2 != 0): output.addPage(blank.getPage(0)) # Write the output to pdf. outputStream = file('input.pdf', 'wb') output.write(outputStream) outputStream.close() If i change the outputStream to a different file name, it works fine, I just cant save over the input file because it is still being used. I have tried to .close() the stream, but it was giving me errors as well. I have a feeling this has a fairly simple solution, I just haven't had any luck finding it. Thanks!

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  • Python/YACC: Resolving a shift/reduce conflict

    - by Rosarch
    I'm using PLY. Here is one of my states from parser.out: state 3 (5) course_data -> course . (6) course_data -> course . course_list_tail (3) or_phrase -> course . OR_CONJ COURSE_NUMBER (7) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER (8) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER course_list_tail ! shift/reduce conflict for OR_CONJ resolved as shift $end reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) OR_CONJ shift and go to state 7 , shift and go to state 8 ! OR_CONJ [ reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) ] course_list_tail shift and go to state 9 I want to resolve this as: if OR_CONJ is followed by COURSE_NUMBER: shift and go to state 7 else: reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) How can I fix my parser file to reflect this? Do I need to handle a syntax error by backtracking and trying a different rule?

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  • Website stress test in Python - Django

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, I'm trying to build a small stress test script to test how quickly a set of requests gets done. Need to measure speed for 100 requests. Problem is that I wouldn't know how to implement it, as it would require parallel url requests to be called. Any ideas?

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  • Python alignment of assignments (style)

    - by ikaros45
    I really like following style standards, as those specified in PEP 8. I have a linter that checks it automatically, and definitely my code is much better because of that. There is just one point in PEP 8, the E251 & E221 don't feel very good. Coming from a JavaScript background, I used to align the variable assignments as following: var var1 = 1234; var2 = 54; longer_name = 'hi'; var lol = { 'that' : 65, 'those' : 87, 'other_thing' : true }; And in my humble opinion, this improves readability dramatically. Problem is, this is dis-recommended by PEP 8. With dictionaries, is not that bad because spaces are allowed after the colon: dictionary = { 'something': 98, 'some_other_thing': False } I can "live" with variable assignments without alignment, but what I don't like at all is not to be able to pass named arguments in a function call, like this: some_func(length= 40, weight= 900, lol= 'troll', useless_var= True, intelligence=None) So, what I end up doing is using a dictionary, as following: specs = { 'length': 40, 'weight': 900, 'lol': 'troll', 'useless_var': True, 'intelligence': None } some_func(**specs) or just simply some_func(**{'length': 40, 'weight': 900, 'lol': 'troll', 'useless_var': True, 'intelligence': None}) But I have the feeling this work around is just worse than ignoring the PEP 8 E251 / E221. What is the best practice?

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  • Using arrays with other arrays in Python.

    - by Scott
    Trying to find an efficient way to extract all instances of items in an array out of another. For example array1 = ["abc", "def", "ghi", "jkl"] array2 = ["abc", "ghi", "456", "789"] Array 1 is an array of items that need to be extracted out of array 2. Thus, array 2 should be modified to ["456", "789"] I know how to do this, but no in an efficient manner.

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  • python to display the special characters

    - by Suhail
    Hi, I am facing issues with the special characters like ° and ® which represent the degreee Farenheit sign and the ® represent the registered sign, when i print the string the contains the special characters, it gives output like this: Preheat oven to 350&deg F Welcome to Lorem Ipsum Inc&reg is there a way i can output the exact characters and not their codes ? please let me know.

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  • python Requests login to website returns 403

    - by Jeff
    I'm trying to use requests to login to a website but as you can guess I'm having a problem here's the the code that I'm using import requests EMAIL = '***' PASSWORD = '***' URL = 'https://portal.bitcasa.com/login' client = requests.session(config={'verbose': sys.stderr}) login_data = {'username': EMAIL, 'password': PASSWORD,} r = client.post(URL, data=login_data, headers={"Referer": "foo"}) print r and if I print out r.text I get <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript">var NREUMQ=NREUMQ||[];NREUMQ.push(["mark","firstbyte",new Date().getTime()])</script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="NONE,NOARCHIVE"> <title>403 Forbidden</title> <style type="text/css"> html * { padding:0; margin:0; } body * { padding:10px 20px; } body * * { padding:0; } body { font:small sans-serif; background:#eee; } body>div { border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; } h1 { font-weight:normal; margin-bottom:.4em; } h1 span { font-size:60%; color:#666; font-weight:normal; } #info { background:#f6f6f6; } #info ul { margin: 0.5em 4em; } #info p, #summary p { padding-top:10px; } #summary { background: #ffc; } #explanation { background:#eee; border-bottom: 0px none; } </style> </head> <body> <div id="summary"> <h1>Forbidden <span>(403)</span></h1> <p>CSRF verification failed. Request aborted.</p> </div> <div id="explanation"> <p><small>More information is available with DEBUG=True.</small></p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if(!NREUMQ.f){NREUMQ.f=function(){NREUMQ.push(["load",new Date().getTime()]);var e=document.createElement("script");e.type="text/javascript";e.src=(("http:"===document.location.protocol)?"http:":"https:")+"//"+"d1ros97qkrwjf5.cloudfront.net/42/eum/rum.js";document.body.appendChild(e);if(NREUMQ.a)NREUMQ.a();};NREUMQ.a=window.onload;window.onload=NREUMQ.f;};NREUMQ.push(["nrfj","beacon-1.newrelic.com","0e859e0620",778660,"ZAZRbUcHWBAHURFYX11MdUxbBUIKCVxKVVpSDVRWGwtfBwJeAEZRQQYdWkYUUFklQRdXZloGRHRcAlIPA0UEQ1UdE0FWVgNFEDlEDFRH",0,7,new Date().getTime(),"","","","",""])</script></body> </html> They're using a combination of django and pyramid. I've been playing around with this for about two days now but, obviously, have gotten nowhere. Thanks for your help.

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  • Drawing a Dragons curve in Python

    - by Connor Franzoni
    I am trying to work out how to draw the dragons curve, with pythons turtle using the An L-System or Lindenmayer system. I no the code is something like the Dragon curve; initial state = ‘F’, replacement rule – replace ‘F’ with ‘F+F-F’, number of replacements = 8, length = 5, angle = 60 But have no idea how to put that into code.

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  • How to do cleanup reliably in python?

    - by Cheery
    I have some ctypes bindings, and for each body.New I should call body.Free. The library I'm binding doesn't have allocation routines insulated out from the rest of the code (they can be called about anywhere there), and to use couple of useful features I need to make cyclic references. I think It'd solve if I'd find a reliable way to hook destructor to an object. (weakrefs would help if they'd give me the callback just before the data is dropped. So obviously this code megafails when I put in velocity_func: class Body(object): def __init__(self, mass, inertia): self._body = body.New(mass, inertia) def __del__(self): print '__del__ %r' % self if body: body.Free(self._body) ... def set_velocity_func(self, func): self._body.contents.velocity_func = ctypes_wrapping(func) I also tried to solve it through weakrefs, with those the things seem getting just worse, just only largely more unpredictable. Even if I don't put in the velocity_func, there will appear cycles at least then when I do this: class Toy(object): def __init__(self, body): self.body.owner = self ... def collision(a, b, contacts): whatever(a.body.owner) So how to make sure Structures will get garbage collected, even if they are allocated/freed by the shared library? There's repository if you are interested about more details: http://bitbucket.org/cheery/ctypes-chipmunk/

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  • Python __subclasses__() not listing subclasses

    - by Mridang Agarwalla
    I cant seem to list all derived classes using the __subclasses__() method. Here's my directory layout: import.py backends __init__.py --digger __init__.py base.py test.py --plugins plugina_plugin.py From import.py i'm calling test.py. test.py in turn iterates over all the files in the plugins directory and loads all of them. test.py looks like this: import os import sys import re sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))))) sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))), 'plugins')) from base import BasePlugin class TestImport: def __init__(self): print 'heeeeello' PLUGIN_DIRECTORY = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( __file__ ))), 'plugins') for filename in os.listdir (PLUGIN_DIRECTORY): # Ignore subfolders if os.path.isdir (os.path.join(PLUGIN_DIRECTORY, filename)): continue else: if re.match(r".*?_plugin\.py$", filename): print ('Initialising plugin : ' + filename) __import__(re.sub(r".py", r"", filename)) print ('Plugin system initialized') print BasePlugin.__subclasses__() The problem us that the __subclasses__() method doesn't show any derived classes. All plugins in the plugins directory derive from a base class in the base.py file. base.py looks like this: class BasePlugin(object): """ Base """ def __init__(self): pass plugina_plugin.py looks like this: from base import BasePlugin class PluginA(BasePlugin): """ Plugin A """ def __init__(self): pass Could anyone help me out with this? Whatm am i doing wrong? I've racked my brains over this but I cant seem to figure it out Thanks.

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  • Python Script to backup a directory

    - by rgolwalkar
    Filename:backup_ver1 import os import time 1 Using list to specify the files and directory to be backed up source = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\Dr Py\Final_Py' 2 define backup directory destination = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\PyDevResourse' 3 Setting the backup name targetBackup = destination + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.rar' rar_command = "rar.exe a -ag '%s' %s" % (targetBackup, ''.join(source)) i am sure i am doing something wrong here - rar command please let me know if os.system(rar_command) == 0: print 'Successful backup to', targetBackup else: print 'Backup FAILED' O/P:- Backup FAILED winrar is added to Path and CLASSPATH under Environment variables as well - anyone else with a suggestion for backing up the directory is most welcome

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