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• How to buffer stdout in memory and write it from a dedicated thread

  - by NickB

  I have a C application with many worker threads. It is essential that these do not block so where the worker threads need to write to a file on disk, I have them write to a circular buffer in memory, and then have a dedicated thread for writing that buffer to disk. The worker threads do not block any more. The dedicated thread can safely block while writing to disk without affecting the worker threads (it does not hold a lock while writing to disk). My memory buffer is tuned to be sufficiently large that the writer thread can keep up. This all works great. My question is, how do I implement something similar for stdout? I could macro printf() to write into a memory buffer, but I don't have control over all the code that might write to stdout (some of it is in third-party libraries). Thoughts? NickB

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• Android Graphics Memory Limits

  - by Gordon

  I am creating an android game using opengl and a cocos2d port (http://code.google.com/p/cocos2d-android-1). I am targeting a wide range of devices and want to ensure that it performs well. I only test on a nexus one and am hoping to get some input from people with experience on slower devices. Currently the game uses two 1024x1024 textures as well as two 256x256 textures. Is this within the limits of most devices? Anyone have any rule of thumb or experience with graphics memory limits in these cases? If gfx memory is exceeded does it page to normal memory?

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• C : Memory layout of C program execution

  - by pavun_cool

  Hi All , I wanted know how the kernel is providing memory for simple C program . For example : #include<stdio.h> #include<malloc.h> int my_global = 10 ; main() { char *str ; static int val ; str = ( char *) malloc ( 100 ) ; scanf ( "%s" , str ) ; printf( " val:%s\n",str ) ; } See, In this program I have used static , global and malloc for allocating dynamic memory So , how the memory lay out will be ... ? Any one give me url , which will have have details information about this process..

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• how to protect an imported win32 dll into a .net application from memory issues

  - by Eric

  I have a c# application that needs to use a legacy win32 dll. The dll is almost its own app, it has dialogs, operations with hardware, etc. When this dll is imported and used, there are a couple of problems that occur: Dragging a dialog (not a windows system dialog, but one created by the dll) across the managed code app causes the UI to not repaint. Further it generates a system out of memory exception from various ui controls. The performance is incredibly slow. There seems to be no way to unload the dll so the memory never gets cleaned up. When we close our managed app, we get another memory exception. At the moment we import each method call as such: [DllImport("dllname.dll", EntryPoint = "MethodName", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, ExactSpelling = true, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall)]

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• Need a Concatenating VBA code to prevent memory issue workaround

  - by doharr

  My set up: Have 50,000 rows of data. ( My row count will increase in the future. So might as well say I have a full worksheet of 64000+ rows.) All Data is TEXT, no formulas, etc. Column A is open Columns B thru AC contain the Data that needs to be concatenated The Data in the rows once concatenated to Column A will contain 60,000 digits or 6kb in file size. After additional maniuplation each cell will become a file. I have tried concatenating in Excel and I run into memory issues. The memory issue is when I Select and fill down the concatenating function into the worksheet. It crashes at the 8200 +/-row. My system is 2gb of ram, windows xp professional and Excel 2003. Have 4GB of disk space Hoping to find a VBA code that will conserve memory, and not crash like it does in excel. Thank you

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• UIButton setBackgroundImage consumes doesn't release memory?

  - by just_another_coder

  My UIButton has it's background image set like this: [myImageButton setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:myImageName] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; myImageButton is a retained property of the class, and is setup with IB. No where else is it accessed in the app. myImageName is simply an NSString with a filename like @"myImage_number_1.png" I am loading large images, 1024 x 1024 in size. When the view is shown, it changes the image with the above statement, then available memory decreases. After I see the view about 7-9 different times, the app crashes with a memory warning. I thought the method would free up the loaded image. The view itself is only instantiated and allocated one time, so it's not in the retain/release cycle if the view controller. Is there something about this setBackgroundImage I don't know that causes it to not release memory?

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• Forcibly clear memory in java

  - by MBennett

  I am writing an application in java that I care about being secure. After encrypting a byte array, I want to forcibly remove from memory anything potentially dangerous such as the key used. In the following snippet key is a byte[], as is data. SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES"); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES"); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKeySpec); byte[] encData = cipher.doFinal(data, 0, data.length); Arrays.fill(key, (byte)0); As far as I understand, the last line above overwrites the key with 0s so that it no longer contains any dangerous data, but I can't find a way to overwrite or evict secretKeySpec or cipher similarly. Is there any way to forcibly overwrite the memory held by secretKeySpec and cipher, so that if someone were to be able to view the current memory state (say, via a cold boot attack), they would not get access to this information?

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• Silverlight Memory Usage

  - by peter

  Hi All, Is there a way to measure the current memory usage of the silverlight plug-in from within the client side C# code? I am isolating a memory leak and it would be good to know the current memory usage of the plug-in. For instance it could be logged to a file before I clicked a button that it was using '60 mb' and after I clicked the button it was using '70 mb' etc. I could then gradually add in controls and use this technique to quantify the leak. Thanks.

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• Per Process Memory Calculation Alogrithm in Linux (say kernel 2.6 and above)

  - by Vaibhav Singh

  How do you calculate the linux process's Acutal Memory Usage and Not Virtual Memory Usage through the information supplied by /proc//smaps or maps or status or stat. To be more precise I need the heap usage only. I need to do this on an PowerPc based embedded system and hence I do not have utilities like exmap, valgrind etc. I understand the concepts of shared/non shared memory. I have read through the other topics given in this forum about the same but they talk more using the tools mentioned. What I need is the native way of calculation done by the same tools so that I may write a shell script for the same.

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• php most memory efficient way to return files

  - by bumperbox

  so i have a bunch of files, some can be up to 30-40mb and i want to use php to handle security of the files, so i can control who has access to them that means i have a script sort of like this rough example $has_permission = check_database_for_permission($user, filename); if ($has_permission) { header('Content-Type: image/jpeg'); readfile ($filename); exit; } else { // return 401 error } i would hate for every request to load the full file into memory, as it would soon chew up all the memory on my server with a few simultaneous requests so a couple of questions is readfile the most memory efficient way of doing this? is there some better method of achieving the same outcome, that i am overlooking? server: apache/php5 thanks

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• Force freeing memory in PHP

  - by DBa

  Hi everybody, in a PHP program, I sequentially read a bunch of files (with file_get_contents), gzdecode them, json_decode the result, analyze the contents, throw the most of it away, and store about 1% in an array. Unfortunately, with each iteration (I traverse over an array containing the filenames), there seems to be some memory lost (according to memory_get_peak_usage, about 2-10 MB each time). I have double- and triplechecked my code, I am not storing unneded data in the loop (and the needed data hardly exceeds about 10MB overall), but I am frequently rewriting (actually, strings in an array). Apparently, PHP does not free the memory correctly, thus using more and more RAM until it hits the limit. Is there any way to do a forced garbage collection? Or, at least, to find out where the memory is used? Thanks in advance, Dmitri

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• not able to show the file from the array...

  - by sjl

  Hi, i'm trying to do an image gallery. i was not able to display the thumbnails stored in the array. instead it keep showing the same thumbnails. anyone can help? very much appreciated.. // Arrays that store the filenames of the text, images and thumbnails var thumbnails:Array = [ "images/image1_thumb.jpg", "images/image2_thumb.jpg", "images/image3_thumb.jpg", "images/image4_thumb.jpg", "images/image5_thumb.jpg", "images/image6_thumb.jpg", "images/image7_thumb.jpg" ]; var images:Array = [ "images/image1.jpg", "images/image2.jpg", "images/image3.jpg", "images/image4.jpg", "images/image5.jpg", "images/image6.jpg", "images/image7.jpg" ]; var textFiles:Array = [ "text/picture1.txt", "text/picture2.txt", "text/picture3.txt", "text/picture4.txt", "text/picture5.txt", "text/picture6.txt", "text/picture7.txt" ]; // NOTE: thumbnail images are 60 x 43 pixels in size // loop through the array and create the thumbnails and position them vertically for (var i:int = 0; i <7; i++) { // create an instance of MyUIThumbnail var thumbs:MyUIThumbnail = new MyUIThumbnail(); // position the thumbnails on the left vertically thumbs.y = 43 * i;/*** FILL IN THE BLANK HERE ***/ // store the corresponding full size image name in the thumbnail // use the "images" array thumbs.image = "images/image1.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image2.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image3.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image4.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image5.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image6.jpg"; thumbs.image = "images/image7.jpg"; // store the corresponding text file name in the thumbnail // use the "textFiles" array thumbs.textFile = "text/picture1.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture2.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture3.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture4.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture5.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture6.txt"; thumbs.textFile = "text/picture7.txt"; thumbs.imageFullSize = full_image_mc ; // store the reference to the textfield in the thumbnail thumbs.infoText = info; // load and display the thumbnails // use the "thumbnails" array thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image1_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image2_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image3_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image4_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image5_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image6_thumb.jpg"); thumbs.loadThumbnail("images/image7_thumb.jpg"); addChild(thumbs); } below is my thumbanail. as package{ import fl.containers.; import flash.events.; import flash.text.; import flash.net.; import flash.display.*; public class MyUIThumbnail extends MovieClip { public var image:String = ""; public var textFile:String = ""; var loader:UILoader = new UILoader(); public var imageFullSize:MyFullSizeImage; // reference to loader to show the full size image public var infoText:TextField; // reference to textfield that displays image infoText var txtLoader:URLLoader = new URLLoader(); // loader to load the text file public function MyUIThumbnail() { buttonMode = true; addChild(loader); this.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, myClick); txtLoader.addEventListener(Event.COMPLETE, displayText); loader.addEventListener(Event.COMPLETE, thumbnailLoaded); } public function loadThumbnail(filename:String):void { loader.source = filename; preloader.trackLoading(loader); } function myClick(e:MouseEvent):void { // load and display the full size image imageFullSize.loadImage("my_full_mc"); // load and display the text textLoad("info"); } function textLoad(file:String) { // load the text description from the text file loader.load(new URLRequest(textFile)); } function displayText(e:Event) { //display the text when loading is completed addChild(infoText); } function thumbnailLoaded(e:Event) { loader.width = 60; loader.height = 43; } } }

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• New replicaset resident memory is larger than the existing sets

  - by eded

  From the mongodb tutorial of how to resync a set, I wipe all the files in /data/db and restart the mongod process to resync the data. Everything looks ok, I get the same number of documents as the existing two sets(primary and one secondary). However, when I check the memory on MMS. it shows me my new resynced set/mongod process has a different memory status value than the other two. For existing twos using db.serverStatus.mem shows like the following: "mem" : { "bits" : 64, "resident" : 239, "virtual" : 66348, "supported" : true, "mapped" : 32865, "mappedWithJournal" : 65730 } however, the new resynced set shows like: "mem" : { "bits" : 64, "resident" : 1239, "virtual" : 52447, "supported" : true, "mapped" : 25700, "mappedWithJournal" : 51400 } the resynced resident memory is 6-10 times more than the existing ones. I wouder if it is normal because all data comes in suddenly during the resyncing?? and even virtual and mapped value are different too. Can anyone explain?? thanks

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• Java ME Runnable object takes up memory although not made an instance yet

  - by user1646684

  I am facing a strange problem with memory in Java ME. here is a part of my code: int variable=1; while (true) { if (variable==2) { display = Display.getDisplay(this); MyCanvas mc = new MyCanvas(this); // MyCanvas is a runnable object mcT = new Thread(mc); // new thread for MyCanvas mc.repaint(); display.setCurrent(mc); mcT.start(); // run thread } if (variable==1) { // Do some other stuff } } The problem is that although still the variable is set to 1, so it does not come through the if (variable==2) condition the program consumes 300kB more memory than when I delete the code after condition if (variable==2). As far as I know the code should by executed and the objects shall be created only when I set variable to value 2. But it consumes the memory also when the code after condition "if (variable==2)" is not executed. Why does this happen?

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• Android png images big in memory

  - by taivo

  i have an application in android that has an imageflipper. Problem is, after about 8 images loaded to memory, i get an out of memory error. Well, i tried to do dynamic image loading, so that if the user flips 2 images, i'll load next 2 to memory and delete 2 first ones. It kind of works, but it ugly and i have trouble when user flips images back(imageflipper.showprevious()), i can't really shift all images and place new images to the beginning. My question is, is there a better way to do this kind of stuff? Resizing images didn't really help.

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• Zscaler. Certs, cookies, and port 80 traffic

  - by 54's_lol

  So I work at HQ for a large company that shall remain nameless. We use Zscaler and I had to roll out a 2048 cert per zscaler's request. People around me at work dont understand the technology and think that the cert's are what is allowing internet connectivity. From my understanding(and please chime in) is the cookie located C:\Users\$$$$$$4$$\AppData\Roaming\Macromedia\Flash Player#SharedObjects\Q3JQJQJV\gateway.zscaler.net\zscaler.swf here that gets created when you provide your creds the first time you use the browser. The cert's are just simply a way of inspecting the SSL traffic as zscaler had no way of doing this before without them. They are essentially using the classic MITM attack to parse your SSL traffic. Gmail is smart enough to recognize this as you get a warning. My question is this, is there a product or service that I can use to verify my web browser when at home(I.E. off company network) isn't still getting routed to zscaler's cloud? If i do a tracert that will work fine. It's the port 80 and 443 web traffic zscaler and my company is after. I would like to verify that when I'm off their premise that my web traffic is using only my isp and the path to whatever content I'm searching for. Do the cert's i'm pushing and browser authentication do something behind the curtain that forces web traffic to get routed to zscaler? I searched quite a bit and would very much like to know if I'm ever off company scrutiny. I do know zscaler offers the service to force the scenario im asking about. Can I prove how my web traffic is getting routed? Thanks for any insight. I've been a fan for a long time and your guy's kung fu is very strong:-)

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• redirect from mysite.com to www.mysite.com

  - by jml

  hi there, i know that this has been answered many many times, so if someone wants to point me to another thread that answers my question specifically, that is fine... for right now, my searches aren't yielding many results. so i have a website like mysite.com that has a flash swf embedded in it and i go to www.mysite.com ... all of the sudden, things don't work properly. i would like to get to the bottom of this, because it's not like the page just "doesn't load" at all; it loads and i can only do certain things; as if certain functionality is disabled (might be url requests for specific urls etc). do i need to manage this in my control panel? i wouldn't assume so, because the site loads; just has a crippled functionality from within the swf. i was thinking it might have more to do with my crossdomain.xml file; could this be the case? thanks for any tips or suggestions.

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• Security and data backup for Ubuntu usb installation

  - by AMS949

  Due to encryption on my corporate laptop I opted to install Ubuntu 9.10 on a flash drive and just use it as my hard drive. I tried the vmware but it crashed my xp a couple of times. Now I have a couple of concerns since I am totally new to Ubuntu and Linux. First, would it be possible for me to transfer my installation to a new usb drive? I now have a 4gb and it may get filled up soon, I don't seem to be able to see my actual files when I browse the usb drive. I also tried copying all files from this usb to another and boot from it but that failed. Second, whenever the system boots up I am never prompted for a password, it is always the username ubuntu. Which I guess means if I lose my usb drive my data is open wide. Is there a way to secure it or to use users and groups as on a regular hard drive installation? As a background, I created this by going into a working Ubuntu installation, System - Administration - USB Starter Disk Creator (was that the right way to start with?) Thanks!

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• Windows XP mounting USB drive to same letter as previously mapped network drive

  - by GAThrawn

  Why does Windows always mount a USB drive as the next drive letter after the last physical drive, even when that letter is already taken by a mapped drive, and is there any way to improve this behaviour? What happens is I tend to use a few different flash drives on my PC, as well as having both a Blackberry and a personal phone that mount as USB drives when I plug them in to charge. Being on a corporate PC I also have a number of mapped network drives (some set by login script, some set as persistent mappings in my profile). When I first login I'll have drive letters like this: C: - Local Drive D: - DVD Drive G: - Login script mapped drive J: - Login script mapped drive When I plug the Blackberry in it'll mount two drives (one for onboard storage, one for the SD card) as E: and F:. If I then plug in another USB drive it will mount as G:, even though that's already taken by a network mapped drive. This leaves me with the following drives: C: - Local Drive D: - DVD Drive E: - USB drive (Blackberry) F: - USB drive (Blackberry) G: - Login script mapped drive [G: - USB drive - mounted but not visible in Explorer or command prompt] J: - Login script mapped drive I then have to go into Disk Management, find the new USB drive that's mounted to G: and re-assign it to another letter eg Z:, once this is done Auto-Play detects it and throws up its normal dialog, and its browseable in Explorer. While this is OK to do if you only use one or two USB drives and have admin access to your PC with your login account, its a total pain in the proverbial if you regularly use a whole load of different USB devices, and corporate policy means you have one account for your normal login (that only has User access to workstations), but have to use a different account for any privileged action. I realize that one possible reason for this is the difference between hardware which is mounted and assigned drive letters at the systen level, and mapped drives which are done at the user level. For USB devices that are already plugged in before login, then obviously they're mounted before Windows knows what network drives may be mapped. However if you plug the USB devices in after you're fully logged in and have drives mapped then Windows must know which letters are available?

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• Copying SD Cards with "LaCie d2 Network"

  - by rjstelling

  The LaCie d2 Network has a feature where by you can attach a USB drive and press the blue button at the from and it will copy the drive contents (no computer required). (See this review for more info). USB 2.0 and eSATA ports are also provided but these are not designed for extending the d2 Network's storage. Rather, they allow you to connect portable drives for uploading their data to the d2 Network directly. The process is quite slick, too: just plug in a drive and press the big blue button on the front of the unit to trigger an immediate upload. This copies over everything on the external device and seems ideal for camera use. Is it possible to use an microSD or SD card adapter (like the Kingston MobileLite 9-in-1) and copy the contents of the card? I'm assuming the card reader just "looks like" a normal USB flash drive the computer or (in this case) LaCie d2 Network. Is this assumption correct? Do you know any reason why this won't work?

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• Seeking web-based FTP client for very large file upload

  - by Paul M. Nguyen

  I have looked around for these for some time... the limits imposed by the web server and/or the dynamic programming environment (e.g. PHP) are far too restrictive for the application I'm working on. We need to be able to move large graphics and video files to and from clients (ranging from tens of MB to a few GB in a single file). Plain FTP with a proper desktop client will do the trick, and we're hosting this in Amazon EC2 with EBS. User management will be done from the office via webmin. Users are chroot-jailed into their home dir by proftpd. net2ftp will work for many clients, but we often need to move single files that approach 1GB or exceed 2-3GB which is way out of the range of any http-based uploader. So we turn to Java or Flash - can they do it? From within the web browser establish an FTP connection and grab a huge file? There are licensed applets and such out there, but none seem convincing. Again, I'm looking for some code that can speak FTP and read (& write?) the local disk, that is delivered in a web browser, and can move single files of 2GB+. The reason for having a web-based interface to FTP is to skip the software installation step for our clients. I will consider proper desktop client software as long as it's "portable" and at least Win+Mac and can be easily configured by lay-man users in a hurry.

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• Dell Dimension 8400 Startup error

  - by Michael

  Hello all, thanks first for taking the time to read this and possibly help me...... now I am pretty decent of a computer tech...but not enough. I am having an issue with my computer which is running windows xp and as I mentioned it is a dell Dimension 8400. as soon as I power the system up the fan goes into hyper drive (spins like crazy and is very loud) then the start up screen with dell comes up and the loading bar gets stuck on the process of "Bios Revision A00" and never loads beyound that. I have read alot about it and think that the main problem was that it can not locate the file (which does have an updated version) I think it is A09. I can not enter safe mode, Bios mode or anything. I do have the file on my other computer and I was wondering if there is a way that I can use a usb flash drive (as I have read on other sites) to create a bootable MS-Dos diskette but I am failing at creating as such....is this possible? or is there anything else I can do? I tried to remove the battery from the system for about 10 minutes while it was completely unplug and tried then to reboot it and go into the bios menu but the same thing keeps happening....can anyone help me :-(

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• Windows 7 doesn't start anymore

  - by 0xFF

  I've experienced some BSOD on windows 7 RC, and some freezing when startup, but today was big surprise, it doesn't start anymore. I tried to start on safe mode and no results too, it shows the starting animation, then a blue screen for less than a second and turns off immediately. The only thing I remember did today is update flash player under Firefox, then chrome stopped working even after logging off, and once restarting, it doesn't start anymore. Anyone experienced the same issue? any hints? [EDIT 3] Solved : Windows 7 have a very smart repair strategy, it works automatically, and it tried every possible fix, what fixed my problem was the system restore to a previous date, all this happened automatically. [EDIT2] these are the last lines in the ntbtlog.txt file Did not load driver \SystemRoot\System32\drivers\vga.sys Loaded driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\NDProxy.SYS Did not load driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\NDProxy.SYS Did not load driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\NDProxy.SYS Did not load driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\NDProxy.SYS Did not load driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\NDProxy.SYS Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\drivers\CHDRT32.sys Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\VSTAZL3.SYS Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\VSTDPV3.SYS Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\VSTCNXT3.SYS Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\drivers\modem.sys Loaded driver \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\usbccgp.sys Loaded driver \SystemRoot\System32\Drivers\usbvideo.sys [edit] this is the BSOD I get : http://twitpic.com/i87cx Thank you.

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• Ajax, Lizard Brain Web Design, JSF, Struts, JavaScript, Mobile Web, Flash, jQuery, GWT, Harmony at I

  - by Kim Won

  Great Indian Developer Summit 2010 – India's Biggest Polyglot Conference and Workshops for IT Software Professionals Bangalore, April 9, 2010: The GIDS.Web Conference and Workshops has announced the complete program of over 30 sessions on how browser and rich web technologies such as AJAX, DHTML, Mashups, Web 2.0, Enterprise 2.0 technologies, and Rich UI technologies are making money and gaining market-share for some of the leading businesses in the world. The GIDS.Web track at Great Indian Developer Summit takes place 21 and 23 April 2010, at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. As one of the longest running independent developer conferences in India, GIDS.Web at the Great Indian Developer Summit 2010 is uniquely positioned to provide a blend of practical, pragmatic and immediately applicable knowledge and a glimpse of the future of technology. During 21 and 23 April 2010, GIDS.Web offers a multi-track conference, workshops, expo show floor, and networking opportunities. The first keynote at GIDS.Web is led by the leading Java EE and Ajax developer, speaker, and author Marty Hall. The best of India's Java and RIA programmers have learnt the subject from Marty's seminal books Core Servlets and JavaServer Pages (first and second editions), More Servlets and JavaServer Pages, and Core Web Programming (first and second editions) from Prentice Hall and Sun Microsystems Press. Marty's keynote address is a comparison of approaches to building rich Internet applications with Ajax. Marty says Ajax development is difficult, and there are several fundamentally different strategies to building Ajaxified Web applications. The keynote address will survey the three most important of these approaches: using an Ajax-enabled JavaScript library such as jQuery, Prototype, Scriptaculous, Dojo, or Ext/JS; using a Web framework such as JSF 2.0 or Struts 2 that has integrated Ajax support; using the Google Web Toolkit (GWT) to build "pure Java" Ajax applications. The talk will compare and contrast these three approaches, discussing the types of applications that fit best for each option. Over the course of the summit Marty will conduct several more sessions on "Choosing an Ajax/JavaScript Toolkit: A Comparison of the Most Popular JavaScript Libraries", "Pure Java Ajax: An Overview of GWT 2.0", "Integrated Ajax Support in JSF 2.0" and "Ajax Support in the Prototype JavaScript Library". The second keynote by the head of Adobe's Flash initiative in India, Ramesh Srinivasaraghavan, explores the state of art in web application development and identify trends that could transform the way we create and use web applications. The talk explains how the Adobe Flash Platform has fuelled this revolution with an integrated set of technologies for delivering the most compelling applications, content and video to the widest possible audience. The Director of Forum Nokia will explain how cloud computing coupled with mobile applications enable consumers to have access to powerful services and improved user experiences never before thought possible. IEEE's 2010 President-Elect Sorel Reisman's afternoon address steps to improve the IT profession in India. Featured talks at GID.Web also include: Web 2.0 Checklist - Deconstructing Modern Websites, Scott Davis Choosing an Ajax/JavaScript Toolkit: Comparison of Popular JavaScript Libraries, Marty Hall Lizard Brain Web Design, Scott Davis Effective Design Processes and Resources for Mobile Web Development, Arabella David NoSQL: The Shift to a Non-relational World, Nosh Petigara Open Source Web Debugging Tools, Matthew McCullough Building Line of Business Applications with Silverlight 4.0, Stephen Forte Hadoop - Divide and Conquer, Matthew McCullough Adobe Flash Catalyst for Agile Interaction Design, Harish Sivaramakrishnan Using jQuery and AJAX to Build Front-ends for ASP.NET and ASP.NET MVC, Pandurang Nayak First Steps to IT Heaven Through the Cloud. Part II: .WEB, Simone Brunozzi Building Rich Internet Applications with SL RIA Web Services, Pandurang Nayak Enriching Cloud Applications with Adobe Flash Platform, Ramesh Srinivasaraghavan Payments for the Web.future, Khurram Khan and Praveen Alavilli Longevity of Scalable Systems, Nishad Kamat Transform yourself into a Mobile App Developer Using Web Run Time, Balagopal K S Developing Multi Screen Applications on Adobe Flash Platform, Hemanth Sharma Why Harmony and For Whom?, Himanshu Goyal IIS Hosting Solution for ASP.net and PHP Web Sites, Nahas Mohammed Building Pluggable Web applications using Django, Lakshman Prasad Workshop: The 180-min AJAX and JSON Spike Class, Scott Davis Workshop: Essence of Functional Programming, Venkat Subramaniam Workshop: Agile Development, Tools, and Teams and Scrum Certification, Stephen Forte Workshop: PHP + Adobe Flex = Killer RIA, Shyamprasad P Workshop: Cloud Computing Boot Camp on the Google App Engine, Matthew McCullough Workshop: Building Data Centric Applications using Adobe Flex and Java, Prashant Singh Workshop: Building Your First Amazon App, Simone Brunozzi Workshop: Windows Azure Deep Dive, Ramaprasanna Chellamuthu Workshop: Monetizing your Apps with PayPal X Payments Platform, Khurram Khan, Praveen Alavilli Workshop: User Expereince Evaluation Model Walkthrough, Sanna Häiväläinen Sponsors of Great Indian Developer Summit 2010 include: Platinum sponsors Microsoft, Oracle Forum Nokia and Adobe; Gold sponsors Intel and SAP; Silver sponsors Quest Software, PayPal, Telerik and AMT. About Great Indian Developer Summit Great Indian Developer Summit is the gold standard for India's software developer ecosystem for gaining exposure to and evaluating new projects, tools, services, platforms, languages, software and standards. Packed with premium knowledge, action plans and advise from been-there-done-it veterans, creators, and visionaries, the 2010 edition of Great Indian Developer Summit features focused sessions, case studies, workshops and power panels that will transform you into a force to reckon with. Featuring 3 co-located conferences: GIDS.NET, GIDS.Web, GIDS.Java and an exclusive day of in-depth tutorials - GIDS.Workshops, from 20 April to 24 April at the IISc campus in Bangalore. At GIDS you'll participate in hundreds of sessions encompassing the full range of Microsoft computing, Java, Agile, RIA, Rich Web, open source/standards, languages, frameworks and platforms, practical tutorials that deep dive into technical skill and best practices, inspirational keynote presentations, an Expo Hall featuring dozens of the latest projects and products activities, engaging networking events, and the interact with the best and brightest of speakers from around the world. For further information on GIDS 2010, please visit the summit on the web http://www.developersummit.com/ A Saltmarch Media Press Release E: [email protected] Ph: +91 80 4005 1000

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• Organization &amp; Architecture UNISA Studies &ndash; Chap 5

  - by MarkPearl

  Learning Outcomes Describe the operation of a memory cell Explain the difference between DRAM and SRAM Discuss the different types of ROM Explain the concepts of a hard failure and a soft error respectively Describe SDRAM organization Semiconductor Main Memory The two traditional forms of RAM used in computers are DRAM and SRAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) Divided into two technologies… Dynamic Static Dynamic RAM is made with cells that store data as charge on capacitors. The presence or absence of charge in a capacitor is interpreted as a binary 1 or 0. Because capacitors have natural tendency to discharge, dynamic RAM requires periodic charge refreshing to maintain data storage. The term dynamic refers to the tendency of the stored charge to leak away, even with power continuously applied. Although the DRAM cell is used to store a single bit (0 or 1), it is essentially an analogue device. The capacitor can store any charge value within a range, a threshold value determines whether the charge is interpreted as a 1 or 0. SRAM (Static RAM) SRAM is a digital device that uses the same logic elements used in the processor. In SRAM, binary values are stored using traditional flip flop logic configurations. SRAM will hold its data as along as power is supplied to it. Unlike DRAM, no refresh is required to retain data. SRAM vs. DRAM DRAM is simpler and smaller than SRAM. Thus it is more dense and less expensive than SRAM. The cost of the refreshing circuitry for DRAM needs to be considered, but if the machine requires a large amount of memory, DRAM turns out to be cheaper than SRAM. SRAMS are somewhat faster than DRAM, thus SRAM is generally used for cache memory and DRAM is used for main memory. Types of ROM Read Only Memory (ROM) contains a permanent pattern of data that cannot be changed. ROM is non volatile meaning no power source is required to maintain the bit values in memory. While it is possible to read a ROM, it is not possible to write new data into it. An important application of ROM is microprogramming, other applications include library subroutines for frequently wanted functions, System programs, Function tables. A ROM is created like any other integrated circuit chip, with the data actually wired into the chip as part of the fabrication process. To reduce costs of fabrication, we have PROMS. PROMS are… Written only once Non-volatile Written after fabrication Another variation of ROM is the read-mostly memory, which is useful for applications in which read operations are far more frequent than write operations, but for which non volatile storage is required. There are three common forms of read-mostly memory, namely… EPROM EEPROM Flash memory Error Correction Semiconductor memory is subject to errors, which can be classed into two categories… Hard failure – Permanent physical defect so that the memory cell or cells cannot reliably store data Soft failure – Random error that alters the contents of one or more memory cells without damaging the memory (common cause includes power supply issues, etc.) Most modern main memory systems include logic for both detecting and correcting errors. Error detection works as follows… When data is to be read into memory, a calculation is performed on the data to produce a code Both the code and the data are stored When the previously stored word is read out, the code is used to detect and possibly correct errors The error checking provides one of 3 possible results… No errors are detected – the fetched data bits are sent out An error is detected, and it is possible to correct the error. The data bits plus error correction bits are fed into a corrector, which produces a corrected set of bits to be sent out An error is detected, but it is not possible to correct it. This condition is reported Hamming Code See wiki for detailed explanation. We will probably need to know how to do a hemming code – refer to the textbook (pg. 188 – 189) Advanced DRAM organization One of the most critical system bottlenecks when using high-performance processors is the interface to main memory. This interface is the most important pathway in the entire computer system. The basic building block of main memory remains the DRAM chip. In recent years a number of enhancements to the basic DRAM architecture have been explored, and some of these are now on the market including… SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) DDR-DRAM RDRAM SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) SDRAM exchanges data with the processor synchronized to an external clock signal and running at the full speed of the processor/memory bus without imposing wait states. SDRAM employs a burst mode to eliminate the address setup time and row and column line precharge time after the first access In burst mode a series of data bits can be clocked out rapidly after the first bit has been accessed SDRAM has a multiple bank internal architecture that improves opportunities for on chip parallelism SDRAM performs best when it is transferring large blocks of data serially There is now an enhanced version of SDRAM known as double data rate SDRAM or DDR-SDRAM that overcomes the once-per-cycle limitation of SDRAM

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