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• Python - output from functions?

  - by Seafoid

  Hi I have a very rudimentary question. Assume I call a function, e.g., def foo(): x = 'hello world' How do I get the function to return x in such a way that I can use it as the input for another function or use the variable within the body of a program? When I use return and call the variable within another functions I get a NameError. Thanks, S :-)

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• Python + Expat: Error on &#0; entities

  - by clacke

  I have written a small function, which uses ElementTree and xpath to extract the text contents of certain elements in an xml file: #!/usr/bin/env python2.5 import doctest from xml.etree import ElementTree from StringIO import StringIO def parse_xml_etree(sin, xpath): """ Takes as input a stream containing XML and an XPath expression. Applies the XPath expression to the XML and returns a generator yielding the text contents of each element returned. >>> parse_xml_etree( ... StringIO('<test><elem1>one</elem1><elem2>two</elem2></test>'), ... '//elem1').next() 'one' >>> parse_xml_etree( ... StringIO('<test><elem1>one</elem1><elem2>two</elem2></test>'), ... '//elem2').next() 'two' >>> parse_xml_etree( ... StringIO('<test><null>&#0;</null><elem3>three</elem3></test>'), ... '//elem2').next() 'three' """ tree = ElementTree.parse(sin) for element in tree.findall(xpath): yield element.text if __name__ == '__main__': doctest.testmod(verbose=True) The third test fails with the following exception: ExpatError: reference to invalid character number: line 1, column 13 Is the � entity illegal XML? Regardless whether it is or not, the files I want to parse contain it, and I need some way to parse them. Any suggestions for another parser than Expat, or settings for Expat, that would allow me to do that?

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• mathing string in python

  - by nani

  Write two functions, called countSubStringMatch and countSubStringMatchRecursive that take two arguments, a key string and a target string. These functions iteratively and recursively count the number of instances of the key in the target string. You should complete definitions forthe remaining problems, we are going to explore other substring matching ideas. These problems can be solved with either an iterative function or a recursive one. You are welcome to use either approach, though you may find iterative approaches more intuitive in these cases of matching linear structures

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• Converting html entities into their values in python

  - by tipu

  I use this regex on some input, [^a-zA-Z0-9@#] However this ends up removing lots of html special characters within the input, such as 227;, #1606;, #1588; (i had to remove the & prefix so that it wouldn't show up as the actual value..) is there a way that I can convert them to their values so that it will satisfy the regexp expression? I also have no idea why the text decided to be so big.

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• Help with authorization and redirection decorator in python (pylons)

  - by ensnare

  I'm trying to write a simple decorator to check the authentication of a user, and to redirect to the login page if s/he is not authenticated: def authenticate(f): try: if user['authenticated'] is True: return f except: redirect_to(controller='login', action='index') class IndexController(BaseController): @authenticate def index(self): return render('/index.mako' ) But this approach doesn't work. When a user is authenticated, everything is fine. But when the user is not authenticated, redirect_to() doesn't work and I am given this error: HTTPFound: 302 Found Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 0 location: /login Thank for your help!

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• Python and .exe files, another way

  - by Sorush Rabiee

  How to build exe files (compatible with win32)? please don't refer to py2exe. that is blocked service in IRI. for Iranians only: do you know how to download something (like py2exe) from blocked sites? especially from sourceforge ande fontforge?

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• how to write or create (when no exist) a file using python and Google AppEngine

  - by zjm1126

  this is my code: f = open('text/a.log', 'wb') f.write('hahaha') f.close() and it is not create a new file when not exist how to do this , thanks updated class MyThread(threading.Thread): def run(self): f = open('a.log', 'w') f.write('hahaha') f.close() error is : Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\Python25\lib\threading.py", line 486, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "D:\zjm_code\helloworld\views.py", line 15, in run f = open('a.log', 'w') File "d:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1188, in __init__ raise IOError('invalid mode: %s' % mode) IOError: invalid mode: w

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• python how to check file empty or not

  - by lakshmipathi

  I have text file, how check whether it's empty or not?

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• Python OpenGL Can't Redraw Scene

  - by RobbR

  I'm getting started with OpenGL and shaders using GLUT and PyOpenGL. I can draw a basic scene but for some reason I can't get it to update. E.g. any changes I make during idle(), display(), or reshape() are not reflected. Here are the methods: def display(self): glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT ) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW) glLoadIdentity() glUseProgram(self.shader_program) self.m_vbo.bind() glEnableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ) glVertexPointerf(self.m_vbo) glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(self.m_vbo)) glutSwapBuffers() glutReportErrors() def idle(self): test_change += .1 self.m_vbo = vbo.VBO( array([ [ test_change, 1, 0 ], # triangle [ -1,-1, 0 ], [ 1,-1, 0 ], [ 2,-1, 0 ], # square [ 4,-1, 0 ], [ 4, 1, 0 ], [ 2,-1, 0 ], [ 4, 1, 0 ], [ 2, 1, 0 ], ],'f') ) glutPostRedisplay() def begin(self): glutInit() glutInitWindowSize(400, 400) glutCreateWindow("Simple OpenGL") glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB) glutDisplayFunc(self.display) glutReshapeFunc(self.reshape) glutMouseFunc(self.mouse) glutMotionFunc(self.motion) glutIdleFunc(self.idle) self.define_shaders() glutMainLoop() I'd like to implement a time step in idle() but even basic changes to the vertices or tranlastions and rotations on the MODELVIEW matrix don't display. It just puts up the initial state and does not update. Am I missing something?

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• Python unittest: Generate multiple tests programmatically?

  - by Rosarch

  I have a function to test, under_test, and a set of expected input/output pairs: [ (2, 332), (234, 99213), (9, 3), # ... ] I would like each one of these input/output pairs to be tested in its own test_* method. Is that possible? This is sort of what I want, but forcing every single input/output pair into a single test: class TestPreReqs(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.expected_pairs = [(23, 55), (4, 32)] def test_expected(self): for exp in self.expected_pairs: self.assertEqual(under_test(exp[0]), exp[1]) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

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• Passing variables in python when using from a import *

  - by Null

  How can I make this print "baz" when I run b.py? a.py def foo(): global bar print bar b.py from a import * bar = "baz" foo()

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• how to init binary buffer in python

  - by ace

  so, I read from DB binary field i.e. 'field1' to var Buf1, and then do something like: unpack_from('I', Buf1, 0) so, all is ok. but question is how can I ini Buf1 without going to DB? I can get value from DB manually and init my var statically, but how? in DB field 'field1' I see something like '0x7B0500000100000064000000B80100006'. and how can I init valid binary buffer from it?

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• How to save double to file in python?

  - by hahahaha

  Let's say I need to save a matrix(each line corresponds one row) that could be loaded from fortran later. What method should I prefer? Is converting everything to string is the only one approach?

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• How to lazy load a data structure (python)

  - by Anton Geraschenko

  I have some way of building a data structure (out of some file contents, say): def loadfile(FILE): return # some data structure created from the contents of FILE So I can do things like puppies = loadfile("puppies.csv") # wait for loadfile to work kitties = loadfile("kitties.csv") # wait some more print len(puppies) print puppies[32] In the above example, I wasted a bunch of time actually reading kitties.csv and creating a data structure that I never used. I'd like to avoid that waste without constantly checking if not kitties whenever I want to do something. I'd like to be able to do puppies = lazyload("puppies.csv") # instant kitties = lazyload("kitties.csv") # instant print len(puppies) # wait for loadfile print puppies[32] So if I don't ever try to do anything with kitties, loadfile("kitties.csv") never gets called. Is there some standard way to do this? After playing around with it for a bit, I produced the following solution, which appears to work correctly and is quite brief. Are there some alternatives? Are there drawbacks to using this approach that I should keep in mind? class lazyload: def __init__(self,FILE): self.FILE = FILE self.F = None def __getattr__(self,name): if not self.F: print "loading %s" % self.FILE self.F = loadfile(self.FILE) return object.__getattribute__(self.F, name) What might be even better is if something like this worked: class lazyload: def __init__(self,FILE): self.FILE = FILE def __getattr__(self,name): self = loadfile(self.FILE) # this never gets called again # since self is no longer a # lazyload instance return object.__getattribute__(self, name) But this doesn't work because self is local. It actually ends up calling loadfile every time you do anything.

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• small python code refactor

  - by hyperboreean

  I am having this piece of code, which in my opinion is fairly ugly and I am wondering how it can be done better: if dict.get(key, None) is None: dict[key] = None Points for elegance ;-)

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• Python: NameError: 'self' is not defined

  - by Rosarch

  I must be doing something stupid. I'm running this in Google App Engine: def render(self, template_name, template_data): path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'static/templates/%s.html' % template_name) self.response.out.write(template.render(path, template_data)) This gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 3192, in _HandleRequest self._Dispatch(dispatcher, self.rfile, outfile, env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 3135, in _Dispatch base_env_dict=env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 516, in Dispatch base_env_dict=base_env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2394, in Dispatch self._module_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2304, in ExecuteCGI reset_modules = exec_script(handler_path, cgi_path, hook) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2200, in ExecuteOrImportScript exec module_code in script_module.__dict__ File "main.py", line 22, in <module> class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): File "main.py", line 38, in MainHandler self.writeOut(template.render(path, template_data)) NameError: name 'self' is not defined What am I doing wrong?

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• Python: concatenate generator and item

  - by TarGz

  I have a generator (numbers) and a value (number). I would like to iterate over these as if they were one sequence: i for i in tuple(my_generator) + (my_value,) The problem is, as far as I undestand, this creates 3 tuples only to immediately discard them and also copies items in "my_generator" once. Better approch would be: def con(seq, item): for i in seq: yield seq yield item i for i in con(my_generator, my_value) But I was wondering whether it is possible to do it without that function definition

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• Python: Comparing specific columns in two csv files

  - by coder999

  Say that I have two CSV files (file1 and file2) with contents as shown below: file1: fred,43,Male,"23,45",blue,"1, bedrock avenue" file2: fred,39,Male,"23,45",blue,"1, bedrock avenue" I would like to compare these two CSV records to see if columns 0,2,3,4, and 5 are the same. I don't care about column 1. What's the most pythonic way of doing this? EDIT: Some example code would be appreciated.

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• Why do people write #!/usr/bin/env python on the first line of a Python script?

  - by john garcias

  It seems to me like the files run the same without that line.

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• Python ctypes in_dll string assignment

  - by ackdesha

  I could use some help assigning to a global C variable in DLL using ctypes. The following is an example of what I'm trying: test.c contains the following #include <stdio.h> char name[60]; void test(void) { printf("Name is %s\n", name); } On windows (cygwin) I build a DLL (Test.dll) as follows: gcc -g -c -Wall test.c gcc -Wall -mrtd -mno-cygwin -shared -W1,--add-stdcall-alias -o Test.dll test.o When trying to modify the name variable and then calling the C test function using the ctypes interface I get the following... >>> from ctypes import * >>> dll = windll.Test >>> dll <WinDLL 'Test', handle ... at ...> >>> f = c_char_p.in_dll(dll, 'name') >>> f c_char_p(None) >>> f.value = 'foo' >>> f c_char_p('foo') >>> dll.test() Name is Name is 48+? 13 Why does the test function print garbage in this case?

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• is there a better way of replacing duplicates in a list (python)

  - by myeu2

  Given a list: l1: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'] output: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a'_1, 'a'_2, 'b'_1 ] I created the following code to get the output. Its messyyy.. for index in range(len(l1)): counter = 1 list_of_duplicates_for_item = [dup_index for dup_index, item in enumerate(l1) if item == l1[index] and l1.count(l1[index]) > 1] for dup_index in list_of_duplicates_for_item[1:]: l1[dup_index] = l1[dup_index] + '_' + str(counter) counter = counter + 1 Is there a more pythonic way of doing this? I couldnt find anything on the web.

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• Python: Lits containg tuples and long int.

  - by Yasmin

  I have a list containing a tuples and long integers the list looks like this: table = [(1L,), (1L,), (1L,), (2L,), (2L,), (2L,), (3L,), (3L,)] How do i convert the table to look like a formal list? so the output would be: table = ['1','1','1','2','2','2','3','3'] For information purposes the data was obtained from a mysql database.

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• Python: combine two neighbor list components

  - by kame

  When i use this code I get elements wich containing one number or letter. How to combine two neighbors? data = '4D41544C414220352E30204D41542D66696C652C20506C6174666F726D3A20504357494E2C2043726561746564206F6E3A20576564204D61792030352031363A31393A3337203230313020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200001494D0F00000026000000789CE36360607000623620E680D220C00AE53343312310BA00692620E604F351010025BE00C8' data2 = list(data) print data2

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• Python. Draw rectangle in basemap

  - by user2928318

  I need to add several rectangles in my basemap. I nee four rectangles with lat and log ranges as below. 1) llcrnrlon=-10, urcrnrlon=10, llcrnrlat=35,urcrnrlat=60 2) llcrnrlon=10.5, urcrnrlon=35, llcrnrlat=35,urcrnrlat=60 3) llcrnrlon=35.5, urcrnrlon=52, llcrnrlat=30,urcrnrlat=55 4) llcrnrlon=-20, urcrnrlon=35, llcrnrlat=20,urcrnrlat=34.5 My script is below. I found "polygon" packages to add lines but I do not exactly know how to do. Please help me!! Thanks a lot for your help in advance! from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap m=basemaputpart.Basemap(llcrnrlon=-60, llcrnrlat=20, urcrnrlon=60, urcrnrlat=70, resolution='i', projection='cyl', lon_0=0, lat_0=45) lon1=np.array([[-180.+j*0.5 for j in range(721)] for i in range(181)]) lat1=np.array([[i*0.5 for j in range(721)] for i in range(181) ]) Nx1,Ny1=m(lon1,lat1,inverse=False) toplot=data[:,:] toplot[data==0]=np.nan toplot=np.ma.masked_invalid(toplot) plt.pcolor(Nx1,Ny1,np.log(toplot),vmin=0, vmax=5) cbar=plt.colorbar() m.drawcoastlines(zorder=2) m.drawcountries(zorder=2) plt.show()

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• Python - Problems using mechanize to log into a difficult website

  - by user1781599

  × 139886 I am trying to log in to betfair.com by using mechanize. I have tried several ways but it always fail. This is the code I have developed so far, can anyone help me to identify what is wrong with it and how I can improve it to log into my betfair account? Thanks, import cookielib import urllib import urllib2 from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup import mechanize from mechanize import Browser import re bf_username_name = "username" bf_password_name = "password" bf_form_name = "loginForm" bf_username = "xxxxx" bf_password = "yyyyy" urlLogIn = "http://www.betfair.com/" accountUrl = "https://myaccount.betfair.com/account/home?rlhm=0&" # This url I will use to verify if log in has been successful br = mechanize.Browser(factory=mechanize.RobustFactory()) br.addheaders = [("User-Agent","Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_5_8) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.90 Safari/537.1")] br.open(urlLogIn) br.select_form(nr=0) print br.form br.form[bf_username_name] = bf_username br.form[bf_password_name] = bf_password print br.form #just to check username and psw have been recorded correctly responseSubmit = br.submit() response = br.open(accountUrl) text_file = open("LogInResponse.html", "w") text_file.write(responseSubmit.read()) #this file should show the home page with me logged in, but it show home page as if I was not logged it text_file.close() text_file = open("Account.html", "w") text_file.write(response.read()) #this file should show my account page, but it should a pop up with an error text_file.close()

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