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  • Python get raw_input but manually decide when string is done

    - by Jasie
    I want someone to type words in the console, and autocomplete from a list when they hit "tab" key. However, raw_input won't return a string until someone hits [Enter]. How do I read characters into a variable until the user hits [Enter]? *Note: I don't want to use import readline for autocompletion because of OS issues.

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  • Database Compression in Python

    - by user551832
    I have hourly logs like user1:joined user2:log out user1:added pic user1:added comment user3:joined I want to compress all the flat files down to one file. There are around 30 million users in the logs and I just want the latest user log for all the logs. My end result is I want to have a log look like user1:added comment user2:log out user3:joined Now my first attempt on a small scale was to just do a dict like log['user1'] = "added comment" Will doing a dict of 30 million key/val pairs have a giant memory footprint.. Or should I use something like sqllite to store them.. then just put the contents of the sqllite table back into a file?

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  • How to make buttons in python/pygame?

    - by user1334014
    I'm making a game in pygame and on the first screen I want there to be buttons that you can press to (i) start the game, (ii) load a new screen with instructions, and (iii) exit the program. I've found this code online for button making, but I don't really understand it (I'm not that good at object oriented programming). If I could get some explanation as to what it's doing that would be great. Also, when I use it and try to open a file on my computer using the file path, I get the error sh: filepath :Permission denied, which I don't know how to solve. #load_image is used in most pygame programs for loading images def load_image(name, colorkey=None): fullname = os.path.join('data', name) try: image = pygame.image.load(fullname) except pygame.error, message: print 'Cannot load image:', fullname raise SystemExit, message image = image.convert() if colorkey is not None: if colorkey is -1: colorkey = image.get_at((0,0)) image.set_colorkey(colorkey, RLEACCEL) return image, image.get_rect() class Button(pygame.sprite.Sprite): """Class used to create a button, use setCords to set position of topleft corner. Method pressed() returns a boolean and should be called inside the input loop.""" def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image, self.rect = load_image('button.png', -1) def setCords(self,x,y): self.rect.topleft = x,y def pressed(self,mouse): if mouse[0] > self.rect.topleft[0]: if mouse[1] > self.rect.topleft[1]: if mouse[0] < self.rect.bottomright[0]: if mouse[1] < self.rect.bottomright[1]: return True else: return False else: return False else: return False else: return False def main(): button = Button() #Button class is created button.setCords(200,200) #Button is displayed at 200,200 while 1: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: mouse = pygame.mouse.get_pos() if button.pressed(mouse): #Button's pressed method is called print ('button hit') if __name__ == '__main__': main() Thank you to anyone who can help me.

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  • Python: Behavior of object in set operations

    - by Josh Arenberg
    I'm trying to create a custom object that behaves properly in set operations. I've generally got it working, but I want to make sure I fully understand the implications. In particular, I'm interested in the behavior when there is additional data in the object that is not included in the equal / hash methods. It seems that in the 'intersection' operation, it returns the set of objects that are being compared to, where the 'union' operations returns the set of objects that are being compared. To illustrate: class MyObject: def __init__(self,value,meta): self.value = value self.meta = meta def __eq__(self,other): if self.value == other.value: return True else: return False def __hash__(self): return hash(self.value) a = MyObject('1','left') b = MyObject('1','right') c = MyObject('2','left') d = MyObject('2','right') e = MyObject('3','left') print a == b # True print a == c # False for i in set([a,c,e]).intersection(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 right #2 right for i in set([a,c,e]).union(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 left #3 left #2 left Is this behavior documented somewhere and deterministic? If so, what is the governing principle?

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  • Python - a clean approach to this problem?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I am having trouble picking the best data structure for solving a problem. The problem is as below: I have a nested list of identity codes where the sublists are of varying length. li = [['abc', 'ghi', 'lmn'], ['kop'], ['hgi', 'ghy']] I have a file with two entries on each line; an identity code and a number. abc 2.93 ghi 3.87 lmn 5.96 Each sublist represents a cluster. I wish to select the i.d. from each sublist with the highest number associated with it, append that i.d. to a new list and ultimately write it to a new file. What data structure should the file with numbers be read in as? Also, how would you iterate over said data structure to return the i.d. with the highest number that matches the i.d. within a sublist? Thanks, S :-)

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  • Python: why can't descriptors be instance variables?

    - by Continuation
    Say I define this descriptor: class MyDescriptor(object): def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): self._value = value def __delete__(self, instance): del(self._value) And I use it in this: class MyClass1(object): value = MyDescriptor() >>> m1 = MyClass1() >>> m1.value = 1 >>> m2 = MyClass1() >>> m2.value = 2 >>> m1.value 2 So value is a class attribute and is shared by all instances. Now if I define this: class MyClass2(object) value = 1 >>> y1 = MyClass2() >>> y1.value=1 >>> y2 = MyClass2() >>> y2.value=2 >>> y1.value 1 In this case value is an instance attribute and is not shared by the instances. Why is it that when value is a descriptor it can only be a class attribute, but when value is a simple integer it becomes an instance attribute?

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  • python and overflowing byte?

    - by Meloun
    Hi all, I need to make a variable with similar behaviour like in C lanquage. I need byte or unsigned char with range 0-255. This variable should overflow, that means... myVar = 255 myVar += 1 print myVar #!!myVar = 0!!

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  • Python built-in id() not consistent:

    - by Dannellyz
    Hoping someone can explain the following discrepancy: >>> s1 = "Cyber security" >>> s2 = "Cyber security" >>> id(s1) == id(s1) True >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False >>> s1 = "cyber" >>> s2 = "cyber" >>> id(s1) == id(s2) True >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False Why does the space make the id() False, yet different variables with no spaces are True?

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  • Appending item to lists - python

    - by ariel
    I have a list lets say a=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]. I want to add to each item in a the char 'a'. when I use a=[x.append('a') for x in a] it return [None,None,None]. But if I use a1=[x.append('a') for x in a] then it do someting odd. a and not a1 is [[1,2,a],[3,4,a],[5,6,a]]. I don't understand why the first return [None, None, None] nor why the second works on a.

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  • python: importing modules with incorrect import statements => unexhaustive info from resulting Impor

    - by bbb
    Hi there, I have a funny problem I'd like to ask you guys ('n gals) about. I'm importing some module A that is importing some non-existent module B. Of course this will result in an ImportError. This is what A.py looks like import B Now let's import A >>> import A Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/tmp/importtest/A.py", line 1, in <module> import B ImportError: No module named B Alright, on to the problem. How can I know if this ImportError results from importing A or from some corrupt import inside A without looking at the error's string representation. The difference is that either A is not there or does have incorrect import statements. Hope you can help me out... Cheers bb

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  • Replace special characters in python

    - by Marcos Placona
    Hi, I have some text coming from the web as such: £6.49 Obviously I would like this to be displayed as: £6.49 I have tried the following so far: s = url['title'] s = s.encode('utf8') s = s.replace(u'Â','') And a few variants on this (after finding it on this very same forum) But still no luck as I keep getting: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 100: ordinal not in range(128) Could anyone help me getting this right? UPDATE: Adding the reppr examples and content type u'Star Trek XI &#xA3;3.99' u'Oscar Winners Best Pictures Box Set \xc2\xa36.49' Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Thanks in advance

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  • Best way to design a class in python

    - by Fraz
    So, this is more like a philosophical question for someone who is trying to understand classes. Most of time, how i use class is actually a very bad way to use it. I think of a lot of functions and after a time just indent the code and makes it a class and replacing few stuff with self.variable if a variable is repeated a lot. (I know its bad practise) But anyways... What i am asking is: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo,bar): self._foo = foo self._bar = bar self.ans = self.__execute() def __execute(self): return something(self._foo, self._bar) Now there are many ways to do this: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo): self._foo = foo def execute(self,bar): return something(self._foo, bar) Can you suggest which one is bad and which one is worse? or any other way to do this. This is just a toy example (offcourse). I mean, there is no need to have a class here if there is one function.. but lets say in __execute something() calls a whole set of other methods.. ?? Thanks

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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • Manipulating Directory Paths in Python

    - by G Ullman
    Basically I've got this current url and this other key that I want to merge into a new url, but there are three different cases. Suppose the current url is localhost:32401/A/B/foo if key is bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/B/bar if key starts with a slash and is /A/bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/bar finally if key is its own independent url then I just want to return that key = htt p://foo.com/bar - http://foo.com/bar I assume there is a way to do at least the first two cases without manipulating the strings manually, but nothing jumped out at me immediately in the os.path module.

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  • Python: How should I make instance variables available?

    - by swisstony
    Suppose I have: class myclass: def __init__(self): self.foo = "bar" where the value of foo needs to be available to users of myclass. Is it OK to just read the value of foo directly from an instance of myclass? Should I add a get_foo method to myclass or perhaps add a foo property? What's the best practice here?

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  • change values in a list - python

    - by ariel
    I have this code: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] for x in a: for y in x: if 'a' in x: x.replace('a','*')` but the result is: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] and bot a=[['b','c'],['f','c'],['c','d']] What should I do so the changes will last?

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  • Python/Django: log to console under runserver, log to file under Apache

    - by Justin Grant
    How can I send trace messages to the console (like print) when I'm running my Django app under manage.py runserver, but have those messages sent to a log file when I'm running the app under Apache? I reviewed Django logging and although I was impressed with its flexibility and configurability for advanced uses, I'm still stumped with how to handle my simple use-case. My apologies for not being able to find the answer elsewhere-- this is a newbie question I know.

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