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• Any way to reserve but not commit memory in linux?

  - by Eloff

  Windows has VirtualAlloc, which allows you to reserve a contiguous region of address space, but not actually use any physical memory. Later when you want to use it (or part of it) you call VirtualAlloc again to commit the region of previously reserved pages. This is actually really useful, but I want to eventually port my application to linux - so I don't want to use it if I can't port it later. Does linux have a way to do this?

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• which linux flavour should I use to for my hosting server?

  - by rabbit

  Hi, We plan to host our website on a linux server. The site is created using java based technologies and will run on multiple instances of tomcat with apache in the front. I want to go in for a 64 bit linux OS so that I can install 64bit jvm. So my options are : Ubuntu Fedora CentOS which one (and which version) would be the most stable?

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• What's the best editor/program for g++ in Linux?

  - by Phenom

  So far I've been using vi, but I'm wondering if there's something better to use in Linux. In Windows there's Visual C++, and I guess practically all C++ programmers in Windows use this these days. It has a lot of things in it to help the programmer. What about for Linux?

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• What are the common Linux commands for SAN-related activities? How do I check if a LUN is attached to the computer?

  - by Nishant

  How do I check if a LUN has been presented to my server? What are the Linux commands for that? Do the LUNs show up in a fdisk -l command like a normal /dev/sda gets listed? What are other commands associated with general SAN related checks in Linux? What is WWN and how does that have any relevance? If we have LUNs, what is the use of multipathing? Bit lengthy but I am not able to get a grasp on the topic. Any help would be appreciated.

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• What are the common linux ( RH ) commands for SAN related activities ? How to check if a LUN is attached to the computer ?

  - by Nishant

  How do I check if a LUN has been presented to my server ? What are the Linux commands for that ? Do the LUNS show up in a fdisk -l command like a normal /dev/sda gets listed ? What are other commands assosicaed with general SAN related checks in Linux ? What is WWN and how does that have any relevance and Also please explain multipathing why if we have LUN's , what is the use of multipathing then ? Bit lenghty but I am not able to get a grasp on the topic . Any help would be appreciated .

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• How to kill slave kernel securely?

  - by Alexey Popkov

  Hello, LinkClose[link] "does not necessarily terminate the program at the other end of the connection" as it is said in the Documentation. Is there a way to kill the process of the slave kernel securely? EDIT: In really I need a function in Mathematica that returns only when the process of the slave kernel has already killed and its memory has already released. Both LinkInterrupt[link, 1] and LinkClose[link] do not wait while the slave kernel exits. At this moment the only such function is seemed to be killProc[procID] function I had showed in one of answers at this page. But is there a built-in analog?

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• Using Linux LVM, can I change the number of stripes and "rebalance" the logical volume?

  - by mss

  I created a RAID10 by adding two RAID1 md devices as physical volumes to a volume group. Unfortunately it looks like I forgot to specify the number of stripes when I created the logical volumes (it was late): PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/md312 volume lvm2 a- 927.01G 291.01G /dev/md334 volume lvm2 a- 927.01G 927.01G I know that I can move all the data of a logical volume from one physical volume to another with pvmove. It also looks like lvextend supports an -i switch to change the number of stripes. Is there any way to combine these two, ie. change the number of stripes and "rebalance" the data over the stripes based on the allocation policy? According to this mail by Ross Walker from March 2010 it isn't possible but maybe this has changed since then.

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• How to setup linux permissions for the WWW folder?

  - by Xeoncross

  Updated Summery The /var/www directory is owned by root:root which means that no one can use it and it's entirely useless. Since we all want a web server that actually works (and no-one should be logging in as "root"), then we need to fix this. Only two entities need access. PHP/Perl/Ruby/Python all need access to the folders and files since they create many of them (i.e. /uploads/). These scripting languages should be running under nginx or apache (or even some other thing like FastCGI for PHP). The developers How do they get access? I know that someone, somewhere has done this before. With however-many billions of websites out there you would think that there would be more information on this topic. I know that 777 is full read/write/execute permission for owner/group/other. So this doesn't seem to be needed as it leaves random users full permissions. What permissions are need to be used on /var/www so that... Source control like git or svn Users in a group like "websites" (or even added to "www-data") Servers like apache or lighthttpd And PHP/Perl/Ruby can all read, create, and run files (and directories) there? If I'm correct, Ruby and PHP scripts are not "executed" directly - but passed to an interpreter. So there is no need for execute permission on files in /var/www...? Therefore, it seems like the correct permission would be chmod -R 1660 which would make all files shareable by these four entities all files non-executable by mistake block everyone else from the directory entirely set the permission mode to "sticky" for all future files Is this correct? Update: I just realized that files and directories might need different permissions - I was talking about files above so i'm not sure what the directory permissions would need to be. Update 2: The folder structure of /var/www changes drastically as one of the four entities above are always adding (and sometimes removing) folders and sub folders many levels deep. They also create and remove files that the other 3 entities might need read/write access to. Therefore, the permissions need to do the four things above for both files and directories. Since non of them should need execute permission (see question about ruby/php above) I would assume that rw-rw-r-- permission would be all that is needed and completely safe since these four entities are run by trusted personal (see #2) and all other users on the system only have read access. Update 3: This is for personal development machines and private company servers. No random "web customers" like a shared host. Update 4: This article by slicehost seems to be the best at explaining what is needed to setup permissions for your www folder. However, I'm not sure what user or group apache/nginx with PHP OR svn/git run as and how to change them. Update 5: I have (I think) finally found a way to get this all to work (answer below). However, I don't know if this is the correct and SECURE way to do this. Therefore I have started a bounty. The person that has the best method of securing and managing the www directory wins.

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• Getting at fsid under Linux? Or an alternate way of identifying filesystems?

  - by larsks

  In an environment with automounted home directories, such that the same filesystem exported by a fileserver may be mounted multiple times on the client, I would like to authoritatively be able to identify whether two mountpoints are in fact the same filesystem. That is, if the remote server exports: /home And the local client has: # mount fileserver:/home/l/lars on /home/lars type nfs (rw...) fileserver:/home/b/bob on /home/bob type nfs (rw...) I am looking for a way to identify that both /home/lars and /home/bob are in fact the same filesystem. In theory this is what the fsid result of the statvfs structure is for, but in all cases, for both local and remote filesystems, I am finding that the value of this structure member is 0. Is this some sort of client-side issue? Or do most modern NFS servers simply decline to provide a useful fsid? The end goal of all of this is to robustly interpret the output from the quota command for NFS filesystems. For example, given the example above, running quota as myself may return something like: Disk quotas for user lars (uid 6580): Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace otherserver:/vol/home0/a/alice 12 52428800 52428800 4 4294967295 4294967295 fileserver:/home/l/lars 9353032 9728000 10240000 124018 0 0 ...the problem here being that there exists a quota for me on otherserver which is visible in the results of the quota command, even though my home directory is actually on a different device. My plan was to look up the fsid for each mountpoint listed in the quota output and check to see if it matched the fsid associated with my home directory. It looks like this won't work, so...any suggestions?

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• Can I change the user id of a user on one Linux server to match another server in /etc/passwd?

  - by user76177

  I have a Rails application that is on a virtual machine (RHEL 6) and it's database is on dedicated hardware (also RHEL 6). The app server has an NFS directory from the db server mounted and accessible. It needs to write images to that server that are uploaded via the app. Background processes on the db server need to read and write to the same directory, as they perform resizing operations on the uploaded files. Right now none of this is working, because the user ids are different between the two systems. I only need this to work for this one application, so it is way too much overhead to put an LDAP system in place. Can I simply change the user id of this one user in one of the systems, or will that cause mass chaos? UPDATE: The fix worked, at least on local devices. Unfortunately the device I have mounted to the main db server still thinks my user id is 502 instead of 506. Do I need to remount that device, or is there an NFS daemon I can stop and restart to refresh it?

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• How can I check detailed memory information on linux?

  - by user35153

  I know that I can check cpu info via cat /proc/cpuinfo and memory info via cat /proc/meminfo. but cat /proc/meminfo yiels result like : MemTotal: 66098352 kB MemFree: 329152 kB Buffers: 632432 kB Cached: 62619692 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 6425444 kB Inactive: 58717276 kB SwapTotal: 1951888 kB SwapFree: 1951796 kB Dirty: 38416 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 1890268 kB Mapped: 12624 kB Slab: 464580 kB SReclaimable: 275812 kB SUnreclaim: 188768 kB PageTables: 7524 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB CommitLimit: 35001064 kB Committed_AS: 3860248 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 125636 kB VmallocChunk: 34359612527 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB But I want to learn info on the clock speed of the memories (in Mhz?) HOW can I get That Info ? Thnks

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• Copy File Contiguously to Disk from OSX/Unix/Linux to FAT32 FS?

  - by alharaka

  So the Sysinternals guys have that cool contig.exe utility that allows me ensure a file is contiguous. I need to copy overs ISO files to a FAT32 USB flash key. Grub4DOS requires the files be continuous, but I do not have Windows access at the moment. Is there a way to copy a file so it is contiguous on the target drive, or a tool like the aforementioned that will make an existing file contiguous. Again, I need it on FAT32, and there lies the rub.

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• How do I convert a Linux disk image into a sparse file?

  - by endolith

  I have a bunch of disk images, made with ddrescue, on an EXT partition, and I want to reduce their size without losing data, while still being mountable. How can I fill the empty space in the image's filesystem with zeros, and then convert the file into a sparse file so this empty space is not actually stored on disk? For example: > du -s --si --apparent-size Jimage.image 120G Jimage.image > du -s --si Jimage.image 121G Jimage.image This actually only has 50G of real data on it, though, so the second measurement should be much smaller. This supposedly will fill empty space with zeros: cat /dev/zero > zero.file rm zero.file But if sparse files are handled transparently, it might actually create a sparse file without writing anything to the virtual disk, ironically preventing me from turning the virtual disk image into a sparse file itself. :) Does it? Note: For some reason, sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=./zero.file works when cat does not on a mounted disk image.

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• Making Apache 2.2 on SuSE Linux Case In-Sensitive. Which is a better approach?

  - by pingu

  Problem: http://<server>/home/APPLE.html http://<server>/hoME/APPLE.html http://<server>/HOME/aPPLE.html http://<server>/hoME/aPPLE.html All the above should pick this http://<server>/home/apple.html I implemented 2 solutions and both are working fine. Not sure which one is better(performance). Please Suggest..Also Directive - CheckCaseOnly on never worked Option 1: a)Enable:mod_speling In /etc/sysconfig/apache2 - APACHE_MODULES="rewrite speling apparmor......" b) Add directive - CheckSpelling on (Either in .htaccess or add in httpd.conf) In httpd.conf <Directory srv/www/htdcos/home> Order allow,deny CheckSpelling on Allow from all </Directory> or In .htaccess inside /srv/www/htdcos/home(your content folder) CheckSpelling on Option 2: a) Enable: mod_rewrite b) Write the rule vhost(you can not write RewriteMap in directory. check apache docs ) <VirtualHost _default_:80> <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> Options +FollowSymLinks RewriteEngine on RewriteMap lc int:tolower RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} [A-Z] RewriteRule (.*) ${lc:$1} [R=301,L] </IfModule> </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost _default_:80> <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> Options +FollowSymLinks RewriteEngine on RewriteMap lc int:tolower RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} [A-Z] RewriteRule (.*) ${lc:$1} [R=301,L] </IfModule> </VirtualHost> This changes the entire request uri into lowercase. I want this to happen for specific folder, but RewriteMap doesn't work in .htaccess. I am novice in regex and Rewrite. I need a RewriteCond which checks only /css//. can any body help

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• Is Linux Virtual Server old, or is it standing still?

  - by Vimvq1987

  Based on this question: http://serverfault.com/questions/124905/widely-used-load-balancing-solutions, LVS may be the right solution for my problem. But when I went to its homepage http://www.linuxvirtualserver.org/, I found that LVS has been updated since Nov, 2008. The world's moving fast, and I don't know if LVS was obsolete or not. Is LVS standing still, or there're some better solutions to replace it? Thank you so much.

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• Understanding what needs to be in place for a server to send outgoing email from a linux box

  - by Matt

  I am attempting to configure an openSuse 11.1 box to send outgoing email for a domain that the same server is hosting. I don't understand enough about smtp servers and the like to know what needs to be in place and working. The system already had Postfix installed, and I confirmed it was running via a > sudo /etc/init.d/postfix status I examined the Postfix config file in /etc/main.cf and configured a couple of items regarding the domain/host name and such, but left it largely default. I attempted to send an email from the command line with the following command: > echo "test 123" | mail -s "test subject" [email protected] Where differentdomain.com was not the same domain as the one best hosted on the server. However, the email never reaches the target account. Any suggestions? EDIT: In the postfix log, (/var/log/mail.info, there's nothing in .err) I see that postfix is trying to connect to what appears to be a different smtp server on our network, with a connection refused: connect to ourdomain.com.inbound15.mxlogic.net[our ip address]:25: Connection refused However, I can't figure out why it is 1) trying to connect to that server and 2) not just sending the messages itself... I mean, isn't postfix an smtp server? I did a grep -ri on ourdomain from /etc and see no configuration files anywhere telling it to do this. Why is it?

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• How to copy file preserving directory path in Linux?

  - by gasan

  I have Eclipse projects and ".project" file in them, the directory structure looks like 'myProject/.project'. I want to copy these '.project' files to another directory, but I want the enclosing directory name to be preserved. Let's say I have 'a/myProject/.project', I want to copy 'myProject/.project' to 'b', so it be 'b/myProject/.project', but 'b/myProject' doesn't exist. When I try in a: cp -r ./myProject/.project ../b it copies only '.project' file itself, without 'myProject' directory. Please advise.

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• Strategy for using snapshots to back up Ubuntu Linux server?

  - by MountainX

  I need some backup advice for my home file server. Here are the mount points, volume groups, logical volumes and used/total space of all the volumes on my Ubuntu 8.10 home file server. / vgA/lvRoot [7.5G/50G] /tmp vgB/lvTmp [195M/30G] /var vgB/lvVar [780M/30G] swap vgB/lvSwap [16.00 GB] /media1 vgC/lvMedia1 [400G/975G] /media2 vgC/lvMedia2 [75G/295G] /boot partition (no volume group) [95M/200M] /video partition (no volume group) [450G/950G] /backups vgD/lvBackupTarget [800G/925G] /home vgE/lvHome [85G/200G] I have just added a 2.0 TB external USB drive that I would like to use to backup everything. (It will be a close fit to get it all on one 2.0 TB drive. I actually have a 2nd external USB drive if needed.) I'd like to backup "/", var, /media1, media2 and /home. I'll deal with /boot and /video separately since they are not logical volumes. For all the logical volumes I'm anticipating taking snapshots and then copying those snapshots to the 2.0 TB external USB drive. I have never done a task like that before. If I do that, I could use the tutorial I found here: http://www.howtoforge.com/linux_lvm_snapshots My questions are: What is the best overall strategy? Is it LVM snapshots, as I'm assuming? How should I prepare, subdivide and mount the 2.0 TB external USB drive? 2.a. Should I create one or more regular partitions or should I create a physical volume with one or more logical volumes? 2.b. Would it be advisable to extactly mirror the source pv/lv layout on the external drive, and if so, is this a good strategy? What's the best way to get the snapshots onto the external drive? dd? Even though this is a strategy question, feedback with actual commands is appreciated. I need step-by-step cookbook-style help because I don't do much server admin work. (Background: This is a home file server that I have rarely had to touch in about 2 years. It has done its job without much intervention. The really old PC that I used to back everything up recently failed, so I'm replacing that with the external USB drive(s) and I'd like to upgrade my backup strategy at the same time. Previously, I just copied stuff from /backups over to the other computer and that would not have made things very easy in a real restore situation. The /backups mount point contains backup copies of "most" of the important data on a file by file basis, but it does not contain copies of /boot, etc. BTW, the actual internal HDD that holds /backups is separate from the other storage devices.) EDIT: I'll propose a strategy... The idea came from a comment here: LVM mirroring VS RAID1 "LVM mirrors are for replication of a logical volume to a different physical volume. It's essentially meant to "move the data to a different disk". The mirror is then broken..." That would fit my requirements well. Here is an ideal situation: establish the LV mirror on the external drive break the link with the mirror create a (persistent) snapshot on the mirror after a week, resync the mirror with the original source and update the mirror break the link and create another snapshot on the mirror. Obviously, the mirror will be like a weekly full backup. And the snapshots on the mirror will represent earlier points in time. If this would work and if it would be time efficient, it would give a nice full & differential type backup on the external drive based on LVM. I have not heard of a strategy like this before. Will it work? Could it be scripted? Thoughts? EDIT 2: Creating Portable DiskSafes With LoopbackFS And LVM Snapshots This article seems intriguing: http://www.howtoforge.com/creating-portable-disksafes-with-loopbackfs-and-lvm-snapshots Unfortunately, I don't understand exactly how to map those ideas to the strategy I'm proposing above. I'm going to ask this last bit as a separate question. I will leave my original question in place because I still desire feedback on the overall best strategy. At this moment I'm assuming it is LVM mirroring in the style of "Creating Portable DiskSafes with LVM Snapshots" but that might be wrong.

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• what firefall linux distro applicance could track internet usage per device in my home?

  - by GregH

  Hello, Anyone know of a community edition/open source/free firewall/gateway software product that I could install onto an old PC to act as my firewall/gateway/proxy etc, BUT for which it has the power to track internet usage per device in my home. So: a) Mandatory - Track internet usage for devices on my home network on a per device basis (e.g. various PCs/Xbox etc) b) Mandatory - Report/graph would would give a breakdown of internet usage, per device (e.g. IP address), per day. c) Desirable - as in b) above but per hour d) Desirable - realtime graph (e.g. 5 minute measurement intervals or something) that shows current internet usage per device e) Mandatory - Handles all internal<=internet requests for all protocols (e.g. HTTP, HTTPS, xbox etc) f) Mandatory - No explicit settings in clients required - i.e. Transparent Monitoring concept (for both HTTP and non-HTTP traffic like xbox, skype etc) g) Mandatory - easy "appliance" like installation onto a dedicated low spec PC thanks in advance

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• what firefall linux distro applicance could track internet usage per device in my home?

  - by GregH

  Hello, Anyone know of a community edition/open source/free firewall/gateway software product that I could install onto an old PC to act as my firewall/gateway/proxy etc, BUT for which it has the power to track internet usage per device in my home. So: a) Mandatory - Track internet usage for devices on my home network on a per device basis (e.g. various PCs/Xbox etc) b) Mandatory - Report/graph would would give a breakdown of internet usage, per device (e.g. IP address), per day. c) Desirable - as in b) above but per hour d) Desirable - realtime graph (e.g. 5 minute measurement intervals or something) that shows current internet usage per device e) Mandatory - Handles all internal<=internet requests for all protocols (e.g. HTTP, HTTPS, xbox etc) f) Mandatory - No explicit settings in clients required - i.e. Transparent Monitoring concept (for both HTTP and non-HTTP traffic like xbox, skype etc) g) Mandatory - easy "appliance" like installation onto a dedicated low spec PC thanks in advance

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• How to set up a linux user that can only access a repository via ssh?

  - by GJ

  I have a mercurial repository on a secure server, to which I want to grant secure access to an external user. I added for him a user account and publickey ssh authentication so that now he could push/pull changesets via ssh. My question is: how can I make this new user account completely disabled from doing anything or accessing any data on the server other than accessing the repository? E.g. he shouldn't even have the possibility to enter an interactive shell session. Thanks

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• How to create an alias for linux server name?

  - by Radek

  The openSUSE server name is 'darkhelmet'. I want to create an alias 'dh' for it. So I can also type 'ssh dh' and 'http://dh' would work too. What file/files and where do I have to edit to make this happen? Extract from /etc/hosts from darkhelmet 127.0.0.1 localhost # special IPv6 addresses ::1 localhost ipv6-localhost ipv6-loopback fe00::0 ipv6-localnet ff00::0 ipv6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ipv6-allnodes ff02::2 ipv6-allrouters ff02::3 ipv6-allhosts 127.0.0.2 darkhelmet.edumate darkhelmet 10.0.0.22 db2workgroup db2workgroup [root][skroob] nslookup darkhelmet Server: 10.0.0.10 Address: 10.0.0.10#53 Name: darkhelmet.edumate Address: 10.0.0.22

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• Linux: Force fsck of a read-only mounted filesystem?

  - by Timothy Miller

  I'm developing for a headless embedded appliance, running CentOS 6.2. The user can connect a keyboard, but not a monitor, and a serial console would require opening the case, something we don't want the user to have to do. This all pretty much obviates the possibility of using a recovery USB drive to boot from, unless all it does is blindly reimage the harddrive. I would like to provide some recovery facilities, and I have written a tool that comes up on /dev/tty1 in place of getty to provide these functions. One such function is fsck. I have found out how to remount the root and other file systems read-only. Now that they are read-only, it should be safe to fsck them and then reboot. Unfortunately, fsck complains to me that the filesystems are mounted and refuses to do anything. How can I force fsck to run on a read-only mounted partition? Based on my research, this is going to have to be something obscure. "-f" just means to force repair of a clean (but unmounted) partition. I need to repair a clean or unclean mounted partition. From what I read, this is something "only experts" should do, but no one has bothered to explain how the experts do it. I'm hoping someone can reveal this to me. BTW, I've noticed that e2fsck 1.42.4 on Gentoo will let you fsck a mounted partition, even mounted read-write, but it seems only to do so if fsck is run from a terminal, so it can ask the user if they're sure they want to do something so dangerous. I'm not sure if the CentOS version does the same thing, but it appears that fsck CAN repair a mounted partition, but it flatly refuses to when not run from a terminal. One last-resort option is for me to compile my own hacked fsck. But I'm afraid I'll mess it up in some unexpected way. Thanks! Note: Originally posted here.

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• How do you add a certificate for WLAN in Linux, at the command-line?

  - by Neil

  I'm using Maemo on a Nokia n810 Internet tablet, and when given a list of installed certificates to choose from when connecting to a PEAP wireless network, it's always blank. I've already installed a couple of certificates through the gui on the device, and only the certificate authorities show up. I've confirmed that Maemo's connection software that handles certificates is buggy, in such a way that certificates are never added, or properly added certificates cannot be found. Is there a way to add WLAN certificates at the command-line, and connect to a wireless network at the command-line as well? I used to use iwconfig to connect, but I never used it with PEAP. Note: I have nothing in /etc/ssl/certs

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• Linux/SSH command to delete every filepath found in file.

  - by Paolo Bergantino

  I have a file full of filepaths relative to its own path: ./Talent/152/Resume/a file name.pdf ./Talent/153/Resume/some file name.pdf ./Talent/154/Resume/yet another file name.pdf ... and so on ... What would be the appropriate shell command to go through each line in this file and remove it?

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