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  • insert multiple elements in string in python

    - by Anurag Sharma
    I have to build a string like this { name: "john", url: "www.dkd.com", email: "[email protected]" } where john, www.dkd.com and [email protected] are to be supplied by variables I tried to do the following s1 = "{'name:' {0},'url:' {1},'emailid:' {2}}" s1.format("john","www.dkd.com","[email protected]") I am getting the following error Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: "'name" Dont able to understand what I am doing wrong

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  • importing files at python

    - by Yosy
    I have that file strudctue- Blog\DataObjects\User.py Blog\index.py I want to import the function(say_hello) at User.py from index.py. I am trying this code - from Blog.DataObjects.User import say_hello say_hello() And I have that error - Traceback (most recent call last): File "index.py", line 1, in from Blog.DataObjects import User ImportError: No module named Blog.DataObjects

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  • Python Regular Expressions: Capture lookahead value (capturing text without consuming it)

    - by Lattyware
    I wish to use regular expressions to split words into groups of (vowels, not_vowels, more_vowels), using a marker to ensure every word begins and ends with a vowel. import re MARKER = "~" VOWELS = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", MARKER} word = "dog" if word[0] not in VOWELS: word = MARKER+word if word[-1] not in VOWELS: word += MARKER re.findall("([%]+)([^%]+)([%]+)".replace("%", "".join(VOWELS)), word) In this example we get: [('~', 'd', 'o')] The issue is that I wish the matches to overlap - the last set of vowels should become the first set of the next match. This appears possible with lookaheads, if we replace the regex as follows: re.findall("([%]+)([^%]+)(?=[%]+)".replace("%", "".join(VOWELS)), word) We get: [('~', 'd'), ('o', 'g')] Which means we are matching what I want. However, it now doesn't return the last set of vowels. The output I want is: [('~', 'd', 'o'), ('o', 'g', '~')] I feel this should be possible (if the regex can check for the second set of vowels, I see no reason it can't return them), but I can't find any way of doing it beyond the brute force method, looping through the results after I have them and appending the first character of the next match to the last match, and the last character of the string to the last match. Is there a better way in which I can do this? The two things that would work would be capturing the lookahead value, or not consuming the text on a match, while capturing the value - I can't find any way of doing either.

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  • Testing subpackage modules in Python 3

    - by Mitchell Model
    I have been experimenting with various uses of hierarchies like this and the differences between absolute and relative imports, and can't figure out how to do routine things with the package, subpackages, and modules without simply putting everything on sys.path. I have a two-level package hierarchy: MyApp __init__.py Application __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... Domain __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... UI __init__.py Module1 Module2 ... I want to be able to do the following: Run test code in a Module's "if main" when the module imports from other modules in the same directory. Have one or more test code modules in each subpackage that runs unit tests on the modules in the subpackage. Have a set of unit tests that reside in someplace reasonable, but outside the subpackages, either in a sibling package, at the top-level package, or outside the top-level package (though all these might end up doing is running the tests in each subpackage) "Enter" the structure from any of the three subpackage levels, e.g. run code that just uses Domain modules, run code that just uses Application modules, but Application uses code from both Application and Domain modules, and run code from GUI uses code from both GUI and Application; for instance, Application test code would import Application modules but not Domain modules. After developing the bulk of the code without subpackages, continue developing and testing after organizing the modules into this hierarchy. I know how to use relative imports so that external code that puts MyApp on its sys.path can import MyApp, import any subpackages it wants, and import things from their modules, while the modules in each subpackage can import other modules from the same subpackage or from sibling packages. However, the development needs listed above seem incompatible with subpackage structuring -- in other words, I can't have it both ways: a well-structured multi-level package hierarchy used from the outside and also used from within, in particular for testing but also because modules from one design level (in particular the UI) should not import modules from a design level below the next one down. Sorry for the long essay, but I think it fairly represents the struggles a lot of people have been having adopting to the new relative import mechanisms.

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  • python can't start a new thread

    - by Giorgos Komnino
    I am building a multi threading application. I have setup a threadPool. [ A Queue of size N and N Workers that get data from the queue] When all tasks are done I use tasks.join() where tasks is the queue . The application seems to run smoothly until suddently at some point (after 20 minutes in example) it terminates with the error thread.error: can't start new thread Any ideas? Edit: The threads are daemon Threads and the code is like: while True: t0 = time.time() keyword_statuses = DBSession.query(KeywordStatus).filter(KeywordStatus.status==0).options(joinedload(KeywordStatus.keyword)).with_lockmode("update").limit(100) if keyword_statuses.count() == 0: DBSession.commit() break for kw_status in keyword_statuses: kw_status.status = 1 DBSession.commit() t0 = time.time() w = SWorker(threads_no=32, network_server='http://192.168.1.242:8180/', keywords=keyword_statuses, cities=cities, saver=MySqlRawSave(DBSession), loglevel='debug') w.work() print 'finished' When the daemon threads are killed? When the application finishes or when the work() finishes? Look at the thread pool and the worker (it's from a recipe ) from Queue import Queue from threading import Thread, Event, current_thread import time event = Event() class Worker(Thread): """Thread executing tasks from a given tasks queue""" def __init__(self, tasks): Thread.__init__(self) self.tasks = tasks self.daemon = True self.start() def run(self): '''Start processing tasks from the queue''' while True: event.wait() #time.sleep(0.1) try: func, args, callback = self.tasks.get() except Exception, e: print str(e) return else: if callback is None: func(args) else: callback(func(args)) self.tasks.task_done() class ThreadPool: """Pool of threads consuming tasks from a queue""" def __init__(self, num_threads): self.tasks = Queue(num_threads) for _ in range(num_threads): Worker(self.tasks) def add_task(self, func, args=None, callback=None): ''''Add a task to the queue''' self.tasks.put((func, args, callback)) def wait_completion(self): '''Wait for completion of all the tasks in the queue''' self.tasks.join() def broadcast_block_event(self): '''blocks running threads''' event.clear() def broadcast_unblock_event(self): '''unblocks running threads''' event.set() def get_event(self): '''returns the event object''' return event

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  • Using unicodedata.normalize in Python 2.7

    - by dpitch40
    Once again, I am very confused with a unicode question. I can't figure out how to successfully use unicodedata.normalize to convert non-ASCII characters as expected. For instance, I want to convert the string u"Cœur" To u"Coeur" I am pretty sure that unicodedata.normalize is the way to do this, but I can't get it to work. It just leaves the string unchanged. >>> s = u"Cœur" >>> unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', s) == s True What am I doing wrong?

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  • python add two list and createing a new list

    - by Adam G.
    lst1 = ['company1,AAA,7381.0 ', 'company1,BBB,-8333.0 ', 'company1,CCC, 3079.999 ', 'company1,DDD,5699.0 ', 'company1,EEE,1640.0 ', 'company1,FFF,-600.0 ', 'company1,GGG,3822.0 ', 'company1,HHH,-600.0 ', 'company1,JJJ,-4631.0 ', 'company1,KKK,-400.0 '] lst2 =['company1,AAA,-4805.0 ', 'company1,ZZZ,-2576.0 ', 'company1,BBB,1674.0 ', 'company1,CCC,3600.0 ', 'company1,DDD,1743.998 '] output I need == ['company1,AAA,2576.0','company1,ZZZ,-2576.0 ','company1,KKK,-400.0 ' etc etc] I need to add it similar product number in each list and move it to a new list. I also need any symbol not being added together to be added to that new list. I am having problems with moving through each list. This is what I have: h = [] z = [] a = [] for g in hhl: spl1 = g.split(",") h.append(spl1[1]) for j in c_hhl: spl2 = j.split(",") **if spl2[1] in h: converted_num =(float(spl2[2]) +float(spl1[2])) pos=('{0},{1},{2}'.format(spl2[0],spl2[1],converted_num)) z.append(pos)** else: pos=('{0},{1},{2}'.format(spl2[0],spl2[1],spl2[2])) z.append(pos) for f in z: spl3 = f.split(",") a.append(spl3[1]) for n in hhl[:]: spl4 = n.split(",") if spl4[1] in a: got = (spl4[0],spl4[1],spl4[2]) hhl.remove(n) smash = hhl+z #for i in smash: for i in smash: print(i) I am having problem iterating through the list to make sure I get all of the simliar product to a new list,(bold) and any product not in list 1 but in lst2 to the new list and vice versa. I am sure there is a much easier way.

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  • Loop colours from variables for graphics.py [Python 3.2]

    - by user1056548
    I am creating a graphics program that draws 100 x 100 squares next to each other depending on the user-specified grid size. The user also inputs 4 colours for the squares to be coloured (e.g. if they enter red,green,blue,yellow the squares will be coloured in that order, repeating the colours). Is it possible to loop the colours from the variables the user has given? Here is what I have so far: def main(): print ("Please enter four comma seperated colours e.g.: 'red,green,blue,yellow'\n\ Allowed colours are: red, green, blue, yellow and cyan") col1, col2, col3, col4 = input("Enter your four colours: ").split(',') win = GraphWin ("Squares", 500, 500) colours = [col1, col2, col3, col4] drawSquare (win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours) win.getMouse() win.close() def drawSquare(win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours): for i in range (4): for j in range (len(colours)): colour = colours[j] x = 50 + (i * 50) circle = Circle (Point (x,50), 20) circle.setFill(colour) circle.draw(win) I think I should be using a list in some way, but can't work out exactly how to do it. Can anybody help?

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  • Python 3.0 - Dynamic Class Instance Naming

    - by Jon
    I want to use a while loop to initialize class objects with a simple incremented naming convention. The goal is to be able to scale the number of class objects at will and have the program generate the names automatically. (ex. h1...h100...h1000...) Each h1,h2,h3... being its own instance. Here is my first attempt... have been unable to find a good example. class Korker(object): def __init__(self,ident,roo): self.ident = ident self.roo = roo b = 1 hwinit = 'h' hwstart = 0 while b <= 10: showit = 'h' + str(b) print(showit) #showit seems to generate just fine as demonstrated by print str(showit) == Korker("test",2) #this is the line that fails b += 1 The errors I get range from a string error to a cannot use function type error.... Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Python Speeding Up Retrieving data from extremely large string

    - by Burninghelix123
    I have a list I converted to a very very long string as I am trying to edit it, as you can gather it's called tempString. It works as of now it just takes way to long to operate, probably because it is several different regex subs. They are as follow: tempString = ','.join(str(n) for n in coords) tempString = re.sub(',{2,6}', '_', tempString) tempString = re.sub("[^0-9\-\.\_]", ",", tempString) tempString = re.sub(',+', ',', tempString) clean1 = re.findall(('[-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+,[-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+,' '[-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+'), tempString) tempString = '_'.join(str(n) for n in clean1) tempString = re.sub(',', ' ', tempString) Basically it's a long string containing commas and about 1-5 million sets of 4 floats/ints (mixture of both possible),: -5.65500020981,6.88999986649,-0.454999923706,1,,,-5.65500020981,6.95499992371,-0.454999923706,1,,, The 4th number in each set I don't need/want, i'm essentially just trying to split the string into a list with 3 floats in each separated by a space. The above code works flawlessly but as you can imagine is quite time consuming on large strings. I have done a lot of research on here for a solution but they all seem geared towards words, i.e. swapping out one word for another. EDIT: Ok so this is the solution i'm currently using: def getValues(s): output = [] while s: # get the three values you want, discard the 3 commas, and the # remainder of the string v1, v2, v3, _, _, _, s = s.split(',', 6) output.append("%s %s %s" % (v1.strip(), v2.strip(), v3.strip())) return output coords = getValues(tempString) Anyone have any advice to speed this up even farther? After running some tests It still takes much longer than i'm hoping for. I've been glancing at numPy, but I honestly have absolutely no idea how to the above with it, I understand that after the above has been done and the values are cleaned up i could use them more efficiently with numPy, but not sure how NumPy could apply to the above. The above to clean through 50k sets takes around 20 minutes, I cant imagine how long it would be on my full string of 1 million sets. I'ts just surprising that the program that originally exported the data took only around 30 secs for the 1 million sets

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  • Adding a decorator that converts strings to lowercase in Python

    - by user2905382
    So I am new to learning decorators and I have gone through countless tutorials and while I understand and can mostly follow all of the examples, I think the best way to learn, would be to implement a decorator myself. So I am going to use this example below. I realize a decorator is not at all necessary to do this, but for the sake of learning, I would like to add a decorator that filters the strings like dog name and breed and turns them into lowercase. Any ideas or pointers in the right direction would be appreciated. class Dogs: totalDogs = 0 dogList=[] def __init__(self, breed, color, age): self.breed=breed self.color=color self.age=age Dogs.dogList.append(self.breed) Dogs.totalDogs += 1 def displayDogs(self): print "breed: ", self.breed print "color: ",self.color print "age: ",self.age print "list of breeds:", Dogs.dogList print "total dogs: ", Dogs.totalDogs def somedecorator(*args): #now what terrier=Dogs("TeRrIer", "white", 5) terrier.displayDogs() retriever=Dogs("goldenRETRIEVER", "brown", 10) retriever.displayDogs()

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  • Sorting a meta-list by first element of children lists in Python

    - by thismachinechills
    I have a list, root, of lists, root[child0], root[child1], etc. I want to sort the children of the root list by the first value in the child list, root[child0][0], which is an int. Example: import random children = 10 root = [[random.randint(0, children), "some value"] for child in children] I want to sort root from greatest to least by the first element of each of it's children. I've taken a look at some previous entries that used sorted() and a lamda function I'm entirely unfamiliar with, so I'm unsure of how to apply that to my problem. Appreciate any direction that can by given Thanks

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  • Python 3: Recursivley find if number is even

    - by pythonhack
    I am writing a program that must find if a number is even or not. It needs to follow this template. I can get it to find if a number is even or not recursively (call function and subtract 2, base case zero), but I am having a hard time following this template, based on how the isEven function is called in the main function. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Write a recursive function called isEven that finds whether a number is even or not: def isEven() #recursivley determine whether number is even or not def main(): number=int(input(“Enter a number : “)) if (isEven(number)): print(“Number is even”) else: print(“Number is not even”) main() Thank you! Appreciate it.

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  • threading in Python taking up too much CPU

    - by KevinShaffer
    I wrote a chat program and have a GUI running using Tkinter, and to go and check when new messages have arrived, I create a new thread so Tkinter keeps doing its thing without locking up while the new thread goes and grabs what I need and updates the Tkinter window. This however becomes a huge CPU hog, and my guess is that it has to do somehow with the fact that the Thread is started and never really released when the function is done. Here's the relevant code (it's ugly and not optimized at the moment, but it gets the job done, and itself does not use too much processing power, as when I run it not threaded, it doesn't take up much CPU but it locks up Tkinter) Note: This is inside of a class, hence the extra tab. def interim(self): threading.Thread(target=self.readLog).start() self.after(5000,self.interim) def readLog(self): print 'reading' try: length = len(str(self.readNumber)) f = open('chatlog'+str(myport),'r') temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') while (temp[:length] != str(self.readNumber)) or temp[0] == '<': temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') while temp: if temp[0] != '<': self.updateChat(temp[length:]) self.readNumber +=1 else: self.updateChat(temp) temp = f.readline().replace('\n','') f.close() Is there a way to better manage the threading so I don't consume 100% of the CPU very quickly?

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  • Python 3 order of testing undetermined

    - by user578598
    string='a' p=0 while (p <len(string)) & (string[p]!='c') : p +=1 print ('the end but the process already died ') while (p <1) & (string[p]!='c') : IndexError: string index out of range I want to test a condition up to the end of a string (example string length=1) why are both parts of the and executed is the condition is already false! as long as p < len(string). the second part does not even need executing. if it does a lot of performance can be lost

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  • How to change the date/time in Python for all modules?

    - by Felix Schwarz
    When I write with business logic, my code often depends on the current time. For example the algorithm which looks at each unfinished order and checks if an invoice should be sent (which depends on the no of days since the job was ended). In these cases creating an invoice is not triggered by an explicit user action but by a background job. Now this creates a problem for me when it comes to testing: I can test invoice creation itself easily However it is hard to create an order in a test and check that the background job identifies the correct orders at the correct time. So far I found two solutions: In the test setup, calculate the job dates relative to the current date. Downside: The code becomes quite complicated as there are no explicit dates written anymore. Sometimes the business logic is pretty complex for edge cases so it becomes hard to debug due to all these relative dates. I have my own date/time accessor functions which I use throughout my code. In the test I just set a current date and all modules get this date. So I can simulate an order creation in February and check that the invoice is created in April easily. Downside: 3rd party modules do not use this mechanism so it's really hard to integrate+test these. The second approach was way more successful to me after all. Therefore I'm looking for a way to set the time Python's datetime+time modules return. Setting the date is usually enough, I don't need to set the current hour or second (even though this would be nice). Is there such a utility? Is there an (internal) Python API that I can use?

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  • Project Euler 10: (Iron)Python

    - by Ben Griswold
    In my attempt to learn (Iron)Python out in the open, here’s my solution for Project Euler Problem 10.  As always, any feedback is welcome. # Euler 10 # http://projecteuler.net/index.php?section=problems&id=10 # The sum of the primes below 10 is 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17. # Find the sum of all the primes below two million. import time start = time.time() def primes_to_max(max): primes, number = [2], 3 while number < max: isPrime = True for prime in primes: if number % prime == 0: isPrime = False break if (prime * prime > number): break if isPrime: primes.append(number) number += 2 return primes primes = primes_to_max(2000000) print sum(primes) print "Elapsed Time:", (time.time() - start) * 1000, "millisecs" a=raw_input('Press return to continue')

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  • What's wrong with relative imports in Python?

    - by Oddthinking
    I recently upgraded versions of pylint, a popular Python style-checker. It has gone ballistic throughout my code, pointing out places where I import modules in the same package, without specifying the full package path. The new error message is W0403. W0403: Relative import %r, should be %r Used when an import relative to the package directory is detected. Example For example, if my packages are structured like this: /cake /__init__.py /icing.py /sponge.py /drink and in the sponge package I write: import icing instead of import cake.icing I will get this error. While I understand that not all Pylint messages are of equal importance, and I am not afraid to dismiss them, I don't understand why such a practice is considered a poor idea. I was hoping someone could explain the pitfalls, so I could improve my coding style rather than (as I currently plan to do) turning off this apparently spurious warning.

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  • Project Euler 15: (Iron)Python

    - by Ben Griswold
    In my attempt to learn (Iron)Python out in the open, here’s my solution for Project Euler Problem 15.  As always, any feedback is welcome. # Euler 15 # http://projecteuler.net/index.php?section=problems&id=15 # Starting in the top left corner of a 2x2 grid, there # are 6 routes (without backtracking) to the bottom right # corner. How many routes are their in a 20x20 grid? import time start = time.time() def factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 else: return n * factorial(n-1) rows, cols = 20, 20 print factorial(rows+cols) / (factorial(rows) * factorial(cols)) print "Elapsed Time:", (time.time() - start) * 1000, "millisecs" a=raw_input('Press return to continue')

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  • Project Euler 9: (Iron)Python

    - by Ben Griswold
    In my attempt to learn (Iron)Python out in the open, here’s my solution for Project Euler Problem 9.  As always, any feedback is welcome. # Euler 9 # http://projecteuler.net/index.php?section=problems&id=9 # A Pythagorean triplet is a set of three natural numbers, # a b c, for which, # a2 + b2 = c2 # For example, 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 52. # There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which # a + b + c = 1000. Find the product abc. import time start = time.time() product = 0 def pythagorean_triplet(): for a in range(1,501): for b in xrange(a+1,501): c = 1000 - a - b if (a*a + b*b == c*c): return a*b*c print pythagorean_triplet() print "Elapsed Time:", (time.time() - start) * 1000, "millisecs" a=raw_input('Press return to continue')

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  • Compound assignment operators in Python's Numpy library

    - by Leonard
    The "vectorizing" of fancy indexing by Python's numpy library sometimes gives unexpected results. For example: import numpy a = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') b = numpy.zeros((1000,4), dtype='uint32') i = numpy.random.random_integers(0,999,1000) j = numpy.random.random_integers(0,3,1000) a[i,j] += 1 for k in xrange(1000): b[i[k],j[k]] += 1 Gives different results in the arrays 'a' and 'b' (i.e. the appearance of tuple (i,j) appears as 1 in 'a' regardless of repeats, whereas repeats are counted in 'b'). This is easily verified as follows: numpy.sum(a) 883 numpy.sum(b) 1000 It is also notable that the fancy indexing version is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the for loop. My question is: "Is there an efficient way for numpy to compute the repeat counts as implemented using the for loop in the provided example?"

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  • Project Euler 5: (Iron)Python

    - by Ben Griswold
    In my attempt to learn (Iron)Python out in the open, here’s my solution for Project Euler Problem 5.  As always, any feedback is welcome. # Euler 5 # http://projecteuler.net/index.php?section=problems&id=5 # 2520 is the smallest number that can be divided by each # of the numbers from 1 to 10 without any remainder. # What is the smallest positive number that is evenly # divisible by all of the numbers from 1 to 20? import time start = time.time() def gcd(a, b): while b: a, b = b, a % b return a def lcm(a, b): return a * b // gcd(a, b) print reduce(lcm, range(1, 20)) print "Elapsed Time:", (time.time() - start) * 1000, "millisecs" a=raw_input('Press return to continue')

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